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THOMAS LINCOLN
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LIBRARY
1925
TRANSACTIONS
OF THE
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF
LONDON.
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THE
TRANSACTIONS
OF THE
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF
LONDON
FOR THE YEAR
1394.
LONDON:
PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY BY SIMMONS AND BOTTEN, LIMITED,
44, SHOE LANE, LONDON, E.C.
SOLD AT THE SOCIETY’S ROOMS, 11, CHANDOS STREET,
CAVENDISH SQUARE, W.,
AND BY LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO.,
PATERNOSTER ROW, E.C.; AND NEW YORK.
1894,
Milner
Of a De
Oren
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.
FOUNDED, 1833.
INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885.
OFFICERS and COUNCIL for the Session 1894-95,
President,
HENRY JOHN ELWHS, F.LS., F.Z.S.
Vice- Presidents.
Ture Rr. Hon. Lorp WALSINGHAM, M.A., LL.D., F.RB.S.
Proressor EDWARD B. POULTON, M.A., F.R.S., F.LS.
CoLonEL CHARLES SWINHOE, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S.
Oreasurer.
ROBERT McLACHLAN, F.B.S., F.LS.
Secretaries.
HERBERT GOSS, F.L:S.
Tue Rey. Canon FOWLER, M.A., F.LS.
Librarian.
GEORGE C. CHAMPION, F.Z.S.
Council.
WALTER F. H. BLANDFORD, M.A., F.Z.S.
GEORGE CHARLES CHAMPION, F.Z.S.
HENRY JOHN ELWES, F.LS., F.Z.8.
THE Rev. Canon FOWLER, M.A., F.LS.
CHARLES JOSEPH GAHAN, M.A., F.ES.
HERBERT GOSS, F.L.S., F.G.S.
ROBERT McLACHLAN, F.R.5., F.L.S.
FREDERIC MERRIFIELD, F.E.S.
Pror. EDWARD B. POULTON, M.A., F.R.S.
CoLoNEL CHARLES SWINHOE, M.A., F.L.S.
GEORGE HENRY VERRALL, F.E:S.
JAMES J. WALKER, R.N., F.L.S.
Lorp WALSINGHAM, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S.
Resident Librarian.
W. R. HALL.
THE
TRANSACTIONS
OF THE
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.
1834—1894.
The Transactions can now be obtained by Fellows
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(ule
CONTENTS.
Explanation of the Plates... ary re Ds ae nie eee
Errata... Lf me a aa owe in ac Ses oo
List of Fellows ... ee aes aR aH Vie eas ae aes
Additions to the Tabrany ice ae ahs do ee 50 oe
MEMOIRS.
I. On a collection of Lepidoptera from ea Burma. Ey,
Epwarp Meyrick, B.A., F.Z.S.
II. Further observations on the Tea-bugs (Helopeltis) ae resin
By CHarLEes OWEN WATERHOUSE, F.E.S.
III. Notes on some Lepidoptera received from the peiskbouhaed
of Alexandria. By Grorcr T. BretHunE-Baker, F.L.S. ...
IV. The Rhynchophorous Coleoptera of Japan. Part LIT.
Scolytidae. By Wattrer F. H. Buanprorn, M.A., F.Z.8.
YV. Description of the female of Eran serony
Butl. By Haminton H. Drucz, F.Z.S. a0
VI. A list of the Lepidoptera of the Khasia Hills. Bart IOI By
Colonel CHARLES SwinHogk, M.A., F.L.S., ete. ws:
VII. An Entomological Temcaina to Corsica. By GroRGE C.
CuaAmpPion, F.Z.S.... oft
VUI. A list of the Hemiptera-Heteroptera agllapted “e Mr.
Champion in Corsica in June, 1893, with a description of
one new species. By Epwarp SAUNDERS, F.L.S.
IX. On the Phylogeny of the Pierinw, as illustrated by fhe
Wing-markings and Geographical Distribution. By Dr.
Freperick A. Dixty, M.A., SLIBE F.E.S., Fellow of
Wadham College, Oxford .. =
X. Some notes on the Micro- hoes a eae tas are aa
feeders, and chiefly on the early stages of Hriocephala cal-
thella '(Lygenide, pineeedioe eae ee By Drs
Tnomas A. CHapMan, M.D.,
XI. On the Tenebrionide collected in es aval Tasaunh oe
Mr. James J. Watker, R.N., F.L.S., during the voyage of
H.M.S. ‘ Penguin,” with descriptions of new ace and
species. By Greorcre C. CuamPION, F.Z.8. ... =
XII. Description of the Larva and Pupa of ps homem be. Fab.
By Cuar.uzs B. Taytor, F.E.S.
XIII. Notes on Dorydium (?) Westwoodi, Buchanan, White, with
observations on the use of the name agen By WIL-
LIAM F. Kirpy, F.L.8. ...
XIV. Some new species of todos By fe Bae Caxos
Fowuer, M.A., F.L.8., Sec. Ent. Soc. Lond. 20 aes
( viii )
PAGE
XV. Temperature Experiments in 1893 on several species of
Vanessa and other Peper x FREDERIC MERRI-
FIELD, F.E.S. 200 ocr renee
XVI. Mr. Merrifield’s ixparinante in aniperatane: Wraristion as
bearing on Theories of Heredity. By Dr. FrepErRIcK A.
Drxey, M.A., M.D., F.E.S., Fellow of Wadham Ogleze,
Oxford 508 365 439
XVII. Descriptions of new Uae pene Mashunaland. By
Louis Périnevry, F.E.S. Aa we 447
XVIII. On Pyralidina from the ey Archipelago. By ‘Epwarp
Meyrick, B.A., ¥.Z.8. .. 455
XIX. Supplemental Tet of the Lienheohn Colsonters chtannee ig
iMineseedeutells WALKER, R.N., F.L.8., during the voyage of
H.M.S. “ Penguin,’’ under the ponynand of Captain Moorg,
R.N. By Craruss J. Gawan, M.A., F.E.S. tise 481
XX. Descriptions of a new species of Raph, L, and of fines
new species of T'richoptera from the Balkan Peninsula, with
critical remarks on , Panorpa gibberosa, McLach. ~ Pro-
fessor FRANZ KLAPALEK, E.E.S. ave 489
XXI. A Monograph of British Braconide. Part v2 By ite Bay.
THomAS A. Marsuatt, M.A., F.H.S., Memberof the Société
Entomologique de France .. : 497
XXII. Catalogue of the Pter canoe: Tor feiediee ariel Tineide of
the Madeira Islands, with notes and descriptions of new
species. By the Right Honourable Lord WatsinecuaM, M.A.,
LL.D., F.B.S8. 535
XXIII. Palearctic Nemoure. ‘By Tene Alp Wont E. E. S. pe aay
XXIV. Supplementary Notes on the Scolytide of Japan, with a list of
species. By Watrrr F. H. Buanprorp, M.A., F.Z.8. ... 575
XXV. Descriptions of the Pyralide, Crambide, and Phycide col-
lected by the late T. Vernon Wollaston in Madeira. By
Gercorcs T. BurauNne-BAkER, F.L.S. rece “tell,
Proceedings for 1894... ee She 0 se oes a Pr 1
President’s Address AAs Ss ies ios re és es $33 1
Index oo & esi se re as ae iss ase lxxxv
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
Plate I. See pages 383—51 Plate VIII. See pages 351—408
elds See ,, 145—223 np IBS See ,, 425—438
By ODES Ian cen WY 5p Ok See ,, 489—495
See ,, 249—334 ty OLR gale
VI. & VII. See ,, 497—531
”»
See ,, 335—350 », AIT. & XIV.
See ,, 557—874
Page 145
» 146
an
” 154
” 162
(aalee
164
*, 166
”” 168
7 LOS
* 169
», 172, 220, etc.
Lf
a lAd,
aye eS
y 179
Seren
” 182
cep 184
” ”
re deta)
3 86
” ”
go
so le
rit bbs
;, 198, 199
loo
” 9?
,, 200
204
” oD
”» 205
” ”
” ”
», 208
pare olie
” 99
ar ails
ty 84
ay 2b
5, 9878 lines 4 and 5
(ix )
ERRATA.
Se
Geometers
Langlia
pl. 3663
hearsayt
Epicoia
Sunbury’s
mimicusaria
Menocteniide
corta
this wrong
Herr Schiff
veination
seintiligera
aventiara
pulverentula
Dithalma
Brithrolophus
Acidulidee
Orgalivia
antenne is
hypospitata,
aylinearia
felicata
exquisata
calaminia
Metoxidia
Ismisea
Maylayan
Erinnis
chromotaria
forewing
hemearia
pairs spurs
then
antennz has
Ath
Calcula
antenne is
Amphidaris
bengalaria
Opthalmodes
limacoides
read
Geometrina
Langia
pl. 36, fig. 3
hearseyt
Epicopeia
Swinhoe’s
numicusaria
Monoctendiiz
costa
this is wrong
Herr Schatt
venation
scutiligera
aventiaria
pulverulenta
Dithalama
Erythrolophus
Acidalidz
Orgalima
antenne are
hypospilata
axylinaria
filicata
exquisita
calamina
Metowydia
Isniscw
Malayan
Brinvys
chromataria
hindwing.
hermearia
pairs of spurs
than.
have.
Atk.
Culeula
are
Anvphidasys
bengaliaria
Ophthalmodes
limacella
——*
‘a
~_
Hist of Fellotus
OF TILE
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.
Date of HONORARY FELLOWS.
Election.
1894 Foret, Professor August, M.D., The University, Ziirich.
1884 Mixer, Dr. Fritz, Blumenau, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
1884 OsTEN SACKEN, Baron C. R. von, Wideplatz, Heidelberg.
1884 Packarp, Dr, Alpheus S., Providence, Rhode Island, U.S.A.
1889 Ru.e¥y, Prof. Charles V., U.S. National Museum, Washington, D.C.,
U.S.A.
1872 Saussure, Henri F. de, Tertasse, 2, Geneva.
1871 Srtys-Lonecuamps, Baron M. E. de, Liége.
1885 SNELLEN, Pieter Carl T., Rotterdam.
1893. WarrenwyL, Hofrath Dr. Carl Brunner Von, Thereseinamagasse,
25, Vienna.
FELLOWS.
Marked * are Original Members.
Marked + have compounded for their Annual Subscriptions.
Date of
Election.
1877. Apams, Frederick Charlstrom, 68, St. Ermin’s Mansions, Caxton-
street, Westminster, S.W.
1877. Apbams, Herbert J., Roseneath, London-road, Enfield, N.
1885 ApkIN, Robert, Wellfield, Lingard-road, Lewisham, S.E.
1891 Apyer, J. M., Brockenhurst, Lymington, Hants.
1856 ARMITAGE, Edward, R.A., 3, Hall-road, St. John’s Wood, N.W.
1886 ArMmorE, E. A., 3, Haylett-terrace, Exton’s-road, King’s Lynn
Norfolk.
* + Bapincron, Professor Charles Cardale, M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S., &c.
Professor of Botany in the University of Cambridge, 5, Brook-
side, Cambridge.
LIS! OF FELLOWS. X1
Batty, William Edward, Lyuwood Mouse, Paul Churchtown, near
Penzance, Cornwall.
Baker, Walter F., Trent House, Gainsborough.
Bankes, Eustace R., M.A., The Rectory, Corfe Custle, Wareham,
Dorset.
Barciay, Francis H., F.G.S., Knott’s Green, Leyton, Hssex.
BarGaGuLt, Nobile Cavaliere Piero, Piazza S. Maria, Palazzo
Tempi No. 1, Florence, Italy.
BarkeEr, H. W., 147, Gordon-road, Peckham, S.E.
Barrett, Charles Golding, Inland Revenue Department, Somerset
House, W.C. ; and 39, Linden-grove, Nunhead, 8.E.
Barton, Stephen, 114, St. Michael’s Hill, Bristol.
Bateson, William, M.A., F.R.S., Fellow of St. John’s College,
St. John's College, Cambridge.
1851 +t Beaumont, Alfred, The Red Cottage, Pond Road, Blackheath, S.E.
1893
1891
1882
1885
1892
1886
1880
1879
1891
BepparpD, Frank E., M.A., F.R.S., Zoological Gardens, Regent's
Park, N.W.
BEECHING, Robert A. Dallas, 24, St. James-road, Tunbridge Wells,
Kent.
Bere, Prof. Dr. Carlos, Director del Museo Nacional, Buenos
Aires (Rep. Argent.), South America.
BeruHune-BaAkER, George T., F.L.S., 19, Clarendon-road, Edgbaston,
Birmingham.
BIDvELL, Walter Cuthbert, 32, The Grove, Bolton Gardens, S.W.
BippLE, F. W., M.A., Lanherne, Albemarle-road, Beckenham, Kent.
BIGNELL, George Carter, 7, Clarence-place, Stonehouse, Plymouth.
Biuuvrs, T. R., 20, Swiss Villas, Coplestone-road, Peckham, S.E.
Biaser, W. H., F.L.S., 34, Cromwell-road, West Brighton.
1894 + BLACKBURNE-Maze, W. P., Shaw House, Newbury, Berkshire.
1889
1890
1885
1886
1876
1875
1876
1891
1892
1888
BLanprorD, Walter F. H., M.A., F.Z.S., 48, Wimpole-street, W.
Buatcu, W. G., Knowle, near Birmingham.
Buiatuway?, Lieut.-Col. Linley, F.L.S , Hagle House, Batheaston,
Bath.
BLoomriELtp, The Rev. Edwin Newson, M.A., G'uestling Rectory,
fTastings.
Borre, Alfred Preudhomme de, Villa la Faucette, Petit Saconnen,
Geneva.
Borrer, Wm., junr., F.G.S., Pakyns Manor House, Hurstpierpoint,
Sussex,
BoscuHer, Edward, Bellevue House, Twickenham.
Booru, George A., Fern Hill, Grange-over-Sands, Carnforth,
Lancashire.
BovuskELL, Frank, 11, Lansdowne-road, Stoney Gate, Leicester.
Bowen, B.A., Langley, Elitham-road, Lee, S.E.
1894+ Bowes, E. Augustus, M.A., Myddelton House, Wultham Cross,
Hertfordshire,
xii
LIST OF FELLOWS.
1852 + Boyp, Thos., Woodvale Lodge, South Norwood Hill, 8.E.
1893
1894
1877
1870
1894
1890
1893
1879
1878
1887
1886
1892
1890
18835
1889
Brawsant, Edouard, Chateau de Morenchies, par Cambrai (Nord),
France.
Breyer, Professor H. G., M.D., Gymnasium, Pretoria, Transvaal,
Africa,
Briaas, Charles Adolphus, 55, Lincoln’s Inn Fields, W.C. ; and
Surrey House, Leatherhead, Surrey.
Briaes, Thomas Henry, M.A., Surrey House, Leatherhead, Surrey.
Bricut, Percy M., Roccabruna, Bournemouth.
BristoweE, B. A., Durlstone, Champion Hill, 8.B.
BromiLow, Frank, Selborne, Poole road, Bournemouth.
Broneniart, Le Chevalier Charles, Assistant d’Entomologie au
Muséum WVhistoire naturelle de Paris, Memb. Ent. Soc. France,
and Memb. Geol. Soc. France, Foreign Corr. Geol. Soc. Lond.,
&e., 9, Rue Linné, Paris.
Brown, Capt. Thomas Drury, Auckland, New Zealand.
Brown, Henry Rowland, M.A., 3, Pump-court, Temple, B.C.
Brown, John, 5, King’s Parade, Cambridge.
Browne, Capt. Clement Alfred Righy, R.E., cjo Grindlay & Co.,
55, Parliament-street, Westminster, S.W.
Bryant, George, Somerset Lodge, Old Shirley, near Southampton.
Buck ton, George Bowdler, F.R.S., F.L.8., Weycombe, Haslemere,
Surrey.
Burns, Henry, The Free Public Library, Fulham, 8.W.
1868 + BuTLeR, Arthur Gardiner, Ph.D., F.L.S., F.Z.8., British Museum,
1883
1886
1886
1885
1860
1880
1889
1890
1886
1894
1886
South Kensington, 8.W.; and The Lilies, Penge-road, Beckenham,
Kent.
But er, Edward Albert, B.A., B.Sc.,39, A shley-road, Crouch Hill, N.
CALVERT, Wm. Barilett, [iceo de Quillota, Quillota, Chili, South
America.
CAMERON, Peter, The Rookery, Bridgemont, Whaley Bridge,
Cheshire.
CAMPBELL, Francis Maule, F.L.S., F.Z.8., &c., Rose Hill, Hoddes-
don, Herts.
CaNnbDbzE, Dr. E., Glain, Liége.
CANSDALE, W. D., Sunny Bank, South Norwood, S.E.
Cant, A., c/o Fredk. Du Cane Godman, Esq., F.R.S., 10 Chandos-
street, Cavendish-square, W.
CAPPER, Samuel James, F.L.S. (President of the Lancashire and
Cheshire Entomological Society), Huyton Park, near Liverpool.
Capron, Edward, M.D., Shere, Guildford, Surrey.
CaraccioLo, H., H.M. Customs, Port of Spain, Trinidad, British
West Indies.
CARMICHAEL, Sir Thomas David Gibson, Bart., M.A., F.LS.,
Castlecraig, Dolphinton, N.B.
LIST OF FELLOWS. Xill
1892 CarrEenter, The Honble. Mrs. Beatrice, Kiplin, Northallerten,
Yorkshire.
1868 CarRrINnGTon, Charles, Carylls, Fay Gate, Sussex.
1890 Carrer, George Wm., M.A., F.L.S.. Clif End House, Scarboro’.
1889 + Cave, Charles, 13, Lowndes-square, S.W.
1871 Campion, George C., F.Z.S., Liprartan, Heatherside, Horsell,
Woking, Surrey ; and 10, Chandos-street, Cavendish-square, W.
1891 COHapman, Thomas Algernon, M.D., Fir Bank, Hereford.
1890 CuarrERTON, Frederick J.S., 78, Clissold Road, Stoke Newington,
Ne
1891+ Currry, Arthur J., M.A., 27, Hereford-square, S.W.
1889 Curisty, W. M., M.A., Watergate, Emsworth, Sussex.
1886 + Ciark, John Adolphus, The Broadway, London Fields, N.E.
1867 CrarKE, Alex. Henry, 109, Warwich.road, Earl’s Court, 8.W.
1886 CLARKE, Charles Baron, M.A., F.R.S., President L.S., F.G.S.,
13, Kew Gardens-road, Kew, S.W.
1891 CrLarkE, Henry Shortridge, 2, Osborne-terrace, Douglas, Isle of Man.
1891 CockERELL, Theodore D. A., F.Z.S., Las Cruces, New Mexico,
CS A
1874 CockiE, Major George, M.A., B.Mus., Oxon., 9, Bolton-gardens,
S.W.
1873 Cour, William, 7, Knighton Villas, Buckhurst Hill, Essex.
1880 CopLaNnD, Patrick F., 2, Hope Villas, Buckhurst Hill, Essex.
1894 Corrs, E. C., The Indian Museum, Calcutta.
1892 Cowan, Thomas William, F.L.S., F.G.S., F.R.M.S., 31, Belsize
Park Gardens, Hampstead, N.W., and Penleaze, Fowey, Cornwall.
1886 CoweELL, Peter (Librarian of the Liverpool Free Public Library),
William Brown-street, Liverpool.
1867 Cox, Herbert Ed., c/o F. 8. Eve, Esq., 125, Harley-street, W.
1888 Crecosn, J. P., P.O. Bow 1420, Johannesburg, South Africa.
1890 Crewe, Sir Vauncey Harpur, Bart., Caike Abbey, Derbyshire.
1880 +Crisp, Frank, LL.B., B.A., Treasurer L.S., F.G.S., Treasurer
R.M.S., 5, Lansdowne-road, Notting Hill, W.
1888 Croker, A. J., 90, Albert-road, Walthamstow.
1883 CrowLey, Philip, F.L.S., F.Z.8., Waddon House, Croydon.
1873 Date, C. W., Glanville’s Wootton, Sherborne, Dorset.
1887 Dattry, The Rev. Thomas W., M.A., F.L.8., Madeley Vicarage,
Newcastle, Staffordshire.
1886 Dannatt, Walter, F.Z.S., Ivy Dene, Westcombe Park, Blackheath,
S.E.
1892 +DENNIS, George Christopher, 39, Blossom-street, York.
1885 Denv, Hastings Charles, C.E., F.L.S., 20, Thurloe-square, S.W.
1886 Dickson, The Rev. Prof. William Purdie, D.D., LL.D., Professor
of Divinity in the University of Glasgow, Glasgow.
X1V
1875
1887
1891
1885
1873
1886
1845
1889
1874
1884
1867
1894
LIST OF FELLOWS.
Distant, Wm. Lucas, Bow 352, Pretoria, Transvaal, South Africa.
Drixey, Frederick Augustus, M.A., M.D., Fellow and Bursar of
Wadham College, Wadham College, Oxford.
DoNIsTHORPE, Horace St. John K., 73, West Cromwell-road, 8.W.
Donovay, Surg.-Captain Charles, M.D., 1st Burma Rifles, Fort
Dufferin, Mandalay, Burma.
Doria, Marquis Giacomo, Strada Nuova, Genova.
Dormer, The Right Honourable Lord, Cox’s Hotel, Jermyn-street,
S.W.
Dovueias, John Wm., Dartmouth Lodge, 153, Lewisham - road,
Lewisham, 8.E.
DowninG, John W., 59, Lupus-street, St. George’s-square, S.W.
DowsetT, Arthur, Castle Hill House, Reading.
Druce, Hamilton H. C. J., F.Z.8., 43, Circus-road, St. John’s
Wood, N.W.
Druce, Herbert, F.L.S., F.Z.S., 43, Circus-road, St. John’s Wood,
NAW f
DunpGEon, G. C., 58, Wontagu-square, W.
1849 }DUNNING, Joseph Wm., M.A., F.L.8., F.Z.8., 4, Talbot-square,
1883
1890
1865
1886
1884
1886
1886
1878
1886
1890
1892
1861
1886
1881
1889
Paddington, W.
Durrant, John Hartley, The Cottage, Merton Hall, Thetford,
Norfolk.
Eastwoop, John Edmund, Exton Lodge, Witley, Surrey.
Eaton, The Rev. Alfred Edwin, M.A., care of R.S. Eaton, Esq.,
4, Belfield-terrace, Weymouth, Dorset.
Epwarps, James, Colesborne, Andoversford, R.S.O., Gloucestershire.
Epwarps, Stanley, F.L.8., F.Z.8., Kidbrook-lodge, Blackheath,
S.E.
Exisua, George, 122, Shepherdess-walk, City-road, N.
Euis, Joho W., M.B., L.R.C.P., 18, Rodney-street, Liverpool.
Ewes, Henry John, J.P., F.L.S., F.Z.S., Vice-PResIpENT,
Colesborne, Andoversford, R.S.O., Gloucestershire.
Enock, Frederick, F.L.S., 21, Manor-gardens, Holloway, N.
Farn, Albert Brydges, fount Nod, Greenhithe, Kent; and
Medical Department, Local Government Board, Whitehall, 8.W.
Farren, William, Fern House, Union-road, Cambridge.
FENN, Charles, Eversden House, Burnt Ash Hill, Lee, S.E.
Fenwick, Nicholas Percival, Holmwood, South Bank, Surbiton
Hill, Surrey.
FEREDAY, R. W., Christchurch, Canterbury, New Zealand.
FERNALD, Prof, C. H., Amherst, Mass., U.S.A.
1878
1874
1886
1865
LIST OF FELLOWS. XV
Finzt, John A., Hanover Lodg2, 77, St. Helen’s-gardens, N.,
Kensington, W.
Fircu, Edward A., F.L.8., Brick House, Maldon, Essex.
Fircu, Frederick, Hudleigh House, Highbury New Park, N.
FLercuer, J. E., 2, Bedwardine-road, St. Johns, Worcester.
1883+ FLETCHER, William Holland B., M.A., Fairlawn, Worthing,
1892
1885
1880
1883
1888
1891
1855
1889
1884
1887
1887
1892
1890
1893
1865
1890
1886
1855
1874
1886
1891
1894
1865
Sussex.
FLevuTIAux, Edmond, 1, Rue Malus, Paris.
Foxkerr, A. J, F., Zierikzee, Zeeland, Netherlands.
Fow1er, The Rev. Canon, M.A., F.L.5., Secrerary, The School
House, Lincoln. ;
FREEMAN, Francis Ford. A bbotsfield, Tavistock, South Devon.
FreMLIN, H. Stuart, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., Mereworth, Maidstone,
Kent.
Frouawk, F. W., 39, Dornton-road, Balham, 8.W.
Fry, Alexander, F.U.5., Zhornhill House, Dulwich Wood Park,
Norwood, S.E.
Fryer, Charles John, 410, Wandsworth-road, 8.W.
Fuuuer, The Rev. Alfred, M.A., The Lodge, 7, Sydenham-hill,
Sydenham, 8.E.
GAHAN, Charles Joseph, M.A., British Museum (Natural History),
South Kensington, S.W.; and 16, Ashchurch-grove, Shepherd's
Bush, W.
Seen Francis, M.A., D.C.L., F.R.S., F.G.S., 42, Rutland Gate,
GaRDE, Philip de la, R.N., H.M.S. “Raleigh,” c/o Miss Purkis,
12, Eversfield-road, St. Leonard’ s-on-Sea.
GARDNER, John, 6, Friars-gate, Hartlepool.
Gipps, Arthur Ernest, F.L.8., Avenue House, St. Albans, Hert-
fordshire.
+Gopman, Frederick Du Cane, F.R.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S., South Lodge,
Lower Beeding, Horsham, Sussex ; 7, Carlos-place, Grosvenor-
square ; and 10, Chandos-street, Cavendish-square, W.
GOLDTHWAITE, Oliver, 3, Duke of Edinburgh-road, Carshalton,
Surrey.
+Goopricu, Captain Arthur Mainwaring, Aubrey, Lymington,
Hants.
GorHam, Rev. Henry Stephen, F.Z.S., The Chestnuts, Shirley
Warren, Southampton.
Goss, Herbert, F.L.S., F.G.S., Secretary, The Avenue,
Surbiton-hill, Surrey; and 11, Chandos-street, Cavendish-
square, W.
GREEN, A. P., Colombo, Ceylon.
GREEN, E. Ernest, Eton Estate, Punduloya, Ceylon.
GREEN, Joseph F., West Lodge, Blackheath, S.K.
GREENE, The Rev. Joseph, M.A., Rostrevor, Clifton, Bristol.
Xvi LIST OF FELLOWS.
1893+ GREENWOOD, Henry Powis, F.L.S., Hornham Cliff, near
Salisbury.
1888 Gruirritus, G. C., 43, Caledonian-place, Clifton, Bristol.
1894 GrimsHaw, Percy H., Natural History Department, Edinburgh
Museum of Science and Art, Edinburgh.
1893 Hatrorp, Frederick Michael, 6, Pembridge-place, W.
1890 + Hauu, A. E., Norbury, Pitsmoor, Sheffield.
_ 1885 Hau, Thomas William, “ Stanhope,” The Crescent, Croydon.
1891 Hampson, G. F., B.A., 36, Tedworth-square, Chelsea, S.W.
1891 Hanpury, Frederick J., F.L.S., 69, Clapton Common, Clapton, N.E.
1891 Hanson, R. E. Vernon, B.A., c/o Glen Coats, Esq., Ferguslie Park,
Paisley, N.B.
1877 HarpineG, George, The Grove, Fishponds, Bristol.
1889 Harrison, John, 7, Gawber-road, Barnsley, Yorkshire.
1892 Heapty, Charles Burnard, Stoneygate-road, Leicester.
1892 Heatu, Edward Alfred, M.D., F.L.S., 114, Ebury-street, Pimlico,
S.W.
1889 HeENN, Arnold Umfreville, Box 1282, Post Office, Sydney, N.S. W.
1881 Henry, George, 38, Wellington-square, Hastings.
1895 Hippert, Charles R. C., Sefton Purk, Slough, Bucks.
1888 Huices, Martin Stanger, F.C.S., Clarence House, Russell-street,
Gloucester.
1891 Huiuu, Henry A., 4, Rosslyn-gardens, Hampstead, N.W.
1876 + HiLLMAN, Thomas Stanton, Hastgate-street, Lewes.
1890 HopeKinson, J. B., Roseberry House, Powys-road, Ashton-on-
Ribble.
1888 Hopson, The Rev. J. H., B.A., 70, Raincliffe-road, Walton,
Liverpool.
1887 Ho.uanp, The Rev. W. J., D.D., Ph.D., 5th Avenue, Pittsburg,
Penn., U.S.A.
1876 t Horniman, Fredk. John, F.L.S., F.Z.8., F.R.G.S., &e., Surrey
Mount, Forest Hill, S.E.
1892 Hoyue, Samuel, Audley House, Sale, Cheshire.
1865 + Hupp, A. E., “ Clinton,” Pembroke-road, Clifton, Bristol.
1888 Hupson, George Vernon, The Post Office, Wellington, New
Zealand.
1880+ INcuBALD, Peter, F.L.S., F.Z.8., Grosvenor-terrace, Hornsea,
Holderness.
1893 Irby, Lieutenant-Colonel Leonard Howard Loyd, F.L.S., F.Z.S.,
14, Cornwall-terrace, Regent’s Park, N.W.
1891 IsapeuL, The Rev. John, 65, Waddon Old-road, Croydon.
1886 Jacosy, Martin, 7, Hemstall-road, West Hampstead, N.W.
LIST OF FELLOWS. Xvi
1892 Jarrrey, Francis, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., 8, Queen's Ride, Burnes,
S.W.
1869 Janson, Oliver E., Perth-road, Stroud Green, N.; and 44, Great
Russell-street, Bloomsbury, W.C.
1886 JENNER, James Herbert Augustus, 4, Husi-strect, Lewes.
1886 Joun, Evan, Llantrissant, Pontypridd, Glamorganshire.
1889 Jounson, The Rev. W.F., M.A., Winder-terrace, Armagh, Ireland.
1888 Jones, Albert H., Shrublands, Eltham, Kent.
1894 Jones, Frederic Whitworth, “ Sherwood,” Setlagoli, British
Bechuanaland, Africa.
1894 Jorpay, Dr. K., The Museum, Tring, Hertfordshire.
1884 Kane, W. F. de Vismes, M.A., M.R.LA., Sloperton Lodge, Kings-
town, Ireland.
1884 Kappe, A. W., F.L.S., 5, Burlington-gardens, Chiswick, W.
1876 + Kay, John Dunning, Leeds.
1884 Keays, F. Lovell, F.L.S., 26, Charles-street, St. James's, S.W.
1894 Kerrsie, Henry, 10, Coleman-street, E.C.
1890 Kenrick, G. H., Whetstone, Somerset-road, Edgbaston, Bir-
mingham.
1890 Kimper, Miss M., Cope Hall, Enborne, Newbury, Berks.
1899 Kine, J. J. F. X., 207, Sauchiehall-street, Glasgow.
1861 Krirpey, William F., F.L.S., 5, Burlington-gardens, Chiswick, W.
1893 Krrkaupy, George Willis, St. Abbs, Worple-road, Wimbledon,
S.W.
1889 KULAPALEK, Professor Franz, Trebon, Wittingau, Bohemia.
1887 + KEIN, Sydney T., F.L.S., F.R.A.S. (Hon. Treasurer, Middlesex
Natural History and Science Society), The Red House, Stanmore,
Middlesex.
1876 Kraatz, Dr. G., 28, Link-strasse, Berlin.
1868 Lana, Colonel A.M.,R.E., 31, Shooter's Hill-road, Blackheath, 8.E.
1887 + Leecu, John Henry, B.A., F.L.S., F.Z.5., F.R.G.S., &c., Vachery,
Cranleigh, Surrey.
1883 Lemann, Fredk. Charles, Blackfriars House, Plymouth.
1892 Lesuin, J. H., 58, Forbourne-road, Upper Tooting, 8.W.
1876 Lewis, George, F.L.S., St. Regulus, Archer’s-road, Southampton.
1892 Licurroot, R. M., Bree-st., Cape Town, Cape of Good Hope.
1886 Livett, H. W., M.D., Wells, Somerset.
1865 t LLEWELYN, Sir J. Talbot Dillwyn, Bart., M.A., F.L.S., Penller-
gare, Swansea.
1881 + Luoyp, Alfred, F.C.S., The Dome, Bognor, Sussex.
1885 + Luoyp, Robert Wylie, St. Cuthberts, Thurleigh-road, Nightingale-
lane, Clapham Common, 8.W.
b
XVill LIST OF FELLOWS.
1894 Lowkr, The Rev. Frank E., M.A., St. Stephen’s Vicarage,
Guernsey.
1850 Lown, W. H., M.D., Woodcote Lodge, Inner Park-road, Wimbledon
Park, 8.W.
1893 Lower, Oswald B., Bleak House, Park Side, Adelaide, South
Australia.
1850+ Lupnock, The Right Honble. Sir John, Bart., M.P., D.C.L.,
F.R.S., F.LS., F.G.S., etc., High Elms, Farnborough,
Kent.
1880 Lupron, Henry, Lyndhurst, North Grange-road, Headingley,
Leeds,
1887 M‘DovcatL, James Thomas, Dunolly, Morden-road, Blackheath,
S.E.
1851 + M‘Inrosu, J.
1888 Mackinnon, P. W., Lynndale, Mussoorie, N.W.P., India.
1892 Mackonocuir, The Rev. J. A., B.A. (Chaplain to the Earl
of Home), Douglas Castle, Lunarkshire; and The Hirsel,
Coldstream.
1858 McLacnuan, Robert, F.R.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S., Treasurer, West-
view, 23, Clarendon-road, Lewisham, 8.E.
1887 Manpers, Surgeon-Captain Neville, L.R.C.P., M.R.C.S., Medical
Staff Mess, Aldershot.
1891 Mancer, William T., 100, Manor-road, Brockley, S.E.
1892 ManspripGs, William, 21, Rosenau-crescent, Battersea Park, 8.W.
1894 + Marsuatt, Alick, Auchinraith, Bexley, Kent.
1865 Marsuaut, The Rev. Thos. Ansell, M.A., Botusfleming Rectory,
Hatt, Cornwall.
1856+ Marsuaur, William, Auchinraith, Bexley, Kent.
1874+ Mason, Philip Brookes, M.R.C.S., P.LS., Trent House, Burton-
on- Trent.
1865 Maruew, Gervase F., R.N., F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.R.G.S., Lee House,
Dovercourt, Essex.
1887 Marruews, Coryndon, Plympton St. Mary, South Devon,
1860 May, John William, K.N.L., Blenheim House, Parson’s Green-
lane, Fulham, S.W.
1872 +t MeLDoLa, Professor Raphael, F.R.S., F.C.S., PRESIDENT, 6, Bruns-
wick-square, W.C.
1885 MELvILL, James Cosmo, M.A., F.L.S., Brook House, Prestwich,
Lancashire.
1887 MERRIFIELD, Frederic, 24, Vernon-terrace, Brighton.
1888 Mryer-Danrcis, G., c/o Sogin & Meyer, Wohlea, Switzerland.
1880 Meyrick, Edward, B.A., F.Z.S., Ramsbury, Hungerford, Berk-
shire.
LIST OF FELLOWS. X1X
1894 Mratu, Professor Lewis Compton, F.R.S., Crag Foot, Ben Rhydding,
Leeds.
1883 Mies, W. H., The New Club, Calcutta.
1879 Monrerro, Senhor Antonio Augusto de Carvalho, 72, lua de
Alecreon, Lisbon.
1853 Moors, Frederic, D.Sc., A.L.S., F.Z.S., Claremont House, Avenue-
road, Croydon-road, Penge, 8.E.
1886 Morean, A.C. F., F.L.S., 24, Leinster-square, W.
1889 +t Morice, The Rev. F. D., M.A., Fellow of Queen’s College, Oxford,
27, Hillmorton-road, Rugby.
1893 Morton, Kenneth J., Glenview Cottage, Carluke, N.B.
1889 Mostey, 8. L., Beaumont Park, Huddersfield.
1869 + Miuuer, Albert, F.R.G.S.
1872 t Murray, Lieut.-Colonel H., 43, Cromwell Houses, Cromweill-
road, S.W.
1886 Muorcn, J. P., 359, Hornsey-road, N.
1889 Nevrnson, Basil George, M.A., F.Z.8., 3, Yedworth-square,
Chelsea, S.W.
1887 Newman, The Rev. W. J. H., M.A., Uhe Vicarage, Steeple
Barton, Oxon.
1878 Newman, Thomas P., 54, Hatton-garden, H.C.; and Hazelhurst,
Haslemere, Surrey.
1890 NeEwstTEAD, R., The Museum, Chester.
1882 NICEVILLE, Lionel de, F.L.S., C.M.Z.S., Indian Museum ; and 13,
Kyd-street, Calcutta.
1886 NicHoxson, William E., School Hill, Lewes, Sussex.
1893 NOoNFRIED, A. F., Rakonitz, Bohemia.
1886 Norris, Robert E., 15, Market-place, Cirencester.
1878 NorripGe, Thomas, Ashford, Kent.
1869 OBEeRtTHUR, Charles, Rennes, France.
1877 OxBerTHUR, René, Rennes, Vrance.
1893 + OcLE, Bertram 8., Steeple Aston, Oxfordshire.
1883 OLDFIELD, George W., M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S., 21, Longridye-road,
Earl's Court, S.W.
1893 OLtverR, John Baxter, 12, dAvenue-road, St. John’s Wood,
NEW:
1873 OLtviER, Ernest, Iamillons, prés Moulins (Allier), France.
1886 Oxtirr, Arthur Sidney, Government Entomologist, Department of
Agriculture, Macquarie-street, Sydney, N. S. Wales.
xx LIST OF FELLOWS.
1878 OnrmeERop, Miss Eleanor A., F.R.Met.S., Torrington House, Holy-
well Hill, St. Albans, Herts.
1880 ORrmEROD, Miss Georgiana, Torrington House, Holywell Hill,
St. Albans, Herts.
1893 PauLcKE, Wilhelm, 33, Langstrasse, Baden-Baden, Germany.
1888 PENNINGTON, F., jun., 7, Park-place, St. James’s, 8.W.
1883 PrRinGuEY, Louis, South African Museum, Cape Town, South
Africa.
1879 PERKINS, Vincent Robt., Wotton-under-Hdge, Gloucestershire.
1887 Puriiips, Charles Edmund Stanley, Castle House, Shooter's
Hili, Kent. :
1891 Purerce, Frank Nelson, 7, The Elms, Dingle, Liverpool.
1885 Pout, J. R. H. Neerwort van de, Heerengracht 476, Amsterdam.
1870 + Porritt, Geo. T., F.L.8., Crosland Hall, Huddersfield.
1884+ PouLtTon, Professor Edward B., M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S.,
F.Z.S., VicE-PRESIDENT, Hope Professor of Zoology in
the University of Oxford, Wykeham House, Banbury-road
Oxford.
1894 Pratt, John, The Cedars, New Barnet, Hertfordshire.
1851 Preston, The Rev. Thomas Arthur, M.A., F.L.8., Thurcaston
Rectory, Leicester.
1878 Prick, David, 48, West-street, Horsham, Sussex.
1893 Prout, Louis Beethoven, 12, Greenwood-road, Dalston, N.E.
1887 Raconot, E. L. (Ex-President Entom. Soc. France), 12, Quai de la
Rapée, Paris.
1882 + RamspEN, Hildebrand, M.A., F.L.S., 26, Upper Bedford-place,
Russell-square, W.C.
1874 ReeEp, Edwyn C., C.M.Z.S., Banos de Cauquenes, Chili.
1893 Reip, Captain Savile G., late R.E., Thornhaugh, Swanage,
Dorset. .
1891 ReEr, William, Pitcaple, Aberdeenshire.
1890 RenpLesuAm, The Right Honble. Lord, Rendlesham Hall, Wood-
bridge, Suffolk.
1886 Ruopes, John, 360, Blackburn-road, Accrington, Lancashere.
1891 Ricnarpson, Nelson M., B.A., Monte Video, near Weymouth,
Dorset.
1894 Ripine, William Steer, B.A., M.D., Buckerell Lodge, Buckerell,
near Honiton, Devon.
1853 Ripon, The Most Honourable the Marquis of, K.G., D.C.L.,
F.R.S., F.L.S., ete., 9, Chelsea Embankment, 8.W.
1889 Rosinson, Arthur, B.A., 1, Mitre Court Buildings, Temple, B.C.
1892 Rosinson, Sydney C., Goldsmith’s Hall, E.C.
1869 + Roprnson-DovuGcias, William Douglas, M.A., F.L.S., F.R.G.S.,
Orchardton, Castle Douglas, N.B.
LIS? OF FELLOWS. X81
1890 Rosson, John Emmerson, Hartlepool.
1886 Rose, Arthur J., Brunnen Lodge, Upper Walthamstow-road;
Walthamstow.
1868 Rorunry, George Alexander James, 15, Versailles-road, Nor-
wood, S.E.
1894 RoruscuiLp, The Honble. Nathaniel Charles, F.Z.S., 148, Picca-
dilly ; and Tring Park, Tring, Herts.
1888 RoruscuiLtp, The Honble. Walter, F.Z.S., 148, Piccadilly, W ;
and Tring Park, Tring, Herts.
1890 RovrLenGs, G. B., 50, Russell-square, W.C.
1892 RwvssE 1, S. G. C., 19, Lombard-street, E.C.
1894 Rye, Bertram George, 212, Upper Parliament-road, Putney,
S.W.
1894 Ry.anps, Thos. Glazebrook, F.L.S., F.G.S., Highfields, Thelwall,
Warrington.
1885 Saper, Ernest, F.Z.S., F.R.G.S., Lynton House, South Side, Clap-
ham Common, S.W.
1891 Sr. Jonny, The Rev. John Seymour, B.A., 42, Castlewood-road,
Stumford Hill, N.
1875 Sane, Auguste, 13, Rue Guy de lu Brosse, Paris.
1866 + SALVIN, Osbert, M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S., V.P.Z.S., 10, Chandos-
street, Cavendish-square, W.; and Hawksfold, Fernhurst,
Haslemere.
1886 Sautwey, Reginald'E., Sungate, Hook-road, Kingston-on-Thames.
1865 + Saunpers, Edward, F.L.S., St. Ann’s, Mount Hermon, Woking,
Surrey.
1861 t SaunpERs, G. 8., 20, Dents-road, Wandsworth Common, S.W.
1886 Saunpers, Prof. Wm., Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa,
Canada (President of the Eutomological Society of Ontario).
1881 Sconuick, A. J., Allandene, Dorset-road, Merton Park, Wimble-
don, S.W.
1886 ScuppeER, Samuel H., Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A.
1864 SEMPER, George, care of Bernhard Beer, Esq., 10, Newgate-
street, E.C,
1862 Suarp, David, M.A., M.B., C.M., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S:, Haw-
thorndene, Hills-road, Cambridge; and University Museum of
Zoology and Comparative Anatomy, Cambridge.
1883 SHaw, A. Eland, M.R.C.S., Fakenham, Norfolk.
1883 + SHELLEY, Capt. George Ernest, F.G.S., F.Z.S., 10, Thurlow-
square, S.W.
1887 Sticu, Alfred, Burlington-lune, Chiswick, W.
1887 Sipawicx, Arthur, M.A., Fellow of Corpus Christi College, Oxford,
64, Woodstock-road, Oxford,
XXil
1869
1885
LIST OF FELLOWS.
Smitu, Henley Grose, F.Z.8., 5, Bryanston-square, Hyde Park, W.
SoutH, Richard, Oxford-road, Macclesfield, Cheshire.
* + Spence, William Blundell, Florence, Italy.
1889
1890
1862
1837
1891
1889
1886
1882
1884
1894
1876
1893
1892
1886
1889
1892
1893
SranpDEN, Richard §., F.L.8., Thorpe Hall, near Colchester.
SrEarns, A. E., 99, Gloucester-terrace, Hyde Park, W.
SreveEns, John §., 4, Pope’s-grove, Twickenham.
SrEvENS, Samuel, F.L.S., Loanda, Beulah Hill, Upper Norwood,
S.E.
Stitt, Major John Nathaniel, 12, Seafield-terrace, Seaton, Devon ;
and Junior United Service Club, Charles-street, St. James’s, S.W.
Srraton, C. R., F.R.C.S., West Lodge, Wilton, Wilts,
SurraGe, J. Lyddon, B.A., 82, Mornington-road, Regent's Park,
N.W.
Swanzy, Francis, Stanley House, Granville-road, Sevenoaks.
SwINHOEk, Colonel Charles, M.A., F.L.8., F.Z.S., Avenue House,
Cowley-road, Oxford.
SwINnuHoe, Ernest, Avenue House, Cowley-road, Oxford.
Swinton, A. H., Promenuden Gasse, 12, Ziirich, Switzerland.
Taytor, Charles B., Rae-street, Rae Town, Kingston, Jamaica,
TayLor, The Rev. George W., F.R.S. (Canada), St. Alban’s Rectory,
Nanaimo, British Columbia.
THEOBALD, F. V., M.A., Lecturer in Economic Entomology and
Zoology to the South Eastern Agricultural College, Wye Court,
near Ashford, Kent..
THORNEWILL, The Rev. C. F., M.A., Calderhall Vicarage,
Whitchurch, Salop.
THORNLEY, The Rev. A., M.A., South Leverton Vicarage, Lincoln.
TownsEnD, Professor C. H. Tyler, Las Cruces, New Mexico,
U.S.A.
1859 + TRIMEN, Roland, F.R.S., F.L.S. (Curator of the South African
1891
1893
1894
1886
1893
1866
1889
Museum), Cape Town, Cape Colony.
TUFFNELL, Carleton, Langley, Kenley, Surrey.
TurNER, Henry Jerome, 13, Drakefell-road, St. Catherine's Park,
Hutcham, 8.E.
TuRNER, Thomas, Cullompton, Devon.
Tutt, J. W., Rayleigh Villa, Westcombe Park, Blackheath, S.E.
Unicn, F.W., Trinidad, British West Indies.
VERRALL, George Henry, Sussex Lodge, Newmarket.
Vivian, H. W., Glenafon, Taibach, South Wales; and Trinity
College, Cambridge.
LIST OF FELLOWS. XXili
1876 WAKEFIELD, Charles Marcus, F.L.S., Belmont, Uxbridge.
1886 Waker, Alfred O., F.L.S., Nant Glyn, Colwyn Bay, Denbigh-
shire.
1870 Waker, The Rev. Francis Augustus, D.D., F.L.S., Dun Mallard,
Cricklewood, N.W.
1878 Waker, James J., R.N., F.LS., 23, Ranelagh-road, Marine
Town, Sheerness.
1863 +Wa.tacr, Alfred Russel, D.C.L., Oxon., F.R.S., F.LS., F.ZS.,
Corfe View, Parkstone, Dorset.
1866 + WatstnauaM, The Right Hon. Lord, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S., F.LS.,
F.Z.S., Vice-PresipENT, High Steward of the University of
Cambridge, Merton Hall, Thetford, Norfolk ; and 66a, Eaton-
square, S.W.
1886 Warren, Wm., M.A., c/o The Honble. Walter Rothschild, Tring
Park, Tring, Bucks.
1869 Wareruouss, Charles O., Ingleside, Avenue Gardens, Acton, W. ;
and British Museum, Cromwell-road, 8.W.
1891 + Watson, Capt. E. Y., F.Z.S., Indian Staff Corps, care of Messrs,
King & Co., 45, Pall Mall, S.W.
1893 Wess, John Cooper, 32, Henslowe-road, Dulwich, S.E.
1876+ WestEeRN, E. Young, 36, Lancaster Gate, Hyde Park, W.
1882 Werymer, Gustav, Sadowa-strasse 21a, LElberfeld, SIthenssh
Prussia.
1886 WHEELER, Francis D., M.A., LL.D., Paragon House School,
Norwich,
1865 Wuitrr, The Rev. W. Farren, M.A., Stonehouse Vicarage,
Gloucestershire.
1884 Wuuitr, William, The Ruskin Museum, Meersbrook Park,
Sheffield.
1882 WiuiaMs, W. J., Zoological Society, 3, Hanover-square, W.
1894. Witson, Edwin, Cherry Hinton-road, Cambridge.
1894 Wo.tey-Dop, F. H., Box 225, Calgary, Alberta, N.W.T. Canada.
1881 Woop, The Rev. Theodore, 23, Broderichk-road, Upper Tooting
S.W.
1894 Wootr, Michael Yeatman, 1, Marlborough-place, St. Johws Wood,
NW,
1891 WrovuacutTon, R. C., Conservator of Forests, Indian Forest Service,
Bombay, India.
1888 YeErsury, Colonel J. W., R.A., Army and Navy Club, Pall Mall,
S.W.
1892 Youpa.e, William Henry, F.R.M.S., 52, Main-street, Cockermouth,
Cumberland. .
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Apter (H.). Alternating Generations; a study of Oak Galls and Gall
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Las Cuestiones de Limites.
{An. Soe. Cien. Arg., 1892. |
Pseudoscorpionidenkniffe.
{Zool. Anzeiger, 1893. |
Descripciones de Algunos Heterdépteros nuevos 6 poco conocidos.
[An. Mus. Nac. Montevideo, 1894. | The Author.
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Enumeration des Diptéres recueillis en Tunisie par M. Val
Mayet. 8vo, Paris, 18838. Y ppd
Descriptions de Diptéres Nouveaux.
[Mem. Soc. Zool. France, 1892. | ;
Catalogue of the Diptera of the Oriental region. Parts IT. and III.
{Journ. As. Soe. Bengal, 1891. } ‘ Mr. Verrall.
BLANDFORD (W. F. H.). Report on the destruction of beer-casks in India
by a boring-beetle (Xyleborus perforans, Woll.). London, 1893.
The Scolyto-platypini, a new Subfamily of Scolytide.
[Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1893.]
Description d’un nouveau genre de Scolytides, Aricerus.
{Ann. Soc. Ent. de Belgique, 1894. } ;
The Rhynchophorous Coleoptera of Japan. Part III.. Scolyti
|Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1894. } , The Dyes 2
(yaw)
Boutuman (C. H.). The Myriapoda of North America.
[ Bull. U. S. N. Mus., No. 46, 1898. | The Author.
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BRAUvER (Friedrich). Uber die Stellung der Gattung Lobogaster, Phil., im
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Broun (Thomas). Manual of the New Zealand Coleoptera. Parts V.—VLI.
8vo, Wellington, 1893.
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Canptze (E.). Elatérides recueillis par M. EK. Modigliani aux bords du lac
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[Ann. Mus. Civ. St. Nat. Genova, 1894. The Author.
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CuHampion (G. C.). Onthe Tenebrionide collected in Australia and Tas-
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‘Penguin,’ with descriptions of new genera and species (1
plate).
[Trans. Ent. Soe. Lond., 1894. }
An Entomological Excursion to Corsica.
(‘l'rans. Hnt. Soc. Lond. 1894. | The Author.
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Americana,
Cowan (T. W.). The Honey-Bee. 12mo, London, 1890. The Author.
Dauua Torre (C. G. de). Catalogus Hymenopterorum hucusque descrip-
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Eicunorr (W.). Huropiischen Borkenkifer. S8vo, Berlin, 1881.
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Ericuson (W. EF). Naturgeschichte der Insecten Deutschlands. Abthe’-
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Band V., Lief. 2, 3, G. Seidlitz, 1893—4.
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Fasre (J. H.). Souvenirs Entomologiques (1st Ser.), 2nded. S8vo, Paris,
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Fea (Leonardo). Viaggiodi . . . im Birmania e regioni vicine.
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Nouvelles espéces de Formicides de Madagascar (recoltées par M.
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(| xxvi_)
Foret (A.), continued—
Quelques Fourmis de la Faune Mediterranéene.
[Ann. Soe. Ent. Belg., 1892. |
Note sur les Attini.
[Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., 1893. ]
Abessinische und andere Afrikanische Ameisen.
[Mittheil. Schweiz. Ent. Gesell., 1893. |
Nouvelles Fourmis de |’ Australie et des Canaries.
Note préventive sur un nouveau genre et une nouvelle espéze de
Formicide (Camponotide).
[Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., 1893. |
Die Ameisen Neu Seelands. Attini und Cryptocerini.
[Mittheil. Schweiz. Ent. Gesell. Bd. 8. 1893.|
Etudes Myrmecologiques en 1879, 2e partie.
Hermaphrodite de |’ Azteca instabilis, Smith.
Observations nouvelles sur la biologie de quelques Fourmis.
[Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sc. Nat., XVI., XXVIIL, XXIX.]
Die Ameisenfauna Bulgariens.
[ Verhand. zool.-bot. Gesell. Wien, 1892. |
Die Nester der Ameisen. Zurich, 1892.
Les Formicides d’ Oran (Algerie).
[Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sc. Nat., XXX. |
Quelques Fourmis de Madagascar, de Nouvelle Zélande, ete.
[Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., 1894. | The Author.
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Fow.er (W. W.). See Gopman (F. D.) and Satvin (0.). Biologia Centrali-
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Gauan (C. J.). Description of a new Longicorn Beetle of the genus
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| Ann. and Mag. N. H. (6), xiii., 1894. |
On the characters of a new genus and six new species of Longicorn
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Gopman (F. D.) and Satvin (O.). Biologia Centrali-Americana.
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GRanpIpIER (A.). Histoire Physique, Naturelle et Politique de Madagas-
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GuERIN-MENEVILLE (F. E.). Situation, Maladies et Amélioration des
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Hampson (G. F.).. The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and
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HormaNnN (Ernst). Die Raupen der Gross-Schmetterlinge Europas. 4to,
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Houianp (W. J.). New and undescribed Genera and Species of West
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ImnorF (Ludwig). Studium der Koleoptern, S8vo, Basel, 1856.
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JANET (C.). Sur les nématodes des glandes pharyngiennes des Fourmis.
[C.R. Acad. des Sci. Paris, 1898. |
Etudes sur les Fourmis, Notes 1-6.
[Ann. Soc. Hut. France, &e., &c. 1893—94. ]
Sur les Nerfs de Vantenne et les Organes chordotonaux chez les
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Sur le Systéme glandulaire des Fourmis.
[C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 1894. | The Author.
Karscu (F.). Westafrikanische Dipteren.
[Zeitschr. f.-d.-ges. Naturwiss. Berlin, 1879. ] Mr. Verrall.
Kine (Capt. P. P., R.N.). Descriptions, &c., of the Insects collected by
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[Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., 1837. ] Mr. Verrall.
Kinestey (J. 8.). Classification of the Arthropoda.
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Kirsy (W. F.). Synonymie Catalogue of Lepidoptera-Heterocera (Moths).
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Kouse (H. J.). Hinfithrung in die Kenntniss der Insekten. 8vo, Berlin,
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KRASILSTSHIK (J.). La Graphitose et la Septicémie chez les insectes.
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LetTHiERRyY (L.), et SEVERIN (G.). Catalogue Général des Hemiptéres.
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Lintner (J. A.). Highth and Ninth Annual Reports on the Injurious and
other Insects of the State of New York. 8vo, Albany,
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Lorw (Hermann). Bemerkungen tiber die Familie der Asiliden. 4to,
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[Ofvers. K. Vet.-Akad. Forh. 1862. |
(| xxvii)
Loew (Hermann), continued—
Uber die bisher auf der Galizischen Seite des Tatragebirges beobach-
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[Fahrbuche Gel. Gesell. Krakau, 1870. ]
Bemerkungen tiber die von Herrn F. Walker im 5 B. des Ento-
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[Zeits. Ges. Nat., 1873. ] Mr. Verrall.
Lowne (EH. T.). The Anatomy, Physiology, Morphology, and Development.
of the Blow Fly. Part V. 8vo, London, 1894. Purchased.
McLacutan (R.). On two small collections of Neuroptera from Ta-chien-lu,
Western China.
[Ann. and Mag. N. H. (6) xiii, 1894. ] The Author.
Two new species of Myrmeleonide from Madagascar.
[Ann. and Mag. N. H. (6) xiii., 1894. } The Author.
Martin (Matthew). The Aurelian’s Vade Mecum, 8vo, Exeter, 1785.
Mr. Mosley.
Mostey (S. L.). Insects on Forest Trees. 12mo, Huddersfield, 1890.
The Author.
OLIviER (Ernest). Descriptions d’espéces nouvelles de Lampyrides.
[Ann. Soe. Ent. I'rance, 1894. | The Author.
Ormerod (Miss Eleanor A.). Report of observations of Injurious Insects
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| Ent. Monthly Mag., 1893. |
Zur Geschichte der sogenannten Brustgriite (breast-bone) der
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Two critical remarks about the recently published third part of the
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[Berl. Ent. Zeitschr., 1893. | }
On the characters of the three divisions of Diptera: Nemocera vera,
Nemocera anomala, and Hrenochaeta.
[Berlin. Ent. Zeitschr., 1892. |
On the Atavic Index-characters, with some remarks about the classi-
fication of the Diptera.
{Berl. Ent. Zeitschr., 1894. ]
Synonymica about Tipulide.
Three Trochobolx from New Zealand and Tasmania.
A remarkable case of malformation of the discal cell in a specimen
ot Liogma glabrata.
{Berl. Ent. Zeitschr., 1894. ]
On the oxen-born Bees of the ancients (Bugonia), and their relation
to Hristalis tenaz, a two-winged insect. S8vo, Heidelberg, 1894.-
The Author.
PacKarp (A. Bo; Notes on Gliuphisia and other Notodontidxe. Parts 1
and 2.
{| Psyche, 1893. |
———————eE——eeerorrr err eee
€ ets)
Packarp (A. 8.), continued—
On the Systematic Position of the Diptera.
[‘* Science,’? N. York, 1893. |
A Study of the Transformations and Anatomy of Lagon crispata, a
Bombycine Moth.
[Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., 1894. ]
On the origin of the Subterranean Fauna of North America.
[Am. Naturalist, 1894. |
On the Inheritance of Acquired Characters in Animals, with a com-
plete Metamorphosis.
[Proc. Am. Acad. Sci., 1894.]
Note on Thermobia domestica, and its occurrence in the United
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[Ent. Monthly Mag., 1894.]
On the Systematic Position of the Siphonaptera, with notes on their
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[Proc. Boston Soc. N. H., 1894.] The Author.
Prout (Louis B.). Coremia ferrugaria, Haw., and unidentaria, Haw.
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Reep (E. C.). Introduccion al Estudio de los Insectés Himendpteros de
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Riey (C. V.). Report on the Insecta, Arachnida, and Myriapoda collected
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Ronpani (Camillo). Diptera Italica. Fase. I.—IIL.
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[Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv., No. 101, 1898. |
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Scupper (8S. H.), continued—
The North American Centhophili.
[Proc. Am. Acad., Vol. XXX., 1894. |
The effect of Glaciation and of the Glacial Period on the present
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Sewuirz (Georg). Fauna Transsylvanica. Die Kifer (Coleoptera) Sieben-
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[See also Ericuson (W. F.). | Mr. Dunning.
Semper (Georg). Die Schmetterlinge der Philippinischen Inseln. Beitrag
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SmitH (John B.). Catalogue of the Lepidopterous Super-family Noctuidee
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SNELLEN VAN VOLLENHOVEN (S. C.). Beschrijving van eenige Nieuve
Soorten van Diptera. 8vo, Amsterdam, 1862. Mr. Verrall.
STENHAMMAR (C.). Forsdk till gruppering och revision af de Svenska
.. Ephydrine. ;
[Ofy. K. Vet.-Akad. Férh. 1844. | Mr. Verrall.
Tepper (J. G. O.). The Blattarize of Australia and Polynesia.
Descriptions of South Australia Brachysceloid Galls.
Notes and Remarks on South Australian Rhopalocera.
[Trans. Roy. Soc. South Austral., 1893. ] The Author.
Tomson (C. G.). Opuscula Entomologica, Fase. 17,18. Purchased.
TownsEnp (C. H.). A new Simulium from Southern New Mexico.
[ Psyche, 1891. |
Description of a Sarcophaga bred from Helix.
[Psyche, 1892. ] The Author.
Turt (J. W.). British Noctue and then Varieties. Vols. II., III. 8vo,
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Geer,
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sekten. Coleoptera, Linn. Commentar von Dr. G. W. F.
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WALKER (J. J.). A visit to Damma Island, East Indian Archipelago. With
notes on the Fauna by R. B. Sharpe and others. Parts I., II.
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Waite (A. E. Holt). Butterflies and Moths of Teneriffe. (Kdited by Rash-
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ZEHNINER (Léo). [See Saussure (H. de), and Gopman.(F. D.), and
SALVIN (O.). Biologia Centrali-Americana. |
Periodicals and Publications of Societies.
AFRICA.
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By Exchange.
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The Association,
UNITED STATES.
Boston. Boston Society of Natural History. Proceedings. Vol. XXVI.,
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Vol. Vit, pts. 1, 2. The Society.
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Vol. VII., pts. 6—12. By Exchange.
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Transactions. Vol. VII., pts. 8, 9. The Society.
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City of London Entomological and Natural History Society.
Transactions for 1893. The Society.
Entomologist (The). 1894. T. P. Newman.
Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine, 1894. The Editors.
Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation. 1894.
The Editor.
Linnean Society of London. Transactions, Vol. V., pt. 11; Vol.VI.,
pts. 1, 2. Journal, Nos. 157, 158. By Rechange.
Nature. 1894. The Publishers.
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Zoologist (The). 1894. T. P. Newman.
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ITALY.
FLORENCE. Societa Entomologica Italiana. Bullettino. 1894.
By Exchange.
Genoa. Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova. Annali. Ser. 2
=!
Vol. XIII. By Exchange.
RUSSIA.
Moscow. Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou. Bulletin. 1893,
Nos. 2—4; 1894, No. 1. By Exchange.
SWEDEN.
SrocKHOLM. Entomologiska Férenigen i Stockholm. Entomologisk
Tidskrift. 1894. By Exchange.
Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Alkademie Bihang, XVIII. Afd. 4.
The Academy.
SWITZERLAND.
ScHAFFHAUSEN. Schweizerische entomologische Gesellschaft. _ Mitthei-
lungen. 1894. By Exchange.
THE
TRANSACTIONS
OF THE
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF
LONDON
For tHE Year 1894.
I. On a collection of Lepidoptera from Upper Burma,
by Epwarp Mrnyrick, B.A., F.Z.S.
[Read Oct. 18th, 1893.]
THE species enumerated in this paper were collected
by Surgeon-Captain N. Manders, whilst taking part in
those military movements, directed to the pacification
of the Shan States and their neighbourhood, which
followed the annexation of the territory. Most of the
country visited was previously unknown to Europeans,
and highly interesting. ‘The unhealthy climate, however,
naturally kept Dr. Manders’ hands full of other work,
and the continued presence of hostile natives made
collecting always dangerous and often impossible ; whilst
an unfortunate wound from an enemy in ambush
eventually led to his being invalided home when just
about to visit some of the most promising regions.
Under these trying circumstances the collection is a
remarkable record of persevering work. I had originally
hoped to have worked out the whole, but in the face of the
pressure of other work this has proved impossible, and
TRANS, ENTs SOC. LOND. 1894.—PART I. (MARCH.) A
9 Mr. Edward Meyrick on a collection
part has been transferred to other hands. ‘The families
or groups here presented, however, are worked out in
full, viz., the slretiadw, Pyralidina, and Tineina.
ARCTIADA.
1. Pelosia tetrasema, sp. n.
$9. 42—45 mm. Head and palpi ochreous-orange, apex of
palpi blackish. Thorax whitish-ochreous, with an orange central
spot, a round blackish posterior spot, and a black longitudinal mark
on patagia; in ¢ also two blackish spots on collar, Abdomen
ochreous-orange. Forewings whitish-ochreons ; a cloudy roundish
blackish spot in dise posteriorly, anda second beneath it on fold ; in
& both reduced to dots; cilia yellow. Hindwings in ¢ ochreous-
whitish, hindmargin yellow, in @ wholly ochreous-yellow ; cilia
yellow.
Hab. oni; three specimens.
Allied to P. puncticollis, Butl.
2. Bizone javanica, Butl.
Hab. Fort Stedman.
3. Bizone harterti, Elwes.
Hab. Jkoni.
A. Ammatho defecta, Walk.
Hab. Fort Stedman. ;
5. Ammatho disticha, sp. n.
¢. 27mm. Head, palpi, and thorax ochreous-rosy. Abdomen
pale rosy. Forewings ochreous-rosy ; a black dot near base ; two
nearly straight transverse series of small round blackish spots, first
of four, at 1, second of five, median. Hindwings pale rosy.
Hab. Fort Stedman; one specimen.
6. Aimmatho epiaantha, sp. n.
g. 28mm. Head deep yellow. Thorax deep yellow, with a
transverse series of four black dots, and one near posterior ex-
tremity. Abdomen ochreous-yellow. Forewings rather deep
ochreous-yellow ; markings cloudy blackish-fuscous ; a black dot
near base; a transverse row of dots about }, angulated above
middle ; a nearly straight transverse row of dots before middle ; a
of Lepidoptera from Upper Burma. 3)
third series from 2 of costa to 2 of inner margin, rather strongly
curved outwards on upper 2, five median dots produced into short
streaks posteriorly, and two additional short streaks above upper-
most of them ; cilia yellow. Hindwings and cilia pale yellowish.
Hab. Koni; one specimen.
7. Miltochrista rubricosa, Moore.
ITab. Fort Stedman.
8. Miltocnrista siinica, Moore.
Hab. Koni.
9. Miltochrista callinoma, sp. n.
9. 27 mm. Head pale rosy, face ochreous-whitish. Thorax
palo rosy, towards middle whitish, with two blackish dots. Abdo-
men pale rosy. Forewings rosy ; all veins except costal branches
marked with blackish-grey lines, edged on both sides with grey-
whitish shades ; these do not reach hindmargin, which is wholly
rosy ; cilia grey-whitish. Hindwings light rosy ; cilia whitish.
Hab. Koni; one specimen.
10. Miltochrista eccentropis, sp. n.
g. 20 mm. Head white. Palpi dark fuscous, apex white.
Thorax orange, posterior extremity white. Abdomen ochreous-
yellowish. Forewings white; a dark grey roundish spot near
base, followed by two curved transverse series of similar spots, five
in each series ; a curved orange antemedian’ fascia; a small black
discal spot beyond middle; a fine blackish transverse line from
beyond middle of costa to 3 of inner margin, forming a rather
angular bend outwards round discal spot; beyond this all veins
marked by blackish well-defined lines; cilia white. Hindwings
ochreous-whitish ; hairs towards base more yellowish ; veins
towards hindmargin marked with short cloudy dark grey streaks,
sometimes confluent, diminishing downwards and not reaching anal
angle ; cilia white.
Hab. ‘Koni; two specimens.
11. Miltochrista celidopa, sp. n.
2¢@. 20—25 mm. Head and thorax ochreous-yellow. Abdo-
men paie ochreous-yellowish, anal tuft grey. Forewings whitish-
ochreous, base, costa, and a hindmarginal band ochreous-yellow,
4 Mr. Edward Meyrick on a collection
sometimes wholly ochreous-yellow ; a black dot near base ; a round
black discal dot beyond middle; cilia ochreous-yellow. Hind-
wings pale ochreous-yellowish, sometimes suffused with grey except
towards hindmargin.
Hab. Koni; three specimens.
12. Miltochrista geodetis, sp. n.
$9. I18—22 mm. Head blackish, sides orange. Thorax
orange, with black dots on shoulders and patagia, sometimes con-
fluent, a black transverse mark in middle of back, and a spot near
posterior extremity. Abdomen blackish, sides and apex orange.
Forewings orange; markings black; a dot near base; a small
round spot on or near costa at 1, another beneath it near inner
margin, a third in disc at 3, and sometimes a fourth on anal angle ;
a streak along posterior half of costa round apex and hindmargin
to anal angle ; cilia blackish. Hindwings dull orange ; a blackish
streak along hindmargin and round apex ; sometimes a more or
less broad dark fuscous suffusion before this ; sometimes a small
dark fuscous spot beneath costa at 2; cilia blackish.
Hab. ‘Koni; three specimens.
13. Owacme disstmilis, Hamps.
Hab. Joni.
14, Lebena fragilis, Swinh.
Hab. Keni.
15. Rajendra tripartita, Walk.
Hab. Fort Stedman.
16. Phissama transiens, Walk.
Hab. Fort Stedman,
17. Spilosoma indica, Guér.
Hab. Fort Stedman.
18. Detopeia vulchella, L.
Hab. Koni.
of Lepidoptera from Upper Burma. 5)
PYRALIDINA.
PYRAUSTID.
1. Margaronia nitidicostalis, Gn.
Hab, Koni.
2. Margaronia amphitritalis, Gn.
Hab. Fort Stedman.
3. Margaronia unionalis, Hb.
Hab. (Koni: large but otherwise typical.
4, Margaronia celsalis, Walk.
Hab. oni.
5. Margaronia tyres, Cr.
Hab. Koni.
6. Margaronia callizona, sp. n.
&. 25mm. Thorax dark fuscous, with two white stripes. Ab-
domen dark fuscous, on sides and beneath white, above with a
broad orange band occupying three segments before apex, edged
with black. Forewings dark fuscous; markings violet-white,
thinly scaled ; a small wedge-shaped mark in disc at 1 ; a narrow
white streak along inner margin from base to 2, indented in middle;
a large oblique elongate pear-shaped blotch in disc before middle,
nearly reaching margins ; a pale grey transverse mark in middle
of disc ; a large transverse oval blotch beyond middle, not reaching
margins ; a transverse white spot beneath costa at 3, emitting a
fuscous-whitish line to inner margin before anal angle ; cilia dark
fuscous, with a white patch above anal angle. Hindwings violet-
white, thinly scaled; a moderately broad dark fuscous hind mar-
ginal band, including a cloudy fuscous-whitish line ; cilia fuscous
with a cloudy dark fuscous line, on lower half of hindmargin
white except towards anal angle.
Hab. Fort Stedman; one specimen.
Distinct from all near allies by the orange band of
abdomen.
7. Margaronia principalis, Walk.
Hab. Fort Stedman,
6 Mr, Hdward Meyrick on a collection
8. Botyodes asialis, Gn.
Hab. Koni.
9. Omiodes bianoralis, Walk.
Hab. Koni.
10. Omiodes vulgalis, Gn.
Hab. Koni.
11. Agrotera effertalis, Walk.
Hab. oni.
12. Conogethes rigidalis, Snell.
Hab. Fort Stedman.
13. Conogethes plagiferalis, Walk.
Hab. Fort Stedman.
14. Conogethes boteralis, Walk.
Hab. Mone, Fort Stedman.
15. Conogethes amyntalis, Walk.
JTab. Koni.
Loxocorys, n. g.
Face oblique, forming a rounded-conical projection beneath; a
small erect scaletuft on crown between antenne ; ocelli distinct ;
tongue developed. Antenne 2, in ¢ stout, filiform, minutely
ciliated (1). Labial palpi rather long, curved, ascending, shortly
rough-scaled beneath, terminal joint moderate, loosely scaled,
pointed. Maxillary palpi rather long, filiform, Abdomen in ¢
with moderate anal tuft. Forewings with vein 7 from near 8,
9 and 10 out of 8. Hindwings 1; veins 3, 4, 5 approximated at
base, 7 out of 6 near origin, anastomosing with 8 to middle.
16. Loxocorys sericea, Butl. (Scopula).
Hab. Fort Stedman.
17. Notarcha quaternalis, Z.
Hab. Koni.
18. Phlyctenia itemalesalis, Walk.
Hab. Fort Stedman,
of Lepidoptera from Upper Burma. 7
19. Phlyctenia ferrugalis, Hb.
Hab. Mone.
20. Hyalobathra dialychna, sp. n.
“@. 20-21 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, and abdomen
pale brownish-ochreous ; palpi 12, base white; antennal cilia-
tions 14. Forewings with apex rectangular ; brownish-ochreous,
posterior half suffused with reddish-brown ; lines indistinct,
blackish-grey ; first curved, indented in middle ; a cloudy blackish-
grey blotch in middle of dise ; second line forming an oblique
blackish mark on costa at 2, obtusely bent above middle, below
middle again bent inwards to beneath discal blotch, and thence
again rectangularly bent to inner margin at 2 ; a bright ochreous-
yellow suffused blotch extending along apical third of costa ; cilia
white, with a blackish-grey basal line. Hindwings pale brownish-
ochreous, towards costa whitish-ochreous ; traces of a grey discal
blotch and some blackish dots indicating second line as in fore-
wings, but very indistinct ; an indistinct fine waved blackish-grey
subterminal line ; cilia as in forewings.
Hab. Koni; two specimens.
21. Isocentris illectalis, Walk.
Hab. (oni.
22. Pyrausta ablactalis, Walk.
Hab. Fort Stedman.
23. Pyrausta miniosalis, Gn.
Hab. Fort Stedman.
24. Pyrausta celatalis, Walk.
Hab, Fort Stedman.
25. Pyrausta extinctalis, Christ.
Hab. Koni.
26. Pyrausta abruptalis, Walk.
Hab. Fort Stedman.
27. Acharana otrealis, Walk.
Hab. Yoni, Fort Stedman.
28. Titanio comparalis, Hb.
Hab, Mone.
8 Mr. Edward Meyrick on a collection
29. Titanio fessalis, Swinh.
Hab. Koni.
Labial and maxillary palpi unusually long; frontal
plate short, rounded; hindwings with ves 4 and 5
stalked.
30. Hellula undalis, F.
Hab. Koni.
31. Metasia zanclogramma, sp. n.
9. 14-16 mm. Head, antenne, thorax, and abdomen ochreous-
whitish, shoulders irrorated or suffused with dark fuscous. Palpi
white, terminal joint and apex of second dark fuscous. Legs
whitish, anterior pair banded with dark fuscous. Forewings
elongate-triangular, costa hardly arched, apex roundpointed, hind-
margin sinuate ; pale greyish-ochreous, more or less irrorated with
fuscous ; costa suffused with dark fuscous on basal half; lines dark
fuscous ; first from + of costa to + of inner margin, curved ; two
subquadrate spots outlined with dark fuscous in disc; a small
blackish spot on costa beyond middle; second line rising from
posterior extremity of a small longitudinal black mark on costa at
3. preceded and followed by a clearer whitish-ochreous spot, running
nearly straight to anal angle, slightly indented in middle, obsoletely
continued upwards to lower margin of second discal spot, thence
again distinct to % of inner margin ; a cloudy dark fuscous line along
hindmargin from apex to near anal angle : cilia rather light fuscous,
base whitish-ochreous. Hindwings with colour, second and _ hind-
marginal lines as in forewings, but second line without costal spot ;
a small dark fuscous discal spot, connected with second line ; cilia
fuscous-whitish, with a fuscous subbasal line.
Hab. ‘Koni; two specimens.
Very like some of the other small obscure species of
the genus, but distinguished from all by the dark costal
mark from which the second line rises.
METASIODES, n. g.
Characters of Metasia, but face without prominence,
labial palpi ascending, terminal joint short, obtuse.
32. Metasiodes heliaula, sp. n.
69. 15—18 mm. Head ochreous-whitish, with two fuscous
spots before antennee ; frontal prominence hardly perceptible. Palpi
of Lepidoptera from Upper Burma. 9
white, terminal joint and apex of second dark fuscous. Antenne
whitish-ochreous, ciliations in ¢ 3. Thorax and abdomen ochreous-
yellow. Legs whitish, anterior pair banded with dark fuscous.
Forewings elongate-triangular, costa almost straight, apex round-
pointed, hindmargin sinuate ; bright yellow, more or less ferru-
ginous-tinged ; eight small blackish spots on costa, the sixth double
and tending to form a semicircular ring ; lines ferruginous, rather
irregular ; first at 1; two quadrate spots outlined with dark fuscous
in disc, separated by a quadrate semitransparent whitish spot ;
second line waved, running from eighth costal spot near apex to
anal angle, thence obsoletely continued to beneath second discal spot,
and thence again distinct to } of inner margin; a thick dark
fuscous line along upper 3 of hindmargin, preceded by a ferruginous
suffusion ; cilia yellowish, with blackish spots at apex and middle
of hindmargin. Hindwings yellow ; a small dark fuscous discal
spot ; second line as in forewings, but rising from 2 of costa; a
ferruginous apical patch, bordered by a thick dark fuscous line
along upper half of hindmargin: cilia as in forewings, sometimes
with a cloudy dark grey subbasal line on upper half of hindmargin.
Hab. Koni, Fort Stedman ; five specimens.
33. Nacoleia contingens, Moore.
Hab. (Koni.
34. Sameodes cancellalis, Z.
Hab. Soni.
35. Diasemia grammalis, Dbld.
Hab. Koni.
36. Bocchoris inspersalis, Z.
Hab. Koni.
37. Stegothyris diagonalis, Gn.
Hab. Koni, Mone, Fort Stedman.
38. Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, Gn.
Hab. Mone.
39. Dolichosticha venilialis, Walk.
Hab. Fort Stedman
10 Mr. Edward Meyrick on a collection
40. Dolichosticha marisalis, Walk.
Hab. Koni.
41. Dolichosticha perinephes, Meyr.
Hab. Tabet.
42, Pagyda salvalis, Walk.
Hab. Koni.
43, Wilodes fuividorsalis, Hb.
Hab. Fort Stedman.
44, Nuusinoe onychinalis, Gn.
Hab. Fort Stedman.
45. Nausinoe geometrals, Gn.
Hab. Fort Stedman.
46, Siriocauta testulalis, Hb.
Hab; \ Wont.
47, Cataclysta mesorphna, sp. n.
¢. 12mm. Forewings dark fuscous ; a moderate orange fascia
at 1, not reaching costa, preceded and followed by obscure pale
leaden lines; apical area orange, indented by a long leaden-
metallic wedge-shaped projection from costa beyond 3, and en-
closing a leaden-metallic spot on anal angle, and a silvery-white
narrow wedge-shaped fascia, margined with dark grey, from costa
before apex to hind margin below middle : cilia dark fuscous-grey.
Hindwings with vein 8 absent ; dark fuscous, sprinkled with white
in dise ; a longitudinal orange streak near inner margin ; a slender
whitish curved transverse line beyond 2; four rather large round
black spots on hindmargin, separated by orange hindmarginal
dots surmounted by golden-metallic scales, first and fourth spots
including central golden-metallic spots ; cilia fuscous, base darker,
Hab. Koni; one specimen.
48. Nymphula bifurcalis, Pryer.
Hab. Fort Stedman.
49. Nymphula turbata, Butl.
Hab, Fort Stedman.
of Lepidoptera from Upper Burma. ie
50. Nymphula myina, Meyr.
Hab. Koni.
51. Nymphula fluctuosalis, Z.
Hab. (oni.
52. Nymphula depunctalis, Gn.
Hab. ‘Koni.
53. Mixophyla erminea, Moore.
Hab. Fort Stedman.
54. Orambostenia angustifimbrialis, Swinh.
Hab. Fort Stedman.
55. Donacaula chlorosema, sp. n.
¢. 17—20mm. Head, antennz, thorax, and abdomen white ;
antenne subdentate, ciliations $. Labial palpil$,fuscous. Maxil-
lary palpi fuscous, apex white. Legs fuscous, posterior tibie
white. Forewings elongate-triangular, hindmargin rather strongly
rounded beneath ; 11 running into 12; white; markings pale
ochreous-yellow, faint and cloudy ; two or three small spots in
dise near base ; first line at 4, bent above middle, partially inter-
rupted ; two spots on costa beyond middle, one at ~, and an erect
mark from inner margin before anal angle, with some faint
scattered scales in disc between these: cilia white. Hindwings
white ; a small pale ochreous-yellow spot at anal angle; cilia
white.
Hab. Koni; two specimens.
56. Schenobius punctellus, Z.
Hab, Koni.
57. Scirpophaga wanthogastrella, Walk.
Hab. Fort Stedman
PYRALIDIDZ.
58. Hereulia psamathopis, sp. n.
¢d. 27—31 mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen light brownish-
ochreous, crown more yellow-ochreous. Antennal ciliations 13.
Forewings with costa slightly sinuate, apex obtuse, hindmargin
rounded, oblique ; light brownish-ochreous, irrorated with fuscous ;
12 Mr. Edward Meyrick on a collection
first line faintly darker, almost obsolete ; second line thick, very
cloudy, fuscous, from # of costa to before } of inner margin,
somewhat sinuate: cilia light brownish-ochreous, with cloudy
fuscous lines. Hindwings with colour as in forewings, but lighter,
hairs in dise towards base reddish ; second line as in forewings,
but more distinct, somewhat curved ; cilia as in forewings.
Hab. Koni; two specimens.
59, Pyralis vibicalis, Ld.
Hab. Koni.
60. Pyralis pictalis, Curt.
Hab. Tabet, Koni.
Prosaris, n. g.
Face with projecting tuft of scales ; ocelli distinct ; tongue
developed. Antenne 2, in ¢ serrulate, ciliated (2). Labial palpi
long, porrected, curved downwards, clothed beneath throughout
with very long dense loosely-appressed hairs, terminal joint
moderately long. Maxillary palpi rather short, thick, triangularly
dilated with scales. Abdomen in ¢ with moderate anal tuft.
Anterior femora in ¢ with tuft of hairs beneath; middle and
posterior tibize and first joint of tarsi in ¢ clothed with long
rough hairs. Forewings with vein 1 shortly furcate, 7 and 8 out of
9, Hindwings in ¢ above with an erect triangular tuft of scales
below middle, beneath with a large bladderlike swelling on vein 8
towards base ; 7 out of 6, anastomosing very shortly with 8.
61. Prosaris pernigralis, Rag. (?)
g. 21 mm. Head reddish ochreous, face mixed with dark
fuscous. Palpi dark reddish-fuscous. Thorax dark fuscous mixed
with ochreous, purplish-tinged. Forewings triangular, costa nearly
straight, hardly sinuate in middle, apex obtuse, hindmargin bowed
rather oblique ; deep purplish-reddish-fuscous, irrorated with
blackish ; hindmarginal area lighter and greyer ; a suffused deep
red patch towards costa near apex, surrounding a small clear
whitish-ochreous spot on costa: cilia deep purple-reddish, mixed
with blackish. Hindwings with colour and cilia as in forewings ;
discal scaletuft blackish, followed by a deep reddish suffusion,
including a suffused whitish-ochreous dot; a suffused blackish
shade at 3, parallel to hindmargin.
Hab, Koni; one specimen.
of Lepidoptera from Upper Burma. 13
M. Ragonot described his pernigralis from a single 9 ;
hence he was not acquainted with the full generic
characters, and his specific description also differs in
some particulars, which are probably sexual; I have,
therefore, described my ¢ in full, but I have httle doubt
that it is truly identical with his species.
62. Huboloma nummosalis, Rag.
Hab. Koni.
M. Ragonot’s figure is poor; the ocelli are present ;
the face has a projecting tuft of scales; im the forewings
vein 6 rises out of 7, but this character is very probably
inconstant.
SICULODID.
63. Striglina idalialis, Walk.
Hab. Mone.
64. Siculodes subrosealis, Leech.
Hab. Fort Stedman.
PHYCITIDA::
65. Heteroglypta ephippella, Rag.
Hab. Koni, Mone.
66. Myelois robusta, Moore.
Hab. Koni.
67. Rhodophea duplicella, Rag.
Hab. (oni.
68. Canthelea gratella, Walk.
Hab. Soni.
69. Piesmopoda steniella, Rag.
Hab. (Yoni.
70. Dera spurcella, Rag.
Hab. Koni.
71. Htiella zinckenella, Tr.
Hab. (oni.
72. Critowia subconcinnella, Rag.
Hab. Koni.
14 Mr. Edward Meyrick on a collection
GALLERIAD.
73. Lamoria planalis, Walk.
Hab. Koni.
74. Lamoria rufivena, Walk.
Hab. Fort Stedman.
CRAMBIDA.
70. Aquita torrentella, Meyr. (?)
Hab. Koni; the single specimen differs somewhat from
those originally described from Australia, but I cannot
venture to separate it specifically.
76, Surattha invectalis, Walk.
Hab. Mone.
77. Ancylolonia indica, Feld.
fab, Koni.
18. Ptychopseustis aneenella, Snell.
Hlab. Koni.
TINHINA.
GELECHIAD.
1. Anacampsis seutata, sp. n.
g. 12 mm. Head and thorax ochreous, face and _ palpi
whitish-ochreous. Antenne fuscous-whitish. Forewings elongate,
narrow, costa gently arched, apex round-pointed, hind margin
oblique, hardly rounded ; dark slaty-fuscous ; a moderately broad
whitish-ochreous streak along inner margin from base to 3, pointed
posteriorly ; a moderate triangular ochreous-white spot on costa
about +; some whitish dots round apical margin: cilia dark slaty-
fuscous. Hindwings and cilia whitish-grey, slightly purplish-
tinged.
Hab. Fort Stedman; one specimen.
HIERANGELA, 0. &.
Head smooth; ocelli absent; tongue developed. Antenne $,
in ¢ serrulate, simple, basal joint slender, without pecten. Labial
palpi very long, recurved, smooth, slender, second joint somewhat
thickened, terminal joint longer than second, acute. Maxillary
of Lepidoptera from Upper Burma. 15
palpi rudimentary. Posterior tivize clothed with hairs. Forewings
with vein 1b furcate, 2 from before angle, 8 and 9 out of 7, 7 to
costa (?), 11 from beyond middle. Hindwings ¢, narrow, parallel-
sided, apex strongly and acutely produced, hindmargin beneath
apex straight, oblique, cilia 3; veins 3 and 4 from a point, 6 and
7 from a point.
2. Hierangela erythrogramma, sp. n.
g. 14 mm. Head yellow, with red central-streak on crown,
face white. Palpi whitish, second joint red above towards apex.
Antenne whitish-ochreous, towards base reddish above. Thorax
yellow, with four longitudinal red stripes. Abdomen pale grey.
Forewings very elongate, broadest near base, thence gradually
narrowed to apex, acute; bright yellow ; a crimson-red costal
streak from base to ?, paler posteriorly, leaving extreme costal
edge whitish ; a longitudinal median crimson-red streak from base
to costa before apex, interrupted at 4: space between this and
costal streak suffused with fuscous ; a small fuscous spot on lower
margin of median streak before middle ; a transverse crimson-red
spot from inner margin near base, meeting median streak ; a small
red spot on inner margin beyond this ; a crimson-red streak along
inner margin from before middle to apex, interrupted above anal
angle and below apex : cilia grey, on costa pale ochreous, with a
blackish apical hook and a small golden-metallic subbasal spot at
apex, base beneath apex reddish. Hindwings and cilia grey,
towards anal angle whitish-grey.
Hab. Fort Stedman; one specimen.
8. Cladodes arotraea, sp. n.
g. 11—14 mm. Head and thorax whitish-ochreous, with three
fuscous stripes. Palpi whitish-ochreous, with a dark fuscous line
on each side of anterior edge. Antennz whitish-ochreous, spotted
with fuscous. Forewings elongate, narrow, costa gently arched,
apex pointed, hindmargin almost straight, oblique; pale whitish-
ochreous, all veins suffusedly margined with dark fuscous ; a round
black dot in dise at 2, a second nearly beneath it on fold, and a
third in disc at 3; a small suffused blackish apical spot ; cilia pale
whitish-ochreous, with an indistinct fuscous line. Hindwings pale
grey ; cilia grey-whitish.
Hab. ‘Koni; two specimens.
Onepata, Walk.
Head smooth; ocelli almost concealed; tongue developed.
Antenne #, in ¢ simple, basal joint moderate, without pecten.
16 Mr. Edward Meyrick on a collection
Labial palpi very long, recurved, smooth, second joint rather
thickened above middle, terminal joint as long as second, slender,
acute. Maxillary palpi rudimentary. Posterior tibiz clothed with
hairs above. Forewings with vein 1b furcate, 2 almost from angle,
3 and 4 stalked, 5 absent, 7 to costa, 8 and 9 out of 7, 11 from
beyond middle. Hindwings somewhat over 1, trapezoidal, hind-
margin not indented, cilia # ; veins 3 and 4 stalked, 5 absent, 6 and
7 stalked.
Near Cladodes; Walker’s description is of course
inadequate.
4. Onebala blandiella, Walk.
Hab. Mone; one specimen. Walker’s type is from
Ceylon, and differs slightly in marking.
TorRODORA, n. g.
Head smooth, sidetufts somewhat spreading ; ocelli absent ;
tongue developed. Antenne 2,in ¢ serrate, ciliated (3-1), basal
joint rather long, without pecten. Labial palpi long, recurved,
second joint much thickened with appressed scales, somewhat
rough beneath, terminal joint as long as second, slender, acute.
Maxillary palpi very short. Posterior tibiz clothed with rough
hairs, posterior tarsi sometimes with basal joint rough-haired
above. Forewings with vein 1b furcate, 2 and 3 stalked from
angle, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to apex or just below, 9 out of 7 or
in 2 sometimes separate, 11 from beyond middle. Hindwings over
1, trapezoidal, hindmargin more or less sinuate, cilia }-2 ; veins
3 and 4 from a point, 5 approximated to 4 at base, 6 and 7 stalked.
Allied to Lecithocera. 'The three species described are
very similar, but certainly distinct. T'ype, 7’. characteris.
5. Torodora characteris, sp. n.
¢o 9. 18—22 mm. Head and thorax dark fuscous. Palpi
whitish-ochreous, second joint dark fuscous except apex. Antenne
whitish-ochreous, sharply serrate, ciliations 1. Abdomen fuscous.
Posterior tarsi with basal joint hairy. Forewings elongate, costa
gently arched, apex obtuse, hindmargin sinuate, hardly oblique ;
7 to apex ; rather dark fuscous ; a rather irregular black spot or
small blotch on submedian fold before + of wing, connected with
inner margin by an indistinct darker suffusion ; a small transverse
black spot in disc beyond middle ; a faintly indicated slightly bent
pale transverse line about 4: cilia fuscous, base pale ochreous,
Hindwings rather light fuscous ; cilia as in forewings.
Hab. oni; two specimens.
of Lepidoptera from Upper Burina. 17
6. Torodora parallactis, sp. n.
d. 24mm. Differs from 7. characteris as follows: (terminal
joint of palpi broken) antenne yellowish-tinged, less serrate,
ciliations ?; posterior tarsi not rough-haired ; forewings with
vein 7 to below apex, anterior blotch triangular, more distinctly
connected with inner margin, followed by some whitish-ochreous
scales, posterior spot absent, replaced by two transversely placed
whitish-ochreous dots ; hindwings paler, cilia more ochreous.
Hab. Mone; one specimen.
7. Torodora ancylota, sp. un.
2. 19mm. Head and thorax whitish-ochreous, tinged with
pale brown-reddish. (Palpi and antenne broken.) Forewings
elongate, costa slightly arched, apex strongly produced, pointed,
hindmargin hence concave, rather oblique ; 7 to below apex, 9 out
of 7 ; ochreous-fuscous, irrorated with dark fuscous; extreme
costal edge yellowish ; a small black spot at base of costa ; an
erect black bar from inner margin at 4, reaching 2 across wing,
dilated on submedian fold ; a small black spot on costa at 2; two
dark fuscous dots transversely placed in disc beyond middle ; a paler
bent transverse line, preceded by a darker suffusion, faintly indi-
cated at +: cilia pale fuscous, base whitish-ochreous. Hindwings
with apex more pointed, hindmargin more sinuate than in the
other species; light fuscous ; cilia as in forewings.
Hab. Fort Stedman; one specimen.
The peculiar shape of wing easily separates this species
from the others.
8. Lecithocera luticornella, Z.
Hab. Koni; one specimen.
9. Lecithocera pachyntis, sp. n.
dg. 13—14mm. Head fuscous, sides of crown ochreous-yellow.
Palpi pale yellowish-ochreous, sometimes partially suffused with
fuscous. Antenne as long as forewings, lower half thickened with
scales, much more strongly near base, ochreous-yellowish, upper
half annulated with dark fuscous. Thorax and abdomen ochreous-
fuscous. Forewings elongate, costa slightly arched, apex obtuse,
hindmargin obliquely rounded ; vein 9 separate ; fuscous ; a black
dot in dise at 1, and another at 2: cilia light ochreous, with two
fuscous lines. Hindwings rather light fuscous ; cilia pale ochreous,
Hab. Soni; two specimens.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1894.—PaRT I. (MARCH.) B
Ts. Mr. Edward Meyrick on a collection
ZALITHIA, 0. &.
Head smooth; ocelli present; tongue developed. Antenne Z,
in ¢—(?), basal joint slender, without pecten. Labial palpi long,
recurved, smooth, second joint rather thickened, terminal joint
slender, acute. Maxillary palpi very short. Posterior tibizw with
somewhat rough scales. Forewings with vein 1b furcate, 2 and 3
stalked, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to costa, 11 from middle. Hindwings
over 1, oblong-ovate, cilia 3; veins 3 and 4 from a point, 5 parallel
to 4, 6 and 7 closely approximated at base,
10. Zalithia wranopis, sp. n. :
9. 15mm. Head dark fuscous, with bright blue reflections,
face brassy-ochreous. Palpi ochreous-yellow, anterior edge of
terminal joint fuscous. Antenne dark fuscous, spotted with
whitish-yellowish. Thorax dark fuscous, with three blue lines.
Abdomen dark fuscous, beneath pale whitish-ochreous. Forewings
elongate, rather narrow, costa slightly arched, apex rounded, hind-
margin rather obliquely rounded; orange-ferruginous, apical 2
coppery-blackish ; markings bright metallic green-blue ; a streak
along anterior half of costa ; a streak along submedian fold from
base to middle of wing; a rather narrow fascia separating the
ferruginous and black portions, interrupted below middle and not
reaching inner margin ; an irregular apical fascia, broken into spots
on lower part of hindmargin: cilia fuscous, basal half orange-
ferruginous round apex, with a black subbasal line. Hindwings
dark fuscous, darker and somewhat coppery-tinged on posterior
half ; cilia blackish-grey, terminal half whitish except towards apex
and anal angle.
Hab. Koni; one specimen.
TipHa, Walk.
Head smooth ; ocelli present; tongue developed. Antennzx
with more or less strong thickening or nodosity near base, rough-
scaled above. Labial palpi moderately long, curved, ascending,
second joint with appressed scales, dilated aud somewhat tufted at
apex, terminal joint very short (?), loosely scaled. Maxillary palpi
very short. Posterior tibia rough-haired. Forewings with cell
extremely narrow, 1b furcate, 2 and 3 stalked from angle, 4 absent,
5 absent, 8 and 9 out of 7, 7 to costa, 11 from 4+. Hindwings over
1, elongate-ovate, cilia }; in ¢ with membranous thickening along
basal third of costa, with a tuft of long hairs lying along it on upper
surface ; veins 3 and 4 stalked from angle, 5 absent, in © 6 and 7
7
of Lepidoptera from Upper Burma. 19
stalked, in ¢ 6 absent and cell narrowed and pointed posteriorly, so
that 7 rises from a point with stalk of 3 and 4.
I do not possess Walker’s typical species, and the
specimens of the following species are partly damaged ;
hence the above generic characters are not quite complete,
but sufficiently so -to show the great peculiarity of the
structure. The genus is distinctly allied to Zalithia.
11. Tipha helioclina, sp. n.
d6 2. 20—22 mm. Head shining pale ochreous. Thorax metallic
leaden-grey. Forewings elongate, narrow, costa gently arched, apex
obtuse, hindmargin obliquely rounded ; bright orange ; a dark
leaden-metallic streak along inner margin from ;{ to base, thence
along costa to 1, whence it crosses the wing in a rather strong curve
to middle of inner margin ; a large bronzy-purplish-fuscous patch
occupying apical area, its anterior edge forming a very strong
rounded angulation which reaches to middle of wing ; cilia brassy-
metallic. Hindwings and cilia rather dark purplish-fuscous.
Hab. Fort Stedman; two specimens.
XYLORYCTIDZ.
ProcHorRYCcTIs, n. &.
Head with appressed scales, sidetufts loosely spreading; ocelli
present ; tongue developed. Antenne ?,in ¢@ bipectinated, to-
wards apex simple, basal joint stout, without pecten. Labial palpi
long, curved, ascending, with appressed scales, terminal joint
shorter than second, acute. Maxillary palpi rudimentary. Posterior
tibize clothed with long hairs. Forewings with vein 1b furcate,
2 from 4, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to hindmargin, 9 absent, 11 from beyond
middle. Hindwings 1, trapezoidal-ovate, hindmargin sinuate, cilia $ ;
veins 3 and 4 short-stalked, 6 and 7 approximated towards base.
Nearly allied to Cryptophasa.
12. Ptochoryctis eremopa, sp. n.
¢. 17 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, and abdomen
whitish-ochreous; antennal pectinations blackish. Forewings
elongate, costa slightly arched, apex obtuse, hindmargin slightly
rounded, rather strongly oblique ; whitish-ochreous, on posterior
half thinly sprinkled with ochreous-brown ; inner margin indis-
tinctly suffused with ochreous-fuscous : cilia ochreous-whitish, with
two cloudy ochreous-brownish lines. Hindwings light grey ; cilia
as in forewings.
Hab. WKoni; one specimen.
20 Mr. Edward Meyrick on a collection
TRICHERNIS, n. &.
Head with appressed scales, sidetufts loosely spreading and
projecting between antenne ; ocelli present, tongue developed.
Antenne ¢, in ¢ with long fine cilia (5), basal joint moderate,
without pecten. Labial palpi long, curved, ascending, second
joint thickened with appressed scales, terminal joint shorter than
second, slender, acute. Maxillary palpi rudimentary. Posterior
tibize clothed with long rough hairs. Forewings with vein 1b
furcate, 2 from angle, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to hindmargin, 11 from
middle. Hindwings 1, oblong-ovate, cilia ? ; veins 3 and 4 stalked
5 approximated to 3 at base, 6 and 7 stalked.
13. Tricheriis centrias, sp. n.
gd. 15mm. Head and thorax pale ochreous-yellowish. Palpi
whitish-ochreous, second joint dark fuscous externally except at
apex. Abdomen whitish-ochreous. Forewings elongate, moderate,
costa gently arched, apex obtuse, hindmargin straight, rather
oblique ; pale ochreous-yellowish ; a round black discal dot beyond
middle: cilia pale ochreous-yellowish. Hindwings and cilia
whitish-ochreous.
Hab. oni; one specimen.
DEPRESSARIAD&.
14. Pheosaces torrida, sp. n.
3 ¢. 22—25 mm. Head and palpi ochreous-yellow, terminal
joint of palpi in ¢ 3, stout, in @ 3, slender. Thorax light
ochreous-fuscous, in ¢ paler and more yellowish. Abdomen
fuscous, margins yellowish. . Forewings elongate-oblong, costa
moderately arched, apex obtuse, hindmargin nearly straight, rather
oblique ; in ¢ unicolorous light ochreous-yellowish ; in ? rather
light ochreous-brown, apex and costa more or less suffused with
ochreous-yellow : cilia ochreous-yellowish. Hindwings rather
dark fuscous, in ¢ lighter and somewhat suffused with ochreous-
yellowish ; cilia ochreous-yellowish, in @ base suffused with
fuscous.
Hab. Soni; three specimens.
Homosaczs, n. g.
Head with appressed scales, sidetufts loosely spreading ; ocelli
present ; tongue developed. Antenne +, in ¢ stout, filiform,
simple, basal joint moderate, without pecten. Labial palpi long,
curved, ascending, with appressed scales, terminal joint shorter
than second, acute. Maxillary palpi rudimentary. Posterior
of Lepidoptera from Upper Burma. 21
tibie clothed with long rough hairs. Forewings with vein 1b
furcate, 2 and 3 stalked, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to hindmargin, 11 from
before middle. Hindwings 1, elongate-ovate, cilia 2; veins 3 and
4 from a point.
Alhied to Phcosaces.
15. Homosaces anthocoma, sp. n.
29. 15-17 mm. Head and palpi yellow-ochreous, palpi
externally infuscated. Antenne, thorax, and abdomen dark
fuscous. Forewings elongate, moderate, costa gently arched, apex
obtuse, hindmargin rather obliquely rounded ; dark fuscous, faintly
purplish-tinged ; cilia dark fuscous, Hindwings and cilia dark
fuscous.
Hub. Soni; five specimens.
PERIACMA, n. g.
Head with appressed scales, sidetufts loosely spreading ; ocelli
concealed ; tongue developed. Antennze almost 1, in ¢ filiform,
simple, basal joint moderately long, without pecten. Labial palpi
long, curved, ascending, thickened with appressed scales, second
joint short, terminal joint thrice as long as second, pointed.
Maxillary palpi rudimentary. Posterior tibiz clothed with rough
hairs. Forewings with vein 1b furcate, 2 from near angle, 7 and
8 stalked, 7 to apex, 1b from middle. Hindwings under 1, very
elongate-ovate, cilia 1 ; veins 3 and 4 from a point.
Specially characterised by the peculiar structure of the
labial palpi. Type, P. ferialis.
16. Periacma ferialis, sp. n.
@. 13—14mm. Head, palpi, and thorax light orange ; second
joint of palpi mixed with dark fuscous externally, terminal joint
with a dark fuscous apical spot. Antennze ochreous-yellowish,
spotted with dark fuscous. Abdomen grey, anal tuft whitish-
ochreous. Forewings elongate, costa gently arched, apex round-
pointed, hindmargin very obliquely rounded ; bright orange ;
markings dark slaty-purplish ; a streak along submedian fold from
near base to middle of wing, tending to coalesce with a spot above
its middle, and an oblique bar from inner margin near base ; a
narrow slightly curved fascia from 2 of costa to anal angle ; an
apical spot, sometimes ill-marked ; cilia orange, becoming pale
whitish-ochreous towards anal angle. Hindwings grey; cilia
whitish-ochreous, towards base greyish-tinged,
Hab. Koni; two specimens.
22 Mr. Edward Meyrick on a collection
17. Periacma orthiodes, sp. n.
g. 15 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax rather deep ochreous-
yellow. Antenne grey. Abdomen ochreous-yellowish. Forewings
elongate, moderate, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, hindmargin
nearly straight, oblique; orange-yellow ; markings rather dark
purplish-fuscous ; an oblique spot from inner margin near base; a
streak along submedian fold from near base to middle of wing,
with a spot above its middle ; a narrow slightly curved fascia from
2 of costa to anal angle ; a hindmarginal fascia, moderate at apex,
narrowed to a point at anal angle; cilia orange-yellow, tips whitish-
yellowish, at anal angle purplish-tinged. Hindwings grey; cilia
yellowish, towards anal angle greyish.
Hab. Yoni; one specimen. Very similar to the
preceding, but certainly distinct by the different form of
wing, unspotted palpi, grey antenne, and _ yellow
abdomen.
18. Periacma chlorodesma, sp. un.
&. 18 mm. Head orange-yellow, face and palpi whitish-
ochreous. Antenne dark grey, base whitish-ochreous. Thorax
rather dark purplish-grey, Abdomen grey, anal tuft whitish-
ochreous. Forewings elongate, costa moderately arched, apex
obtuse, hindmargin oblique, slightly rounded ; rather dark fuscous,
slightly purplish-tinged ; a whitish-ochreous streak along anterior
half of costa, meeting a narrow straight ochreous-whitish fascia
which runs from costa beyond middle to inner margin before anal
angle ; a suffused ochreous-yellow streak along apical portion of
costa and upper half of hindmargin ; cilia ochreous-yellow, at anal
angle dark fuscous. Hindwings grey; cilia light ochreous-yellowish.
Hab. Koni; one specimen.
GCOPHORIDA.
19. Psecadia hilarella, Walk.
Hab. Fort Stedman.
BLASTOBASID®,
ARCTOSCELIS, n. @.
Head smooth ; ocelli absent ; tongue developed. Antennse 4, in
g serrulate, shortly ciliated, basal joint moderate, without pecten.
Labial palpi long, curved, ascending, second joint with appressed
scales, somewhat rough beneath towards apex, terminal joint
of Lepidoptera from Upper Burma. 23
shorter than second, slightly roughened in front, acute. Maxillary
palpi obsolete. Posterior tibiz and basal joint of tarsi with
extremely long spreading erect spatulate hair-scales. Forewings
with vein 1b furcate, 2 from 4, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to hindmargin,
11 from before middle. Hindwings 3, lanceolate, cilia 2; veins
3and 4 stalked, 5 absent.
20. Arctoscelis epinyctia, sp. n.
g. 11 mm. Head ochreous-white, crown sprinkled with
fuscous. Palpi whitish, externally mixed with fuscous. Antenne
ochreous-whitish: Thorax dark fuscous, somewhat mixed with
whitish. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, costa moderately
arched, apex pointed, hindmargin extremely obliquely rounded ;
fuscous, closely irrorated with dark fuscous ; a white dot in disc
before =: cilia rather dark fuscous. Hindwings light fuscous,
closely irrorated with dark fuscous ; cilia rather dark fuscous,
Hab. Koni; one specimen.
ELACHISTIDA.
21. Cosmopteryx asiatica, Stt.
Hab. Fort Stedman.
PLACOPTILA, n. &.
Head smooth ; ocelli absent ; tongue developed. Antenne almost
1, in ¢ shortly ciliated, basal joint elongate, without pecten.
Labial palpi very long, recurved, smooth, slender, terminal joint
longer than second, acute. Maxillary palpi rudimentary. Abdomen
in ¢ with claspers very large, exposed, their base covered above
by a flat plate of expanded scales. Posterior tibize smooth-scaled,
with whorls of scales at origin of spurs. Forewings with vein 1b
furcate, 2 from 4, 6 absent, 7 to costa, 11 from middle. Huind-
wings 3, narrow-lanceolate, cilia 4 ; veins 6 and 7 stalked.
Nearly allied to Cosmoptery”.
22. Placoptila electrica, sp. n.
g@. 11—12 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax dark silvery-grey ;
eyes crimson. Antennz and abdomen dark grey. Forewings
elongate, very narrow, pointed ; blackish ; markings violet-silvery-
metallic ; base suffused with dark silvery-grey ; a straight slender
fascia at 4, dilated below middle ; two small marginal opposite spots
at 2; a small spot on anal angle, and another beyond it on costa ;
24 Mr. Edward Meyrick on a collection
space between these and preceding pair sometimes distinctly
bronzy ; cilia blackish, at apex with a white spot on tips.
Hab. Koni; four specimens.
HYPONOMEUTID-A.
23. Cerace stipatana, Walk.
IIab. WKoni. I believe this genus is usually referred
to the Tortricina, but it properly belongs here, and is
allied to Oeta.
Comocritis, n. ¢.
Head with appressed scales, sidetufts loosely spreading, pro-
jecting between antenne; ocelli present; tongue developed.
Antenne 2, in ¢ shortly bipectinated, with streak of rough scales
on back near base, basal joint large, with dense pecten. Labial
palpi moderate, curved, ascending, second joint loosely scaled,
terminal joint less than half second, pointed. Maxillary palpi
very short, filiform. Posterior tibiz clothed with rough scales.
Forewings with vein 1b furcate,2 from near angle, 7 to costa,
11 from middle, with a subhyaline groove on lower surface beneath
12 towards base. Hindwings 1, elongate-ovate, cilia } ; veins 3 and
4 from a point, 5 and 6 somewhat approximated at base.
Allied to Oeta, but not closely.
24. Comocritis olympia, sp. 0.
dé. 30mm. Head, palpi, and thorax white. Abdomen grey.
Forewings elongate, moderate, costa rather strongly arched, apex
rounded, hindmargin obliquely rounded ; rather light ochreous-
grey, densely mixed with blackish-grey ; a white basal fascia ; a
broad white costal streak throughout, suddenly narrowed near base,
lower edge cloudy and shaded off with blue- whitish, interrupted by
a light ochreous spot on costa at > ; alongitudinal yellow-ochreous
patch, marked with blackish lines on veins, extending through
lower part of disc from near base to }; a crescentic white spot in
disc at 3, and a second, slightly ockreous-tinged, at 3; a triangular
white spot on anal angle: cilia white, with a light fuscous patch
on lower part of hindmargin. Hindwings grey, apex white ; cilia
grey, round apex white.
Hab. ‘Koni; one specimen.
PLUTELLIDZ.
25. Plutella cruciferarum, Z.
Hab, Koni.
of Lepidoptera from Upper Burma. 25
GRACILARIAD.
26. Gracilaria chalcanthes, sp. n.
6. 12—13mm. Head shining whitish-ochreous, mixed with
ochreous, face silvery-white. Palpi white. Antenne white,
annulated with dark fuscous. Thorax pale ochreous-yellowish,
Abdomen pale grey. Anterior and middle legs dark fuscous, tarsi
white ; posterior legs white, femora with a dark fuscous_ band,
Forewings elongate, very narrow, parallel-sided, pointed ; ochreous,
towards costa tinged, or costal ? wholly suffused with light brassy-
yellow; margins marked with scattered black dots, mostly minute ;
a black dot in dise before +, and another beyond middle : cilia pale
ochreous-greyish, round apex ochreous, with rows of black points
on terminal half. Hindwings rather dark grey ; cilia light grey.
Hab, Koni; two specimens. .
ANTIOLOPHA, 0. 2.
Head smooth; no ocelli; tongue developed. Antenne 12,
basal joint moderate, without pecten, Labial palpi moderately
long, arched, subascending, second joint smooth, terminal joint as
long as second, acute, with a triangular tuft of scales in front above
middle. Maxillary palpi moderately long, slender, arched, por-
rected, acute. Middle tibiz thickened with scales; posterior
tibize rough-scaled towards apex. Forewings with vein 1b furcate,
2 from ¢, 7 to costa, 8 absent, 11 from 4+. Hindwings 2, linear-
lanceolate, cilia 5 ; veins 5 and 6 stalked.
Nearly allied to Graciluria, from which it differs essen-
tially by the tufted terminal joint of palpi.
27. Antiolopha hemiconis, sp. un.
?. 8—) mm. Head and thorax white. Palpi white, apex of
second and tuft of terminal joint black. Antenne white, annu-
lated with fuscous, Abdomen grey. Legs ochreous, anterior and
middle tibiz suffused with blackish, tarsi white with cloudy
ochreous bands and apex of joints blackish. Forewings elongate,
very narrow, parallel-sided, pointed ; light reddish-brown ; anterior
half of inner margin suffused with ochreous-whitish ; a triangular
blotch on middle of costa faintly outlined with blackish scales, and
more or less distinctly tinted with whitish : cilia grey-whitish, on
hindmargin with basal half pale brown-reddish, and four rows of
black points on terminal half. Hindwings rather dark grey ;
cilia light grey.
Hab, Koni; two specimens.
26 Mr. Edward Meyrick on a collection
TINEID.
28. Adela satrapodes, sp. n.
9. 16mm. Head ferruginous, face indigo-blue. Palpi and
antennx violet-black. Thorax metallic indigo-blue. Forewings
moderate, posteriorly dilated, costa moderately arched, apex
obtuse, hindmargin very obliquely rounded ; deep shining indigo-
blue; a broad bright orange fascia before middle, finely black-
margined ; some scattered black scales beyond this, tending to
form a transverse parallel line : cilia indigo-blue, tips round apex
violet. Hindwings deep purple ; cilia bronzy-fuscous,
Hab. Fort Stedman; two specimens.
29. Melasina invariella, Walk. (Torna).
Hab. Koni.
30. Melasina ochrocoma, sp. n.
a2. 22—26 mm. Head pale yellow-ochreous, face fuscous.
Palpi dark fuscous, apex whitish ochreous. Antenne fuscous,
pectinations in ¢ 6, in @ 2. Thorax and abdomen fuscous.
Forewings rather elongate, somewhat dilated posteriorly, apex
obtuse, hindmargin rather oblique ; light fuscous, mixed with
whitish-fuscous and darker fuscous, tending to form faint
strigule ; a darker fuscous suffusion tending to form a_ basal
patch, a transverse spot from inner margin beyond middle, and a
fascia from costa beyond middle to anal angle, but all very faint
and sometimes obsolete: cilia whitish-fuscous, with a cloudy
fuscous line. Hindwings fuscous, in @ paler; cilia as in fore-
wings.
Hab. Joni, Mone; six specimens.
Tt belongs to the group called Alavona by Walker,
which I do not think sufficiently distinct to be separated
from Melasina; from its nearest allies it is separated
by the yellowish head.
Tatsizima, Walk.
Head rough-haired ; ocelli present ; tongue obsolete. Antennze
over 1, broadly and flatly compressed, joints closely set, simple in
both sexes, basal joint short, without pecten. Labial palpi rather
long, curved, ascending, second joint with dense more or less
roughly projecting scales or hairs beneath, with some long bristles
near apex, terminal joint shorter than second, with appressed
of Lepidoptera from Upper Burma. 27
scales, pointed. Maxillary palpi obsolete. Posterior tibiew shortly
rough-scaled. Forewings with vein 1b furcate, 2 almost from
angle, 7 to apex, 11 from before middle. Hindwings 1, elongate-
ovate, cilia 2; veins tolerably parallel.
31. Thisizima ceratella, Walk.
Hab. Koni.
32. Thisizima antiphanes, sp. n.
¢. 13 mm. Head, palpi, and antenne pale yellow-ochreous.
Thorax and abdomen dark fuscous. Forewings elongate, costa
moderately arched, apex rounded, hindmargin obliquely rounded ;
dark fuscous, with coppery-purple reflections ; a moderate straight
yellowish-white fascia from + of costa to 2 of inner margin, some-
what widened downwards ; a moderate yellowish-white spot on
costa before apex : cilia dark fuscous. Hindwings and cilia dark
fuscous.
Hab. Mone; one specimen.
33. Scardia tholerodes, sp. n.
g. 16—20 mm. Head light ochreous-yellowish. Palpi light
yellowish, mixed with dark fuscous, second joint with short rough
projecting scales. Antenne whitish-fuscous, towards base darker.
Thorax fuscous mixed with dark fuscous and whitish-ochreous.
Forewings elongate, costa moderately arched, apex rounded, hind-
margin very obliquely rounded ; 7 and 8 stalked, 9 absent ; whitish-
ochreous, with scattered strigule of mixed fuscous and dark fuscous
scales; the confluence of these forms a suffused basal patch, an
oblique cloudy fascia before middle, and a fascia from beyond
middle of costa to anal angle: cilia whitish-ochreous mixed with
dark fuscous. Hindwings pale grey, indistinctly irrorated with
darker ; cilia whitish-ochreous, with a cloudy grey line.
Hab. ‘Koni; three specimens.
34. Blabophanes monachella, Hb. (longella, Walk.).
Hab. (Koni.
It appears to me that the head of Walker’s longella is
not yellow as alleged, and that it does not in any way
differ from monachella, which I have also recorded from
the Hawaiian Islands.
28 Mr. Edward Meyrick on «@ collection
385. Tinea platyntis, sp. n.
od ?. 15—20 mm. Head light ochreous-orange. Palpi dark
fuscous mixed with ochreous. Antennze whitish-ochreous. Thorax
light ochreous, anteriorly purplish-tinged, Abdomen light ochreous.
Forewings elongate, moderate, costa moderately arched, apex round-
pointed, hindmargin very obliquely rounded ; yellow-ochreous ;
costal edge infuscated towards base: cilia yellow-ochreous. Hind-
wings bronzy-grey ; cilia whitish-grey.
Hab. Mone, Koni; three specimens. Also from
Mooltan in the Punjab.
36. Tinea liomorpha, sp. n.
¢d. 14mm. Head light ochreous-yellowish. Palpi fuscous,
Antenne whitish-ochreous. Thorax fuscous-purplish. Abdomen
light greyish-ochreous. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, costa
moderately arched, apex roundpointed, hindmargin very obliquely
rounded ; purplish-fuscous: cilia purplish-fuscous. Hindwings
with veins 3 and 4 from a point ; light fuscous, with brassy re-
flections ; cilia pale whitish-fuscous,
Hab, Mone; oue specimen.
The neuration of the hindwings is exceptional, but
perhaps not constant.
SARIDOSCELIS, n. g.
Head rough-haired, face smooth; ocelli present; tongue
developed. Antenne 3, basal joint moderate, with pecten. Labial
palpi rather long, slightly curved, porrected, slender, anterior edge
slightly rough, terminal joint as long as second, pointed. Maxillary
palpi short, porrected, filiform. Anterior tibiz and tarsi clothed
with long rough scales above ; posterior tibie smooth. Forewings
with vein 1b furcate, 2 from near angle, 7 to hindmargin, 10 absent,
11 from before middle. Hindwings 1, elongate-ovate, cilia + ; veins
tolerably parallel.
Allied to Calantica.
37. Saridoscelis sphenias, sp. n.
Q. 12mm. Head, palpi, antenne, and thorax white, Fore-
wings elongate, costa moderately arched, apex tolerably acute,
hindmargin sinuate, oblique ; white, partially finely sprinkled with
pale fuscous ; a few scattered black scales ; two oblique wedge-
shaped fuscous spots, anteriorly margined with dark fuscous, on
of Lepidoptera from Upper Burma. 29
inner margin in middle and before anal angle, emitting from apex
two partially obsolete and hardly traceable very oblique dark
fuscous lines, first apparently sharply angulated near costa, where
it forms a short distinct oblique mark at 2, second running to hind-
margin beneath apex; a short black interrupted dash before apex :
cilia white, with two lines of fuscous or dark fuscous points. Hind
wings and cilia grey.
Hab. \koni; one specimen.
38. Crobylophora daricella, Meyr.
Hab. Mone; four specimens.
There is no doubt as to the identity of this minute
Australian species, whose occurrence somewhat surprised
me.
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eeu.)
Il. Further observations on the Tea-bugs (Helopeltis) of
India. By Cuartes Owen Warernovse, F.W.S.
[Read Dee. 6th, 1893.]
In the year 1886, I read before this Society some
descriptions and observations on the genus LHelopeltis
(Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1886, p. 457), and in 1888 I
supplemented this by the description of another species
(Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1888, p. 207). Until quite
recently I had only seen a single female example of
Helopeltis theivora. Iam glad to say the British Museum
has now received a fair series of this species, with both
sexes, and I can therefore give a description of the male.
Helopeltis theivora.
¢. Black. Front of the head very pale yellow on each side.
Antenne black, or nearly so, the basal joint obscure fusco-testa-
ceous mottled with brown, very pale yellow at the extreme base.
Temora nearly black, mottled with fuscous-testaceous, with a
pale ring at the base. Tibiz nearly black, mottled with fuscous-
testaceous. Scutellar horn about as long as the length of the
pronotum, very distinctly curved, with the usual cup-shaped
enlargement at the apex. Some examples show a little yellow at
the base. Length 23 lines.
From this description it will be seen that the male
differs chiefly from the female in having the pronotum
black. The antennz and legs are also darker, and the
whole insect is more slender than the female. The
scutellar horn is a trifle shorter and a little less curved
than in the female.
Many of the females have the dark brown at the
base of the pronotum extending across the whole base.
The following is an extract from the letter from Mr.
Frank Austen, who sent the specimens. It is dated
from Sylhet, July 1893 :—
‘The other day I sent you, per parcel post, a small
box, containing a bottle in which are specimens of what,
in the tea districts at any rate, is known as mosquito
blight. It is to be found in many of the low-lying
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1894.—Parr i. (MARCH.)
32 Mr. C. O. Waterhouse on the Tea-bugs of India.
gardens such as this, and from the damage it does is one
of the, if not the most, serious pests the tea bush has to
contend against. It attacks the young shoots and
appears to puncture them so that they shrivel up and
iurn quite black. As yet there is no known cure.
The method we adopt here is to employ a large
force of small children, catching the insects by hand.
This at best can only check it at the beginning of the
season, for when acres and acres of tea are black with
it, the thousands of insects brought in every day seem
to make no difference. It is first noticeable about the
beginning of the rains, i.v., the early part of June, and
continues to increase until the end; the bushes attacked
by it becoming gradually blacker, until after about the
end of August or middle of September, they yield little
or no leaf at al]. There is apparently no other plant it
attacks, even in the jungle, and as far as one can see
there is nothing that preys upon it. Wet dull weather
is especially favourable to its propagation. It does not
appear to fly much, and in the cold weather, after the
bushes are pruned, there is not a sign of it. We always
burn all the prunings, but it is doubtful whether much
good is gained by so doing. It seems to appear
spontaneously, first of alla bush here and a bush there,
often acres apart, is attacked by it, then it gradually
spreads.”
Referring to Wood-Mason’s suggestion (‘‘ Report on
the Tea-bug of Assam,” 1884, p. 18) that the indigenous
tea-plant is not subject to the attacks of Helopeltis, Mr.
Austen writes, “This is quite a fallacy, as this garden
Maguracherra, consisting of some 450 acres, is composed,
roughly speaking, of half hybrid and half indigenous, and
last year the indigenous flats were badly blighted as well
as the hybrid.” . . . “There was also another idea
that heavy pruning eradicated the Helopeltis ; but last
cold weather we cut back 50 acres of hybrid tea to a
standard of i8 inches (the average height of a tea-bush
is, say, 3 feet to 3 feet 6 inches), and this year this part
of the garden was the first to get blighted, and is by far
the most blighted part of the garden ; there could have
been very few leaf-buds left on the bushes. Also, each
bush had its roots carefully forked round, and then the
whole place was hoed te a considerable depth.””—Letter,
Nov. 28th, 1893.
O88t")
III. Notes on some Lepidoptera received from the
neighbourhood of Alexandria. By Gerorae T,
Bernune-Baker, F'.L.8.
[Read Dec. 6th, 1893. ]
PLATE I,
Last year I had handed to me a collection of Lepidoptera
from Alexandria for examination and determination, and
during the present summer I had another collection also
sent me, so that the two lots will give us some idea of
the insects from this neighbourhood, and I therefore
make no apology for cataloging the whole collection in
detail, following the order of Staudinger’s list. The only
thing that strikes me as worthy of special note, is the
entire absence of any species belonging peculiarly to the
Ethiopian region ; with sucha splendid migratory channel
as the river Nile, this is not what I should have
expected.
1. Anthocharis belia, Cr.
Two small but otherwise quite typical specimens.
2. Colias edusa, F., and var. Helice, Hb.
The type species not rare, and, as usual, a few of the
white variety appear with it.
3. Deudorix livia, Klug.
Common. I have some dozen specimens in_ both
Sexes.
4, Thestor ballus, F.}
One specimen quite typical, but small.
5. Lycena boetica, L.
Not uncommon, the blue suffusion of the 9 is un-
usually bright in some of the specimens.
6. Lycena egyptiaca, sp.n. (PI. [, fig. 1.)
¢. Upper side, primaries and secondaries dull violet-blue, very
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1894,—PART I. (MARCH.) C
34 Mr. George T. Bethune-Baker’s notes
shghtly lustrous, outer margins very narrowly black. Secondaries
with a blackish spot between the first and second median nervules,
and another at the anal angle ; tail blackish. Underside, primaries
and secondaries ochreous-cream colour, with transverse irregular
fasciz margined with white, as follows :—Primaries, two across the
cell followed by two across the centre of the wing, reaching almost
to the inner margin ; between the two submarginai fascie is a short
one from the costa to the central disco-cellular branch. Secondaries
crossed by about eight whitemargined fasciz ; some much broken
and transfused. There are two brilliant metallic green spots,
pupilled with bluish-black and margined with yellow, at the anal
angle. Margins of both primaries and secondaries finely fuscous,
Exp. alar. 23 mm.
2. Brownish, basal and discal area irridescent-blue, the under-
side pattern showing through by transparency, and being decidedly
intensified in the primaries; the black anal spot is composed
of two confluent ones, not one only, as inthe ¢. The markings of
the underside are similar to those of the ¢. Exp. alar, 23-24 mm.
The wings of both sexes are somewhat transparent,
but more so in the 9 than in the d.
7. Lycena lysimon, Hb.
Several typical specimens.
8. Vanessa atalanta, L.
Two specimens, one with the white dot in the red
band.
9, Vanessa cardut, L.
One specimen.
10. Danais chrysippus, L.
Common. Most of the specimens fine.
11. Hesperia mathias, Fab. (Thraz, F.)
Three typical specimens.
HETEROCERA.
12. Acherontia atropos, L.
One specimen.
13. Sphinx convolvuli, L.
The few specimens of this insect are most unusually
small.
on some Lepidoptera from Alexandria, 39
14. Deilephila livornica, Esp.
Specimens decidedly below the average size.
15. Deilephila celerio, L.
Typical, but possibly rather darker than usual.
16. Deilephila nerii, L.
Common. ‘The specimens sent are fine and of beautiful
colouration.
17. Harias insulana, B.
Very common and very variable, ranging from beautiful
uniform green to yellow and straw colour.
18. Nola squalida, Steyr.
One specimen only.
19. Cletthara hittora, sp.n. (PI. I., fig. 2.)
Primaries ochreous-grey, basal third dark brownish-grey bor-
dered externally by a lighter band, which is edged by a perpen-
dicular wavy line of black with an internal edge of whitish ; the
black line extends from costa straight across to the inner margin ;
the central area is occupied by a patch of pale reddish-brown, bor-
dering which, on the posterior edge, is a trace of a very interrupted
dark line, rising at the centre of the costa and being produced
outward round this reddish-brown patch, and then receding to the
internal margin; there is a submarginal band of pale reddish-brown
shading, edged internally by a toothed interrupted blackish line
arising in a small apical black patch. Posterior margin finely
blackish. Fringes brownish-grey with darker dividing line.
Secondaries grey subhyaline with a dark border. Fringes whitish
with darker dividing line. Exp. alar. 17 mm.
There is one specimen, which may be a 9, but the body is
absent, in which the primaries are all dark grey; all the markings
of the ¢ are reproduced, with the exception of the reddish-brown
central area, but the pattern is very much intensified and darkened,
and each of the dark transverse lines are accompanied by a pale
border. Exp, alar. 18 mm.
20. Detopeia pulchella, L.
Common.
36 Mr. George T. Bethune-Baker’s notes
21. Ocnogyna loewit, L., var. Olathrata, Ld.
Not uncommon.
22. Cossus L-nigrum, sp.n. (Pl. 1, fig. 3.)
Primaries ashen-grey, basal area with scarcely any marks or
reticulations ; on the submedian vein is a short dark rich brown
dash beginning near the centre, and from the end near the anal
angle rises a thinner dash up to the lower median branch, forming
an L-shaped sign, at the top of which is a small dark brown V ;
the posterior half of the wings is reticulated and marked in the
manner usual to the genus, but to a less extent than ordinary,
whilst from a point on the costa about a third from the apex
rises a dark brown waved stripe extending across the apical area,
but curved, and reaching down to the anal angle; beyond this is
another short line just in front of the apex, going across and
touching the posterior margin. Costa darkly dotted. Fringes ash-
grey. Thorax as primaries. Secondaries dark uniform brownish-
grey without markings. Fringes grey. Abdomen paler than
secondaries. Exp. alar. 36 to 39 mm.
This species is, perhaps, nearest T’erebra, though not
very near any of the genus that I have seen ; it can, how-
ever, be immediately separated from Terebra by only
being about half its size, and by the markless and
uniform secondaries,
23, Psyche (subgenus Manatha) hampsoni, sp. n.
Primaries, veins la and b anastomosing ; vein 6 present in both
wings, but not emitted in primaries from lower angle of cell, as in
Viciella, Schiff., the type of the subgenus JJegalophanes ; veins
4and 5 and 8 and 9 stalked. The shape of the wing is contorted
and the costa excised. Nospine on the fore tibia. Wings are of
a uniform luteous grey, head paler, thorax darker than ground
colour.
24. Orgyia dubia, Tausch., var. Judaea, Stgr.
Not uncommon.
25. Bombyx serrula, Gn.
Not uncommon.
26. Bombyx undata, Klug.
One specimen, which I refer somewhat doubtfully to
this species.
on some Lepidoptera from Alewandria, 37
27. Megasoma repanda, Gn.
Common.
28. Megasoma acacix, Klue.
Of this beautiful species described by Klug I have
three fine specimens, and also larvee well preserved.
29. Bryophila fraudatricula, Hb., var. Pallida, nov. var.
| (PI. I, fig. 4.)
Primaries pale greenish-grey, the black transverse lines and
black dash in the centre of the median area as in the parent
species, but the short dash just above the anal angle is absent.
Orbicular and reniform stigmata moderately distinct, outlined in
blackish, the latter being filled in with pale grey. Both are much
more distinct than in the original form. Secondaries grey, paler
than in Praudatricula. Just beyond the centre the wing is
crossed by a very distinct blackish line, following the course of
the posterior margin, and extending from the costa to the inner
margin. In the discal cell there is a dark grey spot.
This is probably a good localform. I have three speci-
mens all smaller than the type form, which agree closely
inter se, but in one the median black dash is absent. It
is evidently closely allied to Mraudatricula, so I have
thought it better to make it a variety of that insect
(from which it can be immediately separated by its very
pale colour) rather than make it a new species.
30. Agrotis pronuba, L.
Not uncommon and quite typical.
31. Agrotis puta, Ub.
Common, the @ being unusually dark.
32, Agrotis desertorum, B.
One beautifully pale grey specimen.
38. Agrotis aleaandriensis, sp.n. (PI. L, fig. 5.)
g. Primaries yellowish-grey, first transverse line from discal
cell to inner margin fawn colour, but rather indefinite, preceding
which are three small black spots—one on the costa, one on the
median vein, and a third on the submedian, the latter being nearer
the base than the preceding ones ; there is a dark dot close to the
base on the costa and median vein, The second transverse line
08 Mr. George IT. Bethune-Bakevr’s notes
beyond the reniform stigma is also fawn colour, extending from
subcostal to submedian vein, but rather broken, the area between
the first and second lines is tinged with fawn colour, beyond the
second line is a curved row of dark dots from subcostal to
submedian vein. Orbicular stigma almost obsolete. Reniform
stigma outlined in fawn colour, with a similar coloured crescentic
continuation below the extremity of the discal cell ; directly above
this stigma the costa is darkly dotted. Posterior margin darkly
dotted ; fringes yellowish-grey with paler extremities. Secondaries
silvery grey. Fringes entirely snow-white. Exp. alar. 42 mm.
@. Primaries uniform brownish-grey, slightly lustrous, no
marking at all visible except a small darker spot representing the
orbicular stigma; the reniform stigma is finely outlined and
pupilled with darker grey. Posterior margin darkly dotted.
Fringes whitish with dark extremities. Secondaries silvery-grey,
brownish towards outer margin, slightly lustrous. Fringes silvery-
grey. Exp. alar. 40 mm.
I have also one specimen, probably the same species, of
an uniform pale ochreous-fawn colour, the first and
second line as in type, but the former extended up to the
costa and rather broken, the latter being followed
immediately by a curved row of very fine dark minute
dots, from which to the posterior margin the ground
colour is rather darker, interrupted only by a doubly curved
paler transverse line from the costa to the anal angle.
This species will follow Desertorwm, B.
34. Agrotis ml, sp.n. (Pl. 1, fig. 6.)
3. Primaries grey, the first line close to the base, rising in a
black costal dot,isonly just traceable.; the second line, pale and waved,
rises from a black costal spot, extends to the inner margin, though
somewhat indistinct there, and is bordered externally by a fine
blackish edge ; in the median area is a small narrow oval blackish
loop adjoining the second line, and filled in with pale ochreous.
Third line very dark grey, curved outwardly, rising ina black costal
spot and reaching to the inner margin; this line consists of a series
of minute distinct crescentic marks joined at the tips, and is edged
by a fine line of slightly paler ground colour. Posterior margin
finely edged with black, and preceded by a band of dark grey
shading ; just in front of the apex there is also a patch of this dark
grey shading. Orbicular stigma slightly ochreous-grey, very finely
encircled, and minutely pupilled with blackish ; reniform stigma
on sone Lepidoptera from Alexandria. 39
dark grey edged with black. Between these two stigmata isa trace
of an indefinite perpendicular band of dark grey shading right
across the wing. Fringes grey with a dark dividing line. Thorax
grey, abdomen paler grey. Secondaries and fringes white. Exp.
alar. 38—39 mm.
@. Primaries pale greyish-cinnamon-brown, first line close to
base indistinct reddish-brown, second line waved reddish-brown,
third line very indistinct, followed by a curved row of white dots,
from whence the ground colour of the wing becomes abruptly
darker up to the hindmargin, which is finely edged by a light line,
and preceding which is a series of dark grey shadings between each
nervule. Orbicular stigma distinctly encircled with reddish-brown,
as is the reniform, the latter being filled in with greyish. Between
these two stigmata there is a perpendicular band of dark reddish-
brown shading right across the centre of the wing, and a similar
coloured patch is in front of the apex. Fringes brownish-grey.
Secondaries brownish-grey, darker near the hindmargin. Fringes
pale grey. Thorax as primaries, abdomen as secondaries. Exp.
alar. 39 mm.
30. Agrotis suffusa, Hb.
Not uncommon and quite typical.
36. Mamestra afra, sp.n. (PI. L., fig. 7.)
Primaries pale ochreous-grey, the first line close to the base is
black, toothed, extending from the costa to the submedian vein, and is
followed by a whitish stripe; second line in front of the orbicular
stigma is composed of three crescentic dark marks starting from a
dark grey costal spot, the central and inner crescents being preceded
by a whitish edging. Orbicular stigma white, beneath which is a
small dark crescent touching the middle of the second line and so
making the letter q below the stigma. Reniform stigma margined
with black, except on the costal side, with a basal inner margin of
white and filled in with dark grey, except at the apical corner,
where the colour is ochreous-grey. Subterminal line, consisting of
a very strongly serrated fine dark line, bordered externally by
white, is curved out beyond the reniform stigma, but terminates
on the inner margin nearer the base than is that stigma. The
terminal line close to posterior margin, strongly serrated, is white,
edged internally by a dark shading, and with a dark patch opposite
the reniform stigma. The hindmargin is conspicuously edged with
dark crescentic marks between each vein. Fringes grey tessellated
with white, and having a dark dividing line; on the costa are seven
40 Mr. George T’. Bethune-Baker’s notes
dark grey spots, four near the base and three between the two
stigmata.
Secondaries white, cell marked by a dark median vein and closed
by a distinct dark crescent ; there is a broad dark grey band from
the apex to the inner angle. Posterior margin edged by a fine dark
line, which is preceded by a broad whitish band. Fringes white.
Antenne finely serrated. Exp. alar. 33 mm.
Tins species is allied to Stigmosa, Chr., but can be
at once distinguished by the white secondaries with the
crescentic termination of the cell. ‘The primaries are
much greyer in colour, the transverse lines more pro-
nounced, whilst there is no trace of the triangular spot in
front of the apex.
Qr
37. Mamestra abbas, sp.n. (PI. 1., fig. 8,a¢, b?.)
¢d. Primaries uniform brownish-grey, first two transversa lines
slightly paler, and finely margined on each side with dark brown,
the third pale line darkly margined internally only ; subterminal
line fine, indistinct and interrupted, with three dark arrow-shaped
marks emitted towards the base. Hindmargin darkly dotted.
Orbicular stigma pale ochreous-grey, pupilled with the ground
colour, and partly encircled with dark brown, beneath this is a
distinct darkly outlined q-shaped sign. Reniform stigma pale
brownish-grey outlined with dark brown and pupilled with paler
grey, which pupil is margined with dark grey. Fringes brownish-
grey with a paler dividing line. Secondaries brownish-grey,
darker around the posterior margin. Fringes pale grey. Exp.
alar. 35 mm.
2. Primaries, ground-colour very pale ochreous-grey, pattern as
in ¢. Secondaries very pale ochreous with a broad dark posterior
margin. Exp. alar. 38 to 40 mm.
This species will come next to Trifoliv; it is easily
recognized by its quite uniform and duller colouration
and markings, by its much darker secondaries, and by
its exceedingly pale ¢.
38. Heliophobus marsdeni, sp. un. (PI. I., fig. 9.)
¢. Primaries brownish-ochreous, basal area much paler, the
first transverse line in front of the orbicular stigma is dark brown,
interrupted and edged internally with pale ochreous ; beyond the
reniform stigma is a pale ochreous transverse dentated and inter-
rupted line edged internally with dark brown; area between these
lines darker than rest of wing: subterminal line pale ochreous,
on some Lepidoptera from Alexandria. 41
interrupted and edged internally with dark brown; posterior
margin darkly dotted, orbicular stigma distinct, pale ochre, finely
outlined with dark brown. Reniform stigma indistinct, grey, with
a pale dash on the basal edge ; costa with three pale ochreous spots.
Fringes lustrous ochreous-brown, Abdomen greyish white.
Secondaries very pale grey, slightly darker on posterior margin.
Exp. alar. 30 to 32 mm. Antenne very strongly ciliate, almost
plumose.
@. Similar to g, but the colours each intensified, 7.e., the dark
areas are darker, the light are lighter ; all the markings much more
pronounced, and the reniform stigma distinct. Antenne simple.
Exp. alar. 28 mm.
The ¢ differs somewhat in colouration, some being
quite pale ochreous with dark central areas, others dark
greyish ochre, and much more uniform in general tone;
the pattern is however apparently quite constant. The
primaries of ? are decidedly narrower than the ¢.
This species will follow Orana of Lucas, but is easily
recognizable by its more variegated appearance, visible
in even the greyest and most uniform specimens; also by
the basal line, the pale line beyond the reniform stigma,
and the dark reniform itself. There is no pale patch at
the apex as in Orana.
The secondaries are very much paler, and the abdomen
is whitish-grey instead of brown as in Lucas’s species.
I have named this insect after Mr. Marsden of Alex-
andria, through whose kindness I have received these
collections.
39. Miana trilinea, sp.n. (PI. 1., fig. 10.)
Primaries ashen-grey, first line near base dark brown, strongly
dentate on median vein; second dark brown line touching orbi-
cular stigma internally ; third line just beyond the reniform, like-
wise dark brown ; the area between the first and second lines is
much paler grey. Just beyond the third line is a band of paler
shading ; orbicular and reniform stigmata pale grey darkly out-
lined. Posterior margin finely edged with dark brown. Fringes
lustrous grey. Seccndaries pale grey, slightly lustrous, darker near
posterior margin. Fringes paler grey. Thorax as_ primaries,
Abdomen as secondaries. Exp. alar. 21} to 234 mm.
40. Hriopus latreillii, Dup.
A common insect of the ordinary type.
49 Mr. George T. Bethune-Baker’s notes
41. Prodenia littoralis, B.
Several specimens quite typical.
42. Sesamia cretica, Ld.
Two nice specimens.
43. Caradrina exiqua, Hb.
Not uncommon.
44. Caradrina mediterranee, sp.u. (PI. L., fig. 11.)
Primaries ashen-fawn colour with the least trace of a greyish
subterminal transverse curved line. Just in front of the posterior
margin is an indistinct row of very pale ochreous-white spots, the
middle spots having their inner margin dusted with golden-brown.
Orbicular stigma obsolete, reniform stigma small dark brown
encircled with pale ochreous. Costa with four indistinct black
spots. Fringes lustrous greyish-fawn colour, Secondaries white,
lustrous, very slightly greyish near posterior margin. Fringes
lustrous greyish, Exp.alar. ¢ 30mm.; 9 25 mm.
This species is perhaps nearest Quwadripunctata, but at
once separable by the almost entire absence ef markings
and by its much paler and cleaner appearance. From
Flava of Fallow it is recognizable by the same
characteristics.
45. Cucullia chamomille, Schiff.
I have four specimens of this genus, which are doubtful,
but appear to be a very dwarfed race of this species, and
I therefore place them provisionally under this name.
46. Plusia chalcites, Esp.
Two ordinary specimens.
47. Plusia gamma, L.
Not uncommon.
48. Heliothis peltigera, Schiff.
Not rare.
49. Heliothis nubigera, H. 8.
One specimen only.
on some Lepidoptera from Alexandria. 43
50. Heliothis armigera, Z.
One specimen only.
51. Hrastria scitula, Rbr.
One specimen.
52. Thalpochares phoenissa, Ld.
Two typical specimens.
53. Thalpochares ostrina, Hb.
Similar to European specimens.
54. Thalpochares parva, Hb.
T'wo specimens quite typical.
5d. Cerocala scapulosa, Hb., var. Insana, H. 8.
One specimen.
56. Pericyma albidentaria, Frr.
I have two specimens of this insect, which form a
sort of ‘ transit” to the var. Squalens, Ld.
57. Leucanitis stolida.
One specimen of the usual form.
58. Grammodes bifasciata, Petag.
Not uncommon.
59. Pseudophia wlunaris, Hb.
4 common insect.
60. Pseudophia benenotata, Warren.
A common species. In the National collection is the
hitherto unique type which Warren described. It is a
g, and as I have several 9 before me it may be advisable
to describe this sex.
@. Primaries pale ochreous-grey, with perhaps the least trace
of pink ; both first and second transverse lines paler than ground
colour, not darker asin the ¢; the subterminal pale line is much
more distinct, and the shading on each side of it is paler than in
the opposite sex. Secondaries slightly ochreous-grey with broad
dark borders and very pale fringes. 'Thorax and abdomen as
primaries, Exp. alar. 26 to 30 mm.
AA, Mr. George IT’. Bethune-Baker’s notes
Specimens vary somewhat in depth of colour, some
being paler and others rather darker than the type.
61. Spintherops exsiccata, Ld.
Several specimens, calling for no remark.
62. Hypena ravalis, H.S.
Not uncommon.
63. Hypena lividalis, Hb.
Three ordinary specimens.
64. Hypena obsitalis, Hb.
A common insect.
65. Arrarde parva, sp. nu.
Primaries pale ochreous-brown, basal half decidedly darker than
exterior half; the subterminal waved line is paler and bordered
internally by a fine line of darker ochreous, and externally by a
broadish band of the same coloured shading. Apex with a small
patch of blackish scales, a few similar coloured scales being
scattered near the anal angle. Costa near apex lightly spotted.
Fringes ochreous-brown. Secondaries brownish-grey, darker near
the outer margin, with pale grey fringes. Thorax as primaries.
Abdomen rather darker than secondaries. Exp. alar, 14 mm.
I have but one specimen of this insect, but it so
evidently a distinct species that I do not hesitate to
describe it, though from a single specimen.
66. Nemoria faustinata, Mall.
Two specimens of usual form.
67. Acidalia coenosaria, Ld.
One specimen.
I have two other species of this genus, which I believe
to be new, but I do not think it wise to describe them
from single specimens, and I shall therefore await other
specimens before naming them.
68, Macaria aestimaria, Hb., var. Sareptanaria, Stgr.
wo very handsome forms of this variety.
on some Lepidoptera from Aleaandiia. 45
69. Fidonia megiaria, Obr., var. Obscuraria, n. var.
(Pl. ls ties, £2.)
The specimens obtained around Alexandria are very
dark indeed, and appear to be quite a local race; it is a
common insect in the district. The ground colour is
uniform dark greyish brown, the pattern being quite
similar to that of Oberthur’s species, but very considerably
darker. Out of ali the specimens before me the lghtest
is very much darker in every respect than the darkest
Algerian form that Ihaveseen. The Heyptian specimens
are a very handsome variety of it.
70. Sterrha sacraria, L., and var. Sanguinaria, Esp.,
and ab. Oranaria, Lucas.
I have this species of all shades from Alexandria, from
the palest forms up to var. Sanguinaria, also I have the
duller and darker insect described by Lucas under the
name Oranaria.
I have no doubt whatever that Staudinger is right in
his 1872 catalogue, where he says, on page 176, ‘an
sequ. ab.” Sacraria being the following species.
1 have preserved larvee of both forms before me which
are quite similar, and I have also two very rich dark
forms infinitely darker than Oranaria, the oblique stripe
being very dark ash-grey, thus showing that the species
varies very extensively indeed.
71. Cidaria fluviata, Hb.
Not uncommon.
72. Hupithecia ultimaria, B.
Two specimens, decidedly smaller than usual,
73. Hupithecia distinctaria, H.S.
Two pretty forms of this wide-spread species.
74, Hupithecia (Gymnocelis) pumilata, Hb.
T'wo or three ordinary specimens.
75. Mnesivena quadripunctata, sp.n. (Pl. L, fig. 13.)
Primaries brownish-grey, with a transverse pale line near the
base from the costa to the inner margin, the line being composed
of three small crescents ; the submarginal pale line, frequently and
sharply serrated, recedes slightly from the apex to the subcostal
46 Mr. George T. Bethune-Baker’s notes
vein, where it curves outwards, receding again to the submedian
vein, whence it recedes rapidly and considerably to the inner
margin, and has a very fine dark edging. In the central area of
the wing are four distinct whitish spots, around each of which are
sprinkled, in fresh specimens, some dark brown rough scales, Hind-
margin finely and darkly edged. Fringes pale grey. Secondaries
whitish, with a fine submarginal dark grey stripe a little distance
from the hindmargin, but following its course. Hindmargin finely
and darkly edged. Fringes whitish. Antenne ¢ ciliate; 9 simple.
Exp. alar. 23 mm.
76. Mnesivena bella, sp.n. (PI. I, fig. 14.)
Primaries pale-grey, irrorated with pale chestnut roughish
scales ; basal area dark chestnut-brown with a patch of superim-
posed rosy scales ; in the central area beyond the middle, near the
inner margin, is another patch of rosy scales, having a dark
chestnut basal border, which is edged by a white line, the inner
margin beneath this patch being chestnut colour. Posterior margin
broadly but sparingly irrorated with rosy scales, which also extend
along the inner margin from the anal angle to the rosy patch just
mentioned. From the costa near the apex, a fine indistinct
transverse white line extends half across the wing, forming the
internal border to the posterior rosy scales. Fringes greyish,
irrorated with pink. Antenne ¢ ciliate. Secondaries whitish,
with whitish fringes. Exp. alar. 19 to 23 mm.
In specimens that have flown much the rosy scales get
almost entirely rubbed off.
77. Hypotia syrtalis, Rag.
The specimens are typical.
78. Hypotia bilinea, sp.n. (PI. I., fig. 15.)
Primaries greyish-straw colour, central area bounded internally
by an oblique dark brownish transverse line, and externally by a
similar dark curved transverse line. In this area, beyond the
centre, and near the costa, is a dark brownish-grey spot. Just
before the posterior margin is a fine dark line, which in flown
specimens is very indistinct. Secondaries very slightly paler than
primaries, with a dark brownish-grey curved stripe beyond the
centre, extending from the upper margin to the anal angle, and
another similar stripe just in front of the posterior margin.
Fringes ochreous-grey. Thorax as primaries, abdomen as secon-
daries. Exp. alar. 16-18 mm.
on some Lepidoptera from Alewandria. 47
(on Lolissagra, so. 0.6 (PI 1.; fie. 16:)
Primaries dark ashen-grey irrorated more or less with blackish
scales. Across the centre of the wing is a transverse whitish
stripe, the upper half of which is waved, the lower half being
straight and edged externally with very dark brown. The second
whitish transverse line near the posterior margin is very irregularly
toothed and waved. Submarginal area with a broadish band cf
whitish shading. Between these two lines in the central area on the
internal margin and near the costa is a very distinct white spot
darkly encircled. Posterior margin very distinctly dotted with
black. Fringes shining brownish-grey. Secondaries dark brownish-
grey with white fringes, which have a very dark and broad
dividing line. Exp. alar. 235 mm.
I have two specimens, one being paler than the type.
80. Hellula undalis, F.
Common and quite typical.
81. Odontia dentalis, Schiff.
Two small specimens.
_ 82. Anthophilodes baphialis, Ld.
Fairly common.
83. Botys ferrugalis, Hb.
Several specimens.
84. Huwrychreon nudalis, Hb.
Two specimens, just like those from Algeria.
85. Orobena isatidalis, Dup.
A common species.
86. Margarodes unionalis, Hb,
Two specimens.
87. Metasia emiralis, Obr.
Several specimens, which are somewhat yellower and
the dark marks darker than the Algerian form.
8&8. Synclera traducalis, L.
Two specimens.
48 Mr. George T. Bethune-Baker’s notes
89. Duponchelia fovealis, Li.
One or two ordinary specimens.
90. Nymphula fusco-marginata, sp.n. (PI. 1, fig. 17.)
Primaries greyish-brown, with a short interrupted dark dash
from the roots just beneath the discal cell’; beyond the centre is a
smallish dark brown circular sign, the circle being incomplete on
the posterior side, beneath which is a trace of a cinnamon-brown
transverse dash extending to the inner margin. Submarginal line
white, edged externally with black, from where up to the posterior
margin is a band of pale cinnamon-brown. Fringes greyish lustrous,
with a dark dividing line. Secondaries whitish, with a large black
spot on the upper part of the discal cell, whence to the inner
marginruns a waved black stripe ; beyond this isa dark grey stripe,
followed by a line of the ground colour, after which is a broad
band of very dark grey, extending from the costa to the inner
margin just over the anal angle; this is followed by a broadish
stripe of the whitish ground colour edged externally bya fine
dark line, the posterior margin itself being broadly bordered with
pale cinnamon-brown, margin itself very finely black. Fringes
whitish, with a fine black dividing line. Thorax as primaries,
abdomen brownish. Exp. alar. 16 mm.
9]. Schoenobius dodatellus, Walker.
One specimen.
92, Chilo dubia, sp.n. (Pl. L, fig. 18.)
Primaries pale brownish-ochreous ; all along the median area
are very sparsely scattered a few dark-brown scales, which also are
extended in lines between all the nervules on the hind margin.
Secondaries whitish, somewhat lustrous, with white fringes. 3 ¢
specimens. Exp. alar, 283—32 mm.
In some specimens there is an indistinct darkish~ spot
closing the discal cell.
93. Ancylolomia palpella, Schiff.
Not uncommon.
04, Crambus alexandriensis, sp.n. (Pl. L., fig. 19.)
@. Primaries pale-grey irrorated all over with greyish-brown
scales, interspersed with patches of black irrorations ; about one
third from the base is a whitish < shaped mark between the discal
on some Lepidoptera from Alexandria. 49
cell and the inner margin. The subterminal white transverse line
is very sharply angulated outwards near the apex, whence it recedes
in a wavy curved line to the inner margin; the central area is
occupied by a patch of black scales edged externally with white,
over which on the costa is another small blackish patch also, and
in the cell is a small blackish dash over the < shaped white mark.
The hind marginal area is dark grey, the posterior margin itself
being edged with a fine metallic-greenish line. Fringes whitish,
brown at extremities, and having a brown dividing line. Secon-
daries greyish-white, slightly lustrous, with white fringes. Thorax
greyish, abdomen paler grey. Exp. alar. 24 mm.
The 9? isdarker with less marking, much less black scaling, and
having the > shaped mark and the subterminal line only just traced
out. Exp. alar. 22 mm.
This species is not very near any Palearctic Crambus, and
though | am acquainted with nearly all the species from
our region, I cannot now place it in its correct position.
Perhaps when I get more specimens (I have only one pair
before me), I may be able to settle this point.
95. Crambus.afra, sp.n. (PI. I., fig. 20.)
Primaries pale fawn colour, the first very oblique and sharply
dentate rich brown line rises beyond the centre of the costa and
recedes sharply to a point about one third from the base on the
inner margin, the subterminal line is the same rich reddish-brown
colour, is sharply angulated outwards near the costa, and is broadly
edged externally by the pale ground colour, the rest of the
marginal area being dark mauvish-grey ; from the roots to the first
line the whole of the median area is of a rich dark brown, broadly
edged all round by the pale ground colour. Posterior margin
darkly dotted. Fringes brownish-grey tesselated with fawn
colour. Secondaries brownish-grey with whitish fringes, which
have a fine dark dividing line. Thorax brown, patagiw fawn
colour. Abdomen greyish. Exp. alar. 19 mm.
This pretty species is nearest to Jucuindellus, H. 8,
but is decidedly smaller, and can also be distinguished
by the very dark and serrated lines, which are quite
diferent in shape to those found in that species.
96. Hromene ramburiella, Dup.
One poor specimen.
TRANS, ENT. SOC. LOND, 1894,—pParr I. (MARCH.) D
50 Mr. George 'l'. Bethune-Baker’s notes
97. Hvromene ocellea, Hw.
Not uncommon apparently, one or two specimens
having been in each of the two collections received.
98. Myelois rhodochrella, H.S., and var. Hellenica, Stgr.
One specimen of the type, and also one of its beautiful
variety.
99. Ematheudes punctella, Tr.
One or two nice specimens.
109, Melissoblaptes bipunctanus, Z.
These specimens are fine, but call for no special remark.
101. Crocidosema plebejana, Z.
One specimen.
102. Hapsifera luridella, Z.
Several specimens.
103. Scardia-mediterranee, sp.n. (PI. I. fig. 21.)
Primaries slaty grey, a broadish longitudinal pale ochreous
stripe extends from the base along the median area just beneath
the cell, over which patches of dark brown rough scales are more
or less scattered. Beyond the centre and near the costa is a short
dash of the same pale cchreous, in the middle of which is a distinct
spot of these dark brown superimposed scales. Costa palely spotted
near the apex. Posterior margin darkly edged. Fringes dark grey.
Secondaries brownish-grey, paler at the base. Fringes brownish-
grey, tibize dark grey frequently encircled with pale ochreous.
Hindlegs whitish. Exp. alar. 19 to 20 mm.
Specimens vary slightly duter se, some having the
costa palely spotted all along, and having a few pale spots
in the subcostal area, which. gives such specimens a more
variegated appearance.
104. Tinea tapetzella, L.
Two specimens.
100. Agdistis tamaricis, Z.
Two or three ordinary specimens.
106. Alucita monodactyla, L.
Two specimens.
on some Lepidoptera from Alexandria.
EXPLANATION OF Prare I.
Lycena egyptiaca, sp. n.
Cletthara littora, sp. n.
Cossus L-nigrum, sp. 0.
Bryophila fraudatricula, Hb., var, Pallida, nov. var,
Agrotis alewandriensis, sp. n.
Agrotis nili, sp. n.
Mamestra afra, sp. n.
da& Ob Mamestra abbas, sp. n.
Heliophobus marsdeni, sp. u.
Miana trilinea, sp. 0.
Caradrina mediterranea, sp. 0.
Fidonia megiaria, Obr., var. Obscuraria, nov. var.
Mnesixena quadripunctata, sp. n.
Mnesizena bella, sp. n.
Hypotia bilinea, sp. n.
Talis afra, sp. n.
Nymphula fusco-marginata, sp. n.
Chilo dubia, sp. n.
Crambus alexandriensis, sp. n.
Crambus afra,sp. n.
Scardia mediterranée, sp. n.
51
vnrfns
or
jel)
ow
IV. The Rhynchophorous Coleoptera of Japan. Part III.
Scolytide. By Watter F. H. Branprorp, M.A.,
EZ.s:
[Read Dec. 6th, 1893.]
The Rhynchophora collected by Mr. George Lewis in
the Japanese Archipelago during the years 1880 and
1881 have been described in part by Dr. Sharp in the
‘Transactions’ of this Society for 1889 and 1891. In
this paper I deal with the Scolytide of that collection,
four species of which I have already described in my
paper on the Scolyto-platypini.
To the present time our knowledge of Japanese
Scolytids rests upon the materials brought together by
Mr. Lewis up to 1872, before which date but one species,
Genyocerus adustipennis, Motsch., was known as Japanese.
Nothing resembling that insect exists in this collection,
and I have nothing to say about it. The species of the
earlier collection were submitted, the Yomicini to
Hichhoff, the remainder to Chapuis, and the results are
given in the ‘ Annales de la Société entomologique de
Belgique,’ 1874, pp. 195—203, in a paper entitled
“ Scolytides recueillis an Japon par M. G. Lewis.” They
distinguished 18 species, of which one occurred also in
Kurope; the rest were new. In 1878 Hichhoff in his
“ Ratio Tomicinorum ” added six species (one Huropean),
and fully described those he had previously diagnosed.
Nothing else has been written on the subject, and I
have not found it necessary to redescribe the species of
Chapuis and WHichhoff, and have merely indicated
localities, etc., and some points of distinction between
them and new species. ‘The original descriptions, and in
the case of TVomicini the later ones of Hichhoff, are
sufficient to identify them by. ;
The number of species known to exist in Japan before
my examination of this collection was 25; I raise it to
104 by the addition of 79 species, of which 71 are new.
TRANS. ENT, SOC. LOND, 1894.—PART I. (MARCH.)
54 Mr. Walter F. H. Blandford on the
Provided that I have correctly identified all the five
new species described by Hichhoff in 1878, this collection
contains all known Japanese species except Hylastes
attenuatus, Xyleborus badius, and Genyocerus adusti-
penis, and all types peculiar to Japan except of that
insect and the five referred to.
The number of species, 104,* is perhaps a little above
the mark, because I have been obliged to describe under
separate names three male Xylebori which cannot be
referred to their respective females. Ina few cases I
may have subdivided a species into two, but it is likely
that these are counterbalanced by others where I have
included distinct species as varieties. Students of the
iiuropean forms know that species closely resembling
each other in appearance may differ in habits, food-
plants, and the form of their galleries. In dealing with
an exotic collection one has to do without the assist-
ance of such facts.
They are divided into 25 genera, of which three are
new, Hyorrhynchus, Spherotrypes and Acanthotomicus.
The two first are quite distinct; Spherotrypes is also
found in India. <Acanthotomicus is a separation from
Tomicus, Latr. (1807). I have restored Taphrorychus
apatoides, Wichh., to Dryocetes, and do not include any
Japanese species in the former genus.
So complete a collection testifies both to the ability of
Mr. Lewis as a collector and to the richness of Japan in
this family, for, though it is probably surpassed in this
respect by many tropical countries, its 104 species compare
very favourably with the 130 or so described from Europe
and the rather larger number from North America.
There must be many others to discover. Not a few
species are unique, others have occurred here and there
as single specimens, and 7 out of the 18 first described
have not reappeared. ‘I'he total number existing in the
islands may be expected to exceed 150,
The best represented genera are [Hylesinus (6 species),
Phleosinus (7 species), Scolytus (6 species), Dryocetes
(S species), and Xyleborus (29 species exclusive of males).
‘The number varies from that given in the ‘ Proc, Ent. Soc.,’
1393, p. xxxix, as I have received, since then, additional specimens
from Mr. Lewis’s unmounted Coleoptera, and a small number from
Colonel von Schénfeldt.
Rhynchophorous Coleoptera of Japan. 55
Oryphalus and Pityophthorus with one species each, and
Tomicus with two, are poorly represented, and are likely
to be augmented by future collectors. The Platypini
consist of nine species in three genera.
In origin the Japanese Scolytide are partly Palearctic
and partly Oriental. From the former region come
Hylastes attenuatus and glabratus, Myclophilus piniperda
and minor, Crypturgus pusillus, Tomicus cembre, Dryo-
cates autographus, and Urypedendrow quercus; Xyle-
borus adumbratus, m., and sobrinus, Hichh., are little
more than varieties of X. pfeili and saxesent respectively.
Little is known of N. Asiatic Scolytide and further
identifications cannot be made. The only Oriental species
I have recognised are X. obliquecauda, Motsch., which
occurs in Ceylon, and X. badius, Kichh.; but in many
other Xylebori, and in the genera Spheerot trypes, Cos-
moderes, Crossotarsus, and Diapus, we have character-
istically Oriental forms. There are no American species
among them, though in one or two genera, as NScolytus,
[have not sufficient material from America to institute
a comparison; and none of the few Hawaiian species
described by Dr. Sharp are to be found.
Though our knowledge of Asiatic Scolytide is so im-
perfect as to render such conjectures hazardous, I am
inclined to think that Oriental forms predominate. ’ There
is no tendency of the Palearctic species to be confined
to the northern islands of the Archipelago.
In describing these small insects it is important to
obtain all measurements exactly, whether of the total
length or of the relative dimensions. Hstimation with the
eye of the comparative width and length of a prothorax
leads to error, as do rough measurements of length.
Chapuis gives the length of Phlwosinus perlatus as
2mm., whereas the type measures 3 mm., that 1s, 50 per
cent. longer. Such an error in the measurement of a
species an inch long would be gross, and it is hardly less
so when made about a smallinsect. Exceptin a few genera,
as Scolytus, the range of size does not exceed one fourth
of the average length, and may be much smaller.
I have taken all measurements with a micrometer eye-
piece, and a mechanical microscope stage fitted with a
scale reading to 1-10th mm. ‘This method is quite exact,
and speedy in practice.
56 Mr. Walter F. H. Blandford on the
A large proportion of the type-specimens, both of
genera and species in this family, are in Chapuis’ collection
in the Brussels Museum, which I have visited for the
purpose of examining them. I desire here to warmly
acknowledge the hospitable reception I have met with
from M. G. Severin, Curator of the Articulata, and the
admirable facilities he has afforded me for tke study of
that collection.
SCOLYTINI.
Hynastes, Hr.
I have added three species to those described by
Chapuis and changed one of his names.
TABLE OF SPECIES:
1. Third tarsal joint not wider than the preceding joints ; meso-
sternum not prominent in front
Elalastes 2s) stirs) © igh 4 loanngen ee
wider than preceding joints ; mesosternum
prominent (Hylurgops, Lec.) . 5
2, Mostrumcarimate.. 7) 4: 2eys.e ss 5 | enallelus. lien 24
NO CANINANS wk) vem tie wees lewkcai at teers te een
3. Thorax not transverse, uniformly narrowed toapex .. . 4
transverse, constricted atapex. . . . . . ambiquus.
4. Interstices with a single row of bristles from base to apex.
attenuatus, Er.
with an irregular double row from base to middle,
thence single . . plumbeus.
. Punctures of thorax of two sizes. . . . . énterstitialis, Ch.
uniform . . 1! < . . glabratus. Zett.
qn
Hylastes parallelus, Chap.
Chap., Scol. Jap., p. 196.
Common; Yokohama, Bukenji, Kiushiu (Higo, &c.)
Hylastes atienuatus, Hr,
One example, Hiogo (von Schdnfeldt).
Rhynchophorous Coleoptera of Japan. 57
Hylastes plumbeus, n. n.
H. obscurus, Chap., Scol. Jap., p. 197.
Common; taken with H. parallelus, also at Nikko,
Kobe, &e.
Somewhat variable, in colour from black to obscure
brown, in the width of the rostrum and prothorax, and
in the depth of the elytral striz. I have changed the
name, owing to the priority of Hylastes (Hylastinus)
obscurus, Marsh, (trifolii, Mil.)
Hylasies ambiguus, sp. 0.
Oblongus, subnitidus, piceo-brunneus, capite granulato, fronte
haud carinata, punctata ; prothorace transverso, antice constricto,
fortiter punctato, linea media elevata levi; elytris basi singulis
subtiliter rotundatis, prothorace latioribus et duplo longioribus,
striato-punctatis, striis aequaliter impressis, interstitiis rugosis
versus apicem tuberculatis, squamulis brevibus vestitis et uniseriatim
setosis ; tarsorum articulo 30 antecedentibus haud latiore. Long.
2°7 mm.
Fujisan, one specimen, in bad condition, apparently
dead when taken.
Suggesting in appearance the species of the sub-genus
Hylurgops, Lec., but without the prominent mesosternum and
evidently bilobed 3rd tarsal joint. Reddish-brown, somewhat shin-
ing. Head black, finely granulate on vertex with a shining central
line, rostrum wide, not carinate, front strongly punctured ;
antennal club with first joint large, equal to the two succeeding
joints. Prothorax transverse, constricted towards apex above and
at sides, strongly and closely punctured, inconspicuously pubescent,
with a fine central raised line from base to anterior constriction.
Elytra wider than prothorax at base, and exactly twice as long,
basal angles prominent rounded, sides slightly rounded to near
apex, thence somewhat oblique and feebly sinuate, apex rather
obtuse in middle ; above brown, lighter behind, striato-punctate,
striae not deep, their punctures strong, interstices rugose at base,
with a single row of fine tubercles from middle to apex, covered
with short scale-like hairs and a single series of scattered sete.
Underside brown, punctured ; middle coxw rather widely separated.
Very like H. opacus, Er., but quite distinct in the
shape of the thorax.
58 Mr. Walter F. H. Blandford on tie
Hylastes interstitialis, Chap.
Chap., Scol. Jap., p. 196.
A few more examples taken at Subashiri, Kiga, and
Nagasaki,
ITylastes glabratus, Zett.
Nikko ; two specimens.
This European species is very similar to I. interstitialis,
but the finer uniform punctuation of the prothorax is
quite different from the much coarser and variolose .
punctuation of interstitialis, in which the coarse punctures
are mixed with finer ones. J. pinifew, Fitch, which I
consider distinct from HH. glabratus, has the thoracic
punctures of two sizes, but not variolose or confluent.
Myetorniuus, Hichh.
Tylurgus, Latr. .« . « Blastophagus, Wichh.
Both the Huropean species are found in Japan.
Myelophilus piniperda, Fabr.
Already recorded by Chapuis (Scol. Jap., p. 197).
Taken at Nagasaki and Oyayama, both in Kuushiu.
Some specimens measure as much as 5‘ mm.
Myeloplilus minor, Eart.
This species has been hitherto inserted in the Japanese
list by error; Chapuis mentioned it (Scol. Jap., p. 198)
as a species likely to occur, and stated that it was
brought from China by Mr. Lewis, who has since then
taken one specimen near Nagasaki.
HyorRHYNCHUS, nov. gen.
Caput rostratum, rostello lateraliter marginato, Oculi bipartiti.
Antenne sub carina rostrali inter partes oculorum inferiores
et mandibulas inserte, scapo recto, funiculo 7-articulato,
articulo lo magno, 20 obconico, ceteris transversis latitudine
crescentibus, clava magna oblonga subcompressa, 3-articulata,
Tthynchophorous Coleoptera of Japan. 5G
suturis rectis notata, pilosa. Prothorax subdepressus, lateribus
determinatis, non tamen marginatis, basi immarginata. Wlytra ad
basim singulatim convexa, thoracem superantia, Cox antice
magn globose, a processu prosterni angusto separate. Pedes
longi, tibiis subcompressis, leviter dilatatis, ad apicem oblique
truncatis, margine exteriore inermi, ‘T'arsi articulo lo brevi, 2o
paullo longiore incrassato, 30 brevi, subtus producto et profunde
emarginato, 40 minimo, So magno ceteris conjunctim acquali,
flead shortly rostrate, the sides of the rostrum carinate, differing
according to sex in the single species. Eyes divided, their seg-
ments distant, placed above and below the base of the rostrum.
Antennge inserted below the rostral carina between the lower half
of the eye and the base of the mandible, short, the club nearly
equal in length to scape and funiculus together. Maxilla with
outer border rounded, inner edge convex and narrowly produced at
tip, set with straight flat spines. Submentum produced into an
angle at either side and broadly emarginate between, witha second
emargination in middle at base of mentum, which is nearly twice
as long as broad, narrow at base and becoming dilated to middle
with sides, thence parallel ; labial palpi long, with joint 1 as long as
broad, 2 transverse, 3 longer than broad. Prothorax flattened
above, its sides strongly inflexed to anterior cox, forming an
angle with pronotum which is not sharp or margined. Anterior
cox not situated near front border of prosternum, very large,
prominent and globose, separated by a narrow process ; meso-
sternum not strongly depressed, middle and posterior cox
prominent, remote ; metasternum rather short with wide parallel
episterna, First two abdominal segments little longer than two
following, which are together equal to fifth, Legs long, tibime quite
simple, flattened, slightly curved, obliquely excised at apex, with
inner angle shortly spinose; fourth tarsal joint inserted near base
of third, which is produced underneath into a long split lobe, but
not laterally widened.
The one species of this genus has, at least in the male,
more the appearance of a Curculionid or an Anthribid,
than a Scolytid, owing to the prominent rostrum, the
general shape of its body, the vestiture, and the unarmed
tibie. It is, however, a true Scolytid, and either one
of the Hylesini, or not remote from them. I know,
however, of no described genus with which it is
closely allied.
60 Mr. Walter F. H. Blandford on the
Hyorrhynchus lewisi, sp. n.
Oblongo-ovatus, opacus, niger, pube sericea fusco-cinerea dense
vestitus, antennis tarsisque ferrugineis ; prothorace transverso,
basi bisinuata, lateribus postice parcius, antice fortius rotundatis,
supra post apicem longitudinaliter impresso, dense granulato ;
elytris post medium dilatatis, supra tenuiter striatis, fuliginosis,
vitta transversa angulata et apice cinereis, interstitiis leniter
convexis ad basim granulatis. Long. 3°5—5°3 mm.
Mas. Capite fortiter longitudinaliter;sulcato, rostro longiore
ad apicem in angulos prominentes lateraliter producto.’
Fem. Capite subconvexo, rostro breviore; prothoracis lateribus
antice muricatis.
Several examples taken at Sapporo, in 1883, by a
native collector.
Head in the male produced obliquely forward into a flattened
rostrum, the carinate sides of which form a sharp prominent and
backwardly directed angle; upper divisions of the eyes rounded
triangular, situated on either side of front, which is deeply furrowed
between them, and finely carinate on the inner margin of each
eye-segment ; lower divisions of the eyes hidden from above by
the lateral carina. Head in the female with a very short rostrum,
narrowly carinate and not produced at sides, impressed over mouth
and with a short median carina; in both sexes black, rugosely
punctured with short close-lying hairs. Antenne ferruginous.
Prothorax narrowed in front, widest at base, with sides rounded;
surface black, pilese, with short cinereous hairs, closely granulate
and muricate at sides in the female, with a weak impression on
either side towards the base. Scutellum rounded, pubescent.
Elytra wider than prothorax, and more than twice as long, dilated
behind middle, separately rounded at base, and overlapping thorax,
inflexed below humeral angles to afford room for middle femora,
sides nearly straight to behind middle, thence strongly rounded ;
surface covered with fine close-lying hairs, smoky-black except on
humeral angles, apex, and an oblique angulated vitta, where they
are cinereous, With fine incised strize meeting at apex, as in
Hylesinus, interstices subconvex, granulate at base. Underside black
with fine close punctuation, pubescent. Legs piceous with tarsi
lighter.
The sexual differences in the rostrum are not found
in any other Scolytid known to me, and suggest those
of the Brenthidx, with which this insect has no affinity.
Rhynechophorous Coleoptera of Japan. 61
SPHHROTRYPES, NOv. gen.
Caput oblongum, in rostellum haud productum. Oculi bipartiii.
Antenne -lateraliter inter mandibulas et partem inferiorem
oculorum inserts, breves, funiculo 7-articulato, articulis latitu-
dine crescentibus, clava ovata, rotundata, compressa, 3-articulata,
vittis setarum transversis annulata, suturis transversis. Pro-
thorax lateraliter marginatus. Mesosternum brevissimum, inflexum;
metasternum breve. Coxe antice et mediz late distantes. Tibi
antic ad apicem spinula unica extus producta armatze, posteriores
spinose. Tarsorum articuli 1-3 equales, 30 bilobo.
Head flattened, oblong but not rostrate; eyes bipartite, the
divisions flat, subtriangular, granulate and widely separated, united
posteriorly by a fine carina. Antennz inserted at upper angle of
lower division of eye, short, their scape curved, slightly clubbed ;
funiculus with 1st joint large, globose, 2nd obconical, 3—7 trans-
verse, increasing in width ; club rounded oval, flat, with transverse
sutures, Ist two joints transverse, together equal in length to 3rd,
with transverse bands of short hairs, three on 1st joint, two on each
succeeding joint, which give the club the appearance of being
multi-articulate ; apex of 3rd joint spongy, covered with short thick
serrate hairs. Mandibles stout, prominent, not toothed. Maxille
very hairy externally, inner margin convex, set with short flat
spines ; maxillary palpi short with joints equal in length, hairy.
Submentum inconspicuous, produced into a short pointed process
on either side of mentum, which is oblong, slightly narrowed at
base and in middle of sides, with apex truncate ; ligula small, ovate
acuminate, inserted near apex of mentum; labial palpi short,
joints 1 and 3 as long as broad, 2 transverse, densely hairy.
Prothorax bordered at sides, excised in front to anterior cox,
which are widely separated by a transverse prosternal process.
Mesosternum very short, inflexed so that anterior and middle coxa
meet when the thorax is depressed. Metasternum barely larger
than 1st abdominal segment, its episterna moderately wide, dilated
anteriorly. Posterior coxee separated by a broad rounded process
of Ist abdominal segment, which is slightly longer than the 2nd,
3rd and 4th successively shorter, 5th about equal to Ist. Anterior
tibie slightly dilated towards apex, outer margin almost simple
except for a strong outwardly directed spine at apex and a smaller
spine at inner angle; hinder tibiee slightly curved, spined exter-
nally. Tarsi with 3rd joint bilobed, its processes long and narrow.
In spite of the divided eyes, I think this very distinct
62 Mr. Walter I’. H. Blandford on the
genus may be placed at present in the Hylesini, near
Dendrosinus, which resembles it in shape, and in the
structure of the antennal club. ‘The peculiarities of the
underside are due to its globose form, and consequent
compression. ‘The elytra are separately curved at base,
but are not elevated above the base of the prothorax.
Spheerotrypes pila, sp. n.
Brevissime ovatus, fere globosus, niger, elytris piceis, antennis
tarsisque ferrugineis; capite supra os transverse impresso,
reticulato punctato, fronte pilosa; prothorace valde transverso,
anterius fortiter angustato, basi postice obtuse producta, sub-
tilissime marginata, supra post apicem transverse impresso, dense
punctato, subnitido, parcius squamoso, linea media elevata laevi :
elytris striato-punctatis, punctis obsoletis, interstitiis planis,
squamatis, squamis pro maxima parte fuscis, interdum praecipue
versus apicem cinereis. Long. 2-4—3 mm.
Hitoyoshi, several examples; it has occurred in the
thin bark of a camellia.
Very short oval, exceedingly convex. Head with front
flat in female, impressed in male, punctured, and thinly hairy,
the hairs ascending on to middle of vertex, which is smooth
at the sides, finely reticulate and scantily punctured. Prothorax
nearly double as wide as long, its base bordered and produced
backwards to form an obtuse angle, and slightly concave on either
side, basal angles acute, sides rounded and strongly narrowed from
base to apex; dorsum separated throughout from flanks by a fine
ridge, convex, transversely impressed behind apex, with close rugose
punctuation and a narrow elevated line from base to middle, some-
what shining with a scanty covering of scales, chiefly at apex and
on sides, its anterior border fringed with short hairs. Scutellum
oblong, rugose. Elytra rather wider than prothorax and _ less
than twice as long, conjointly emarginate at base, basal borders
slightly rounded, crenate, not overlapping base of thorax, basal
angles very broadly rounded, sides rounded from base to apex;
above dull brown covered with fuscous scales and with a dusty
appearance, due to scattered cinereous scales; striate, the strix
rather deep, with obsolete and scattered punctures, interstices quite
flat, rugose, more strongly at base. Underside black, punctured.
thinly covered with scales. Legs blackish with tarsi lighter.
[The following species, though not from Japan, is so
closely allied that it may well be described here:
Tthynchophorous Coleoptera of Japan. 63
Spherotrypes globulus, sp. n.
Brevissime ovatus, niger, elytris piceis, antennis et tarsis
rufescentibus ; capite reticulato, punctato, fronte squamulosa, sub-
tuberculata, obsolete carinata; prothorace transverso, anterius
fortiter angustato, basi postice acutius producta, marginata, post
apicem constricto, dense et rugose punctato, linea media elevata
obsolescente, opaco, densius squamoso; elytris striato-punctatis,
interstitiis planis, rugosis, squamis fuscis passim obscure dilu-
tioribus obtectis. Long. 2-4—5 mm.
Inpia, Belgaum ; taken by Mr. H. F. Andrewes.
Differs from the preceding as follows :—
Front of head tuberculate, more strongly covered with short
scales with a few longer ones at sides, and usually distinctly
carinate over the mouth, sometimes throughout less impressed in
the male. The carina is variable, and a trace of it exists in
S. pila. Prothorax more strongly angulate behind, its central line
nearly obsolete, the surface quite dull with closer punctures and
more scales. Scales of the elytra brown, occasionally a little lighter,
but not evidently pale and cinereous, as in 5. pila, except afew at
the apex of the suture. |
Hytesinus, Fabr.
The six Japanese species are all new. They may be
thus distinguished :—
1. Prothorax not closely covered with scales . . . . eae
and elytra closely covered with chenuered scales
scutulatus.
2, Alternate interstices of elytra elevated towards apex . . . 9
Interstices similar towards apex . ...-. +--+, 4
3. Elytra glabrous, sizeunder4mm.... .- + - ~- costatus.
hairy atapex,size6mm. .,.... +--+ « nobilis.
A) Kilytra umicolorous black 2. . 2 « «°s * 4 2 © 4 « 5
with a transverse vitta of light scales . . . céugulatus.
5. Form broadly ovate, elytra less convex longitudinally than
HbdoMen, ol ate as) a) se aa Cate an weklecOnate
oblong ovate, elytra not less convex than abdomen tvstis.
Hylesinus costatus, sp. 0.
Oblongus, subnitidus, fere glaber, niger, elytris picinis, antennis
tarsisque ferrugineis; prothorace transverso, basi vix producta,
lateribus rotundatis, granulato-punctato, linea media obsolete
64. Mr. Walter F. H. Blandford on the
elevata, lateraliter versus apicem muricato; elytris prothorace
plus quam duplo longioribus, subcylindricis, striato-punctatis,
interstitiis usque ad declivitatem transverse rugosis, lo, 30, 50, 7o
in declivitate elevatis, seriatim tuberculatis, ceteris punctatis.
Long. 3°4 mm.
Junsal; one specimen.
Oblong, black, with elytra obscurely piceous. Head with
labrum pitchy, separated by a transverse depression from front,
which is flattened, shining, strongly punctured and glabrous ;
vertex finely reticulate. Antenne ferruginous, club small, pointed,
sutures transverse. Prothorax transverse, base biconcave,
depressed, scarcely produced in middle, sides strongly rounded ;
surface convex, finely reticulate and with strong asperate punctua-
tion somewhat weaker at base, with traces of a central elevation ;
sides tuberculate before apex. Scutellum small, punctured.
Elytra wider than prothorax and two and a half times as long,
their bases convex, overlapping thorax, sides parallel to middle,
then rounded to apex, surface convex cylindrical, strongly
declivous behind, with strong punctured striw, the punctures
round and distinct ; all interstices transversely rugose and punc-
tured to middle, 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 after middle with a series of
transverse asperities which become strongly tuberculate on the
apical declivity, where the interstices are elevated ; alternate
interstices not asperate behind middle, multipunctate. Underside
black, punctured, shortly pubescent, metasternum with a deep
longitudinal impression, its episterna not very narrow ; abdomen
scarcely convex longitudinally, its terminal segment rugose.
Tibia spined externally.
In the flatness of the abdomen this species differs
from the majority of the genus, except the sub-genus
Pteleobius, Bedel, to which it is not related.
Hylesinus nobilis, sp. n.
Oblongo-ovalis, obscurus, niger, antennis tarsisque piceis; pro- ©
thorace transverso, basi producta, lateribus versus apicem sub-
angustatis, .aequaliter granulato-exasperato, brevissime piloso ;
elytris prothorace plusquam duplo longioribus, ad basim angustatis,
lateribus anterius subtiliter, posterius fortiter rotundatis, apice
emarginato, profunde striato-punctatis, interstitiis rugulose tuber-
culatis versus apicem breviter pilosis, 10, 30, 50 subelevatis. Long.
6°2 mm.
Sapporo ; one specimen.
Rhynchophorous Coleoptera of Japan. 65
Oblong-oval, black, dull. Head finely aciculate with scattered
punctures, front flattened, shortly pubescent, antenne pitchy-
brown with club blackish, longer than funiculus, bluntly pointed,
its sutures oblique. Prothorax transverse, base strongly produced
behind and biconcave, sides strongly rounded behind, contracted
in front and sinuate, apex nearly straight in middle ; surface
slightly impressed in middle behind apex, not distinctly impressed
before base, uniformly and densely granulate, with short pube-
scence. Elytra wider than prothorax in middle and more than
twice as long, humeral angles very obtuse, sides rounded at base,
becoming wider, thence nearly straight, gradually and strongly
rounded towards apices which are separately rounded ; surface
convex, more strongly towards apex, with deep indistinctly punc-
tured striz ; interstices in front strongly tuberculate, with a few
scattered hairs, posteriorly with rugosities weaker, hidden by short
fuscous hairlike scales, and with a single row of erect sete ; Ist,
3rd and 5th elevated at apical declivity, the two latter conjoined.
Underside punctured and finely pubescent, abdominal segments not
very convex. Legs black, with tarsi lighter, anterior tibiz dis-
tinctly spined on outer side of apex.
The largest species in the genus.
Hylesinus laticollis, sp. n.
Ovalis, convexus, obscurus, breviter pilosus, niger, antennis
ferrugineis, prothorace fere duplo latiore quam longiore, basi valde
producta, lateraliter fortiter rotundato, supra rugose exasperato,
lateribus antice muricatis, linea media obsoleta laevi, ante basim
utrinque oblique impresso ; elytris prothorace plus quam duplo
longioribus, versus apicem oblique declivibus, striatis, striis ad
medium uniseriatim punctatis, postice laevibus ; interstitiis
similibus, antice tuberculatis, postice squamulis brevibus fuscis
vestitis, margine laterali breviter setoso ; abdomine valde convexo
ad apicem setoso. Long. 4—4:2 mm; lat. 2°2—2°3 mm.
Three examples, taken by a native collector at Sapporo
in 1883.
Broad oval, convex, black. Head strongly punctured, front
flattened, shortly hairy ; in two specimens, probably males, im-
pressed over mouth with a fine central carina, and with stronger
pubescence ; in the other, probably a female, with impression and
carina obsolete and hairs scantier; epistoma shortly produced over
mandibles, vertex reticulate. Antenne ferruginous, club long,
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1894,—PaRT I. (MARCH.)
65 Mr. Walter F. H. Blandford on the
stout, with transverse sutures. Prothorax very transverse,
narrowed from base to apex, with sides rounded, base strongly
produced in middle, surface asperately punctured, with short
bristles, closer at sides, with au indistinct smooth central line,
and an oblique impression on either side before and parallel to
base ; sides muricate towards apex. Scutellum rounded, rugose.
Elytra wider than prothorax and two and a half times longer,
widest in middle, base of each strongly rounded and crenate ; sides
slightly rounded to middle, gradually more strongly towards apex,
which is obtuse; surface obliquely and not strongly declivous
to apex, with deep rather wide strix, obsoletely punctured to
middle, thence smooth, interstices coarsely tuberculate at base, the
tubercles becoming finer, and being replaced behind the middle
by short fuscous scales, which give the elytra a brownish tinge ;
the two outer interstices and lateral margin with a close covering
of short bristles. Underneath coarsely punctured, shortly hairy ;
abdomen more convex longitudinally than elytra, first two seg-
ments much longer than last three, fourth and fifth bristly. Spines
of anterior tibiz nearly obsolete.
Hylesinus tristis, sp. n.
Oblongo-ovalis, obscurus, niger, antennis tarsisque ferrugineis ;
prothorace transverso, basi brevius producta, lateribus rotundatis,
versus apicem muricatis, supra asperate punctato, utrinque ante
basim impresso; elytris prothorace sesqui amplius longioribus,
lateribus ad medium subrectis, postice rotundatis, apice subtiliter
emarginato, striatis, striis ad basim modo obsolete punctatis, inter-
stitiis transverse asperatis, postice squamulis cinereis inconspicuis
vestitis, margine lateraliin versura solum distincte setoso. Long.
3—3°5 mm. ; lat. 1:5—1°9 mm.
Mas. Fronte impressa, interstitiis post medium seriatim
tuberculatis.
Several specimens taken at Ichiuchi, May Ist, 188],
and a few at Junsai.
Similar in sculpture and appearance to H. luticollis, but smaller,
more oblong-oval, less strongly convex, the elytra more declivous
behind, as convex as ventral surface. Front in male broadly im-
pressed between eyes with a short central carina, pubescent ; in
female, narrowly impressed over mouth, flat between eyes, with
pubescence thin. Prothorax less transverse than in H. laticollis,
with sides less narrowed to apex, and base less strongly produced
in middle, its sculpture similar. Elytra narrower, subparallel to
middle, less obtuse at apex, interstices less coarsely tuberculate at
base, alternate interstices behind middle with an indistinct row
Rhynchophorous Coleoptera of Japan. 67
of stronger tubercles in the male ; lateral set shorter throughout,
inconspicuous before middle of elytra. Anterior tibie distinctly
spinose on outer margin.
Hylesinus cingulatus, sp. n.
Oblongo-ovalis, obscurus, niger, antennis tarsisque rufescen-
tibus, sat dense et breviter pilosus ; prothorace transverso, basi
bisinuata, haud producta, lateribus aequaliter rotundatis, antice
tuberculatis, supra dense granulato-exasperato ; elytris ad medium
lateribus subparallelis, at subsinuatis, postice rotundatis, supra
striato-punctatis, squamosis, vitta fusco-cinerea transversa latera-
liter versus apicem curvata notatis, interstitiis ad basin tuberculatis,
postice subrugosis. Long. 2°3—2:°8 mm.
Lake Junsai; five specimens.
About the size and shape of small examples of H. frazini.
Black, dull. Head closely granulate, front hairy, impressed in
male, subconvex in female. Antenne ferruginous, club rather
broad, obtusely pointed, with dark pubescence. Prothorax with
base bisinuate, not produced as in the two last species, sides rounded
at base, thence narrower and straighter to apex ; above uniformly
convex, thinly hairy, without scales, granulate, the asperities
stronger towards the sides, which are distinctly tuberculate in
front. Elytra as wide as prothorax, and two and a half times
longer, separately rounded at base, overlapping thorax, sides
subparallel, feebly sinuate to behind middle, thence rounded ;
surface convex, obliquely declivous behind, striate, the strive punc-
tured to behind middle, interstices tuberculate at base, then rugose,
covered with short hairs and scales, blackish except on middle of
elytra, where they form a transverse cinereous-brown vitta, curved
backwards at sides so as to cover the apices of the 5th to the
marginal interstices, and continued narrowly along apical margin,
forming an irregular oval, Underside punctured, with rather
dense cinereous pubescence ; abdomen not strongly convex. Legs
ferruginous or pitchy, with tarsi lighter, front tibie hairy, spined
externally.
Hylesinus scutulatus, sp. n.
Oblongus, niger, squamulis cinereis fuscisque tesselatus,
antennis pedibusque nigrescentibus ; prothorace vix latiore quam
longiore, basi bisinuata, lateribus rotundatis versus apicem tuber-
culatis; elytris prothorace latioribus et illo duplo longioribus,
cylindricis, striato-punctatis, interstitiis ad basim subtuberculatis,
per totum uniseriatim sctosis. Jong, 2°7 mm,
68 Mr. Walter F. H. Blandford on the
One or two examples taken at Kiga, Subashin,
Nagasaki, Omori, and Oyama.
Oblong, cylindrical, black, tesselated with close-lying grey and
brownish scales. Head granulate with front flattened, hairy, im-
pressed and more densely hairy in the male. Antenne black, club
rather short, acuminate oval, its basal joint large. Prothorax
rather broader than long, its base bisinuate, not produced, sides
uniformly rounded, tuberculate in front, surface regularly convex,
front and sides with short erect bristles. Elytra cylindrical, wider
at base than thorax, and a little more than twice as long, base
crenate, sides subparallel to behind middle, apex strongly declivous
and convex; with rather fine punctured strie, interstices flat
with a single row of sete throughout, and with one or two
tubercles at base. Underside strongly punctured with short scale-
like hairs, metathoracic episterna narrow, abdomen not convex
longitudinally. Legs black, with tarsi lighter.
Two specimens are larger and broader than the rest,
the scales are pale ashy-grey and yellowish, whereas in
the others they are light and dark brown. I believe the
two former to be females and not specifically distinct.
This species may be referred to Bedel’s sub-genus
Pteleobius, and is nearest to H. vittatus, Fabr., of the
European fauna, but is larger, more elongate, with the
strize deeper and less clearly punctured, and the inter-
stices more convex and distinctly setose.
Puia@osinus, Chap.
In the generic diagnosis given by Chapuis (Syn. Scol.,
p. 93), the third tarsal joint is stated to be simple. This
is correct for the European P. aubei, Perr., and P.
thuye, Perr., but in the Japanese species it is bilobed,
though M. Chapuis has made no mention of this point
in the descriptions of P. lewisi and perlatus. It is also
bilobed in the American species, according to Leconte,
except in his Chetophleus hystrix, which can hardly be
separated from the genus upon the characters given, and
in which the 3rd tarsal jot “is emarginate rather than
bilobed.’? This difference in structure is not here of
generic value, and the genus is sufficiently recognisable
by the structure of the antenne.
Rhynchophorous Coleoptera of Japan. 69
There are seven Japanese species, of which five
are new.
TABLE OF SPECIES.
1. Head with a median carina immediately over mouth . . . 2
notcarinate overmouth . . . : 5)
2. Elytra closely covered with scales, muteraticgs altaenntely lighter
anddarker . . 3
thinly covered with hairs or scales, unicolorous . . 4
3. Prothorax abruptly contracted in front, reddish-brown
pulchellus.
gradually contracted in front, black . . . dubius.
4, Elytra black, interstices similar, sizesmall . . . . minutus.
red-brown, 2nd interstice depressed and narrowed at apex
perlatus, Ch.
5. Interstices without seriate bristles, Ist and 35rd tuberculate
towards apex. . rudis.
uniformly granulate, with seriate bristles. . . 6
Bristles on 2nd interstice ceasing before apex, front subcarinate
between eyes. . serzatus.
on interstices, similar throughout. . . . lewis, Ch.
i=z)
Phieosinus pulchellus, sp. u.
Ovalis, rufo-testaceus, antennis pedibusque ferrugineis ; capite
nigro, punctulato, breviter piloso, vix rostrato, supra os fortiter
carinato ; prothorace transverso, antice abrupte contracto, supra
convexo, linea media subelevata, rugose punctato et squamis
adpressis haud dense vestito ; elytris post medium subdilatatis,
fortiter striato-punctatis, interstitiis planis, 20, 40, 60 muticis,
squamis brunneis, ceteris versus apicem subtuberculatis, squamis
flavo-testaceis vestitis. Long. 2°5 mm.
One specimen, Wada Toge.
Oval, convex, red-brown, elytra closely squamose with alternate
lighter and darker stripes. Head impressed over mouth (probably
a male character) with a strong frontal carina, punctured,
and shortly hairy. Prothorax nearly one-half broader than long,
strongly narrowed in front, sides behind nearly straight, then very
convex at contraction, becoming straighter in front ; base narrowly
impressed, surface convex, slightly depressed at apex, and obscurely
elevated in middle from base to apical depression, densely punc-
tured and sprinkled with close-lying yellow scales. Elytra wider than
prothorax and twice as long; basal margin crenate, everted at sides,
humeral prominences obliterated sides subsinuate to beyond
70 Mr. Walter F. H. Blandford on the
middle, thence rounded ; surface slightly dilated at posterior third,
then strongly convex to apex, closely squamose, the scales cinnamon-
brown on the 2nd, 4thand Gth interstices, yellow on the rest of the
elytra ; striate, the stric rather wide, with distinct punctures, inter-
stices flat, eranalate at base, 2nd widened at base and on summit
of declivity, 1st, 3rd and outer interstices inconspicuously
tuberculate towards apex. Underside ferruginous, scantily pube-
scent, strongly punctuate on metathorax and two first abdominal
segments, Legs ferruginous, anterior tibize with strong out-
wardly directed spines at outer apical angle.
Phleosinus dubius, sp. n.
Ovalis, niger, subopacus, antennis tarsisque ferrugineis ; capite
punctato-granulato, brevissime piloso, haud rostrato, fronte supra
os deplanata, in medio carinata; prothorace transverso, antice
gradatim contracto, supra convexo, linea media passim ele-
vata, rugose punctato, parce squamoso; elytris subcylindricis,
lateribus post medium subrectis, striatis, striis obsolete punctatis,
interstitiis squamosis, squamis fuscis, in interstitiis lo, 30, 50 non-
nihil dilutioribus, his versus apicem tuberculatis. Long. 2°2 mm.
One specimen, Kurigahara.
Very similar to P. pulchellus, with the appearance of being a
colour variety, but differing in certain other points. Entirely
black with only the antennee and tarsi reddish ; head less strongly
impressed over mouth, and frontal carina less acute. Prothorax
narrower, flatter throughout with the sides more gradually sloped
towards the apex, and not strongly rounded in the middle, so
that the apical constriction is less marked; punctuation less
strong and interstices covered with fine reticulation, not evident
in P. pulchellus. Wlytra more oblique at base, with borders
straighter, not evidently dilated behind the middle, the sides
consequently not subsinuate, but straight to near the apex ;
humeral elevations small, distinct, black, covered behind the
middle (the base is probably rubbed in the single specimen),
with fuscous scales, which are obscurely lighter on the alternate
interstices, as in 2. pulchellus. Stris finer, not evidently punctured,
the 2nd interstice narrower and straighter throughout. Apical spines
of the anterior tibiz longer, curved backwards, and connate for
the greater part of their length,
The two preceding species resemble small species of
Hylesinus rather than see osinus, owing to the thickness
of their scaly covering; but they present no characters
to separate them from the latter genus.
Rhynchophorous Coleoptera of Japan. 71
Phiwosinus minutus, sp. n.
Ovalis, niger, subnitidus, antennis pedibusque infuscatis ; capite
granulato, fronte subconcava, pilis flavis circumdata, supra os
carinata; prothorace transverso, antice contracto, lateribus in
medio fortiter rotundatis, supra subtilissime reticulato et disperse
punctato, punctis asperatis, elytris cylindrico-convexis, striato-
punctatis, interstitiis planis subrugosis, uniseriatim subtiliter
tuberculatis et squamulis erectis vestitis, lo, 30, 50 in margine
apicali spinula unica armatis. Long. 1-5 mm.
One example, Ichiuchi.
Black ; head not rostrate, closely granulate, front impressed,
concave, strongly punctured round margin, with a few longish hairs,
carinate above mouth. Prothorax transverse, strongly contracted
towards apex, base bisinuate, its angles broadly rounded, sides
slightly rounded, more strongly at contraction, surface convex with-
out median elevation; scantily pubescent, closely reticulate and asper-
ately punctured, the punctures strongest towards apex, sparser over
sides behind middle. Scutellum piceous, shining, punctiform. Elytra
scarcely wider than prothorax and less than twice as long ; basal
margins conjointly nearly straight, crenate at sides only ; sides
straight to middle, thence uniformly rounded; above shortly
cylindrical and very strongly rounded at apex, pitchy-black with
punctured strie, the punctures not close, interstices flat, shining,
subrugose, with irregular rows of erect scales and minute tuber-
cles, Ist, 3rd, 5th and 7th with one or two stronger tubercles
towards apex and a sharp pointed spine just above lower border of
elytra. Legs piceous with tarsi lighter. Third joint scarcely
bilobed.
The smallest species as yet in the genus, with a
deceptive resemblance to Phleophthorus rhododactylus,
Marsh. (spartii, auct.), but separable by the point of
attachment of the antennz, the broader and anteriorly
contracted thorax, which is finely reticulate as_ well
as punctured, and the apical spines of the elytral
interstices.
Phleosinus perlatus, Chap.
Chap., Scol. Jap., p. 198.
Originally from Hiogo ; one or two fresh specimens are
without indication of locality. The only sexual character
72 Mr. Walter F. H. Blandford on the
is that the front is impressed and concave in the males,
flat in the females. The length, inaccurately given
by Chapuis, is 2°5—3 mm.
Phleosinus seriatus, sp. u.
Oblongo-ovalis, subopacus, breviter pilosus, niger, elytris rufo-
brunneis vel nigris, antennis tarsisque ferrugineis ; capite sub-
rostrato, fortiter punctato, fere glabro, supra os impresso ; pro-
thorace antice constricto subtransverso, supra convexo dense ac
fortiter punctato, linea media abbreviata levi nitida; elytris
pube brevissima vestitis, striato-punctatis, punctis rotundis sat
frequentibus, interstitiis passim convexis, rugosis, serie unica
setarum ornatis, lo, 30 versus apicem tuberculatis, setosis, 20, 40
muticis, in declivitate haud setosis, margine laterali per totum
spinulis minutis armato. Long. 2.4 mm.
Mas. Fronte media impressa, et linea elevata laevi inter
oculos ornata.
Fem. Fronte deplanata, linea media laevi haud elevata.
A pair, Higo.
Oblong-oval, black, or with elytra reddish-brown; head
subrostrate, strongly punctured, with an arcuate impression
above mouth anda second smooth impression above that in male,
at which ends the short frontal median shining line, which is
elevate though scarcely carinate in the male, flat in the female ;
antenne ferruginous. Prothorax transverse, its basal angles
rounded, sides strongly contracted towards apex, in the male almost
angulated, above convex without central elevation, but with a
median smooth line, which does not reach either border, covered
with short close hairs, densely and strongly punctured and not
asperate. Elytra with basal borders rounded, scarcely everted at
sides, sides straight in front, rounded posteriorly and slightly
sinuate at apex of 4th interstice when seen from above ; surface
subdilated behind middle, thence convexly declivous, covered with
short hairs, strie weak with large round close punctures ; inter-
stices with traces of tuberculation throughout. evident at base and
on alternate interstices towards apex, where the 2nd interstice is
depressed as in P. perlatus, more strongly in the male than in the
female, and a single series of bristles, absent on alternate inter-
stices, towards the apex ; marginal interstice with a row of short
spines throughout, stronger towards apex. Legs pitchy with knees
and tarsi reddish. Underside black, punctured and covered with
squamous hairs.
Rhynchophorous Coleoptera of Japan. 73
Very similar to P. perlatus, Chap., from which it may
be distinguished by its smaller size, the absence of a
carina on the epistoma, the frontal median elevation not
reaching to the mouth, by the absence of a longitudinal
elevation from base to apex of the thorax, by the
shallower and evidently punctured elytral striz and the
distinct rows of bristles on the interstices, which are
alternate towards the apex; a similar row of scale-hke
bristles occurring in P. perlatus cannot be distin-
guished from the general covering with a lens. ‘The
alternation of these bristles will also differentiate it
from P,. lewist.
Phleeosinus lewisi, Chap.
Chap., Scol. Jap., p. 198.
Numerous specimens, Kashiwagi, Chiuzenji, Kobe and
Nowata.
Varies in size from 1°8 to 2°3 mm.
Phleosinus rudis, sp. n.
Ovatus, subnitidus, niger, elytrorum apice nonnunquam dilu-
tiore antennis tarsisque ferrugineis ; capite vix rostrato, oculis
exacte planis, vix emarginatis ; prothorace transverso, basi in medio
producta, lateribus rotundatis, versus apicem leviter sinuatis, supra
convexo, dense et fortiter punctato, parcius piloso; elytris
oblique declivibus supra breviter pilosis, striato-punctatis, inter-
stitiis planis granulatis, versus apicem uniseriatim tuberculatis.
Long. 2°7—3 mm.
Mas. Interstitiis lo, 30 in declivitate tuberculis magnis,
discretis ornatis, 2, 4 inermibus.
Fem. Interstitiis lo, 30 in declivitate subtilius tuberculatis,
20 subtilissime,
Kashiwage and Kobe.
Black, oval ; head strongly punctured, front flattened in female,
impressed in male, almost glabrous, except for a few hairs over
mouth and a few on vertex in female, eyes perfectly flat. Pro-
thorax transverse, its base produced in middle towards scutellum,
slightly contracted towards apex with sides rounded from base ;
convex, somewhat shining, strongly and closely punctured without
asperation, usually with a median shining longitudinal line.
74 Mr. Walter F. H. Blandford on the
Scutellum round, dull, punctured. Elytra scarcely wider than
prothorax and rather less than twice as long, their basal borders
rounded, crenate, slightly everted, sides straight at base, rounded
from middle to apex ; above gradually declivous almost from base,
black, with apex sometimes piceous, with short scanty pubescence,
without scales or setose hairs, strix rather fine, indistinctly punctured
at base, nearly smooth towards apex, interstices granulate to
middle, then 2nd and 4th in male smooth, multi-punctate, with one
or two tubercles before apex, in the female with a few fine
tubercles throughout ; Ist in male with about 5, 3rd with about 7
strong spinous tubercles, which do not unite to form a crest, in
female with smaller tubercles : outer interstices towards apex with
rows of tubercles in both sexes. Underside black, punctured,
pubescent ; metasternum rather prominent. Legs black with tarsi
lighter.
The-largest Japanese species and the only one allied to
the Huropean species in appearance and sexual characters.
Potye@rapuus, Er.
Of all the genera of the family, this one, considering
its small extent, is the most difficult to deal with. Till
recently it included but two species, P. poligraphus, Lin.,
and rufipennis, Kirby, but Thomson has added three
others found in Hurope, of which I have seen but one,
P. grandiclava, or rather an insect forwarded to me by
Herr Reitter as P. poligraphus, var. grandiclava. I have
also had before me an Indian species, and there are
apparently three distinct forms from Japan. Well-
marked differences are wanting amongst all these insects,
which are almost identical in structure and sculpture ;
and the difference of appearance which can be seen in
comparison of examples vanishes in the most elusive way
when an attempt is made to define and embody it in a
description.
It is possible that the structure of the male organs will
be of assistance here, as Lindeman has shown that they
are often distinct in closely-allied Scolytids. But for
satisfactory examination of these, series of a certain length
are required, and have not been forthcoming. I can
therefore but echo the words of Leconte who, in treating
of the almost equally difficult genus Dendroctonus, wrote :
“Tf I have failed to indicate more strongly the differences
Rhynchophorous Coleoptera of Japan. 75
between these species it is because they are not dis-
tinguished by any prominent or definite characters ; and
the student, who may have difficulty in identifying the
species as here defined, would have almost equal difficulty
if the specimens in my collection were before him.”
Polygraphus oblongus, sp. 0.
Oblongus, subnitidus, niger, elytris apice rufescentibus, squamis
flavo-cinereis vestitus ; clypeo emarginato, oculis subconvexis,
antennarum clava oblonga infuscata acuminata ; prothorace antice
fortiter constricto, linea media subelevata, punctis subaciculatis
sat densis notato; elytris versus apicem subdilatatis, tenuissime
striatis, ad basim granulatis. Long. 3°2 mm.
Mas. Fronte subconvexa, breviter pilosa.
Fem. Fronte convexa, bituberculata, brevissime pubescente.
Four examples, Chiuzenji and Subashiri.
Oblong, black, with elytra becoming gradually reddish towards
apex. Head with front slightly convex in male, rugosely punctured
and rather dull, pubescence short, in female convex, shining, very
shortly pubescent, with two distinct tubercles in middle, below
them with slight impression, clypeus emarginate in middle, eyes
feebly convex, more distinctly in female, antennal club rather large,
infuscate and evidently acuminate at inner side of apex, more
strongly in male than in female. Prothorax nearly half as: broad
again as long, strongly constricted towards apex with sides more
convex behind constriction than at base; surface rather shining,
with close subaciculate punctuation and thin squamous covering ;
median line slightly elevated, variable in length and distinctness.
Elytra more than half as long again as prothorax, one-third longer
than wide, slightly but discernibly dilated towards apex, dull,
scales close, cinereous with a yellow tinge, striz faint but dis-
tinguishable throughout, weaker at apex in female than in male.
Legs dark, ferruginous, with tarsi lighter ; all tibize spined at apex.
When compared with LP. poligraphus, this species
differs in its larger size, infuscate elytral club, thinner
frontal pubescence, shorter and more constricted pro-
thorax. The elytral apex is lighter in colour, and this
does not appear to be due to immaturity. The punc-
tuation of the head in the female is more distinct.
Polygraphus proximus, sp. n.
Antecedenti omnibus simillimus, sed brevior, elytris ad apicem
76 Mr. Walter F. H. Blandford on the
distinctius rufescentibus, non dilatatis, striis minus perspicuendis.
Long. vix 3 mm.
Two examples, Sapporo.
The two specimens I have included under this title
differ principally in shape from the preceding species.
They are distinctly shorter, particularly in the elytra,
which are not more than one-fourth longer than wide,
and are not dilated towards the apex, which is slightly
flattened. The head is similar, the antennal club less
deeply infuscate. Prothorax transverse and strongly
constricted, the median line well-marked and elevated at
the base, more so than in the specimens of P. oblongus,
where it is nearly obsolete, rather more shining and less
closely punctured, the punctures subaciculate. Elytra
more abruptly and distinctly reddish towards apex, their
striz less distinct. Posterior tibiz feebly spined.
One example is rubbed bare, and its appearance is
materially altered, the pubescence on the other is not
intact, but appears to be a little less close than in P.
oblongus. Both are females.
Polygraphus miser, sp. n.
P, oblongo similis sed minor, angustior, antennarum clava vix
acuminata, prothorace anterius minus angustato, post apicem haud
constricto; elytris ad basim magis infuscatis, tenuiter striatis,
squamis subtilioribus ; pedibus ferrugineis. Long. 2°4 mm.
Four specimens, Nikko.
Hardly to be distinguished from P. oblongus except by
its smaller size, which is quite noticeable when the
specimens from each locality are compared side by side.
In shape narrower, with the prothorax less transverse and con-
stricted in front, and the elytra proportionately shorter. Antenne
entirely testaceous, with the club not acuminate; prothorax more
shining, less squamous and more sparingly punctured, the punctures
but feebly aciculate ; one example shows a median raised line, the
other three not. Hlytra with basal half darker and more abruptly
contrasted with the shorter and lighter apica] half, with rather
thinner squamous covering, and more distinct striz. Head in the
female duller, more punctured and less convex, front bituberculate;
in the male narrower.
Rhynchophorous Coleoptera of Japan. 77
Scotytus, Geoff.
One species has been described by Chapuis. I add
five more, and there is possibly one other. They present
the uniformity in appearance characteristic of this widely
distributed genus. ‘The species were principally obtained
from birch.
TABLE OF SPECIES.
1. Second abdominal segment unarmed . . . ...... 2
with a median process . . claviger.
2. Abdomen concave, its Srd and 4th segments with a tubercle
onapicalmargin . . . ce ee
not concave, 3rd and 4th eeamene simple 24 4 8
3. Apex of elytra finely serrate near suture (size 44 mm.) . agnatus.
SITE Oira/ Moa 7. ara eegets eee epee Mee ee
4, Alternate interstices of elytra with an preatilan double row
OL Punehures, 6 fh) Soa) fnontalis:
All interstices with a single row of punctures. . . . . . 5
5. Elytra brown, strongly punctured inrows . . . . . aratus.
black, finely punctured, with oblique aciculate
scratches tee ed ee kts) a SAPONICUa OL:
Scolytus esuriens, sp. n.
Nitidus, niger, elytrorum lateribus et apice nonnunquam
rufescentibus, antennis pedibusque ferrugineo-piceis ; prothorace
longitudine vix latiore, punctato, linea media levi; elytris
lateribus subrotundatis posterius vix angustatis, apice conjunc-
tim subtruncatis, fortiter striato-punctatis, striis impressis,
interstitiis planis subtiliter uniseriatim, 30 saltem_biseriatim,
punctatis ; abdomine concavo, segmento lo margine prominulo,
3o et 4o in margine medio tuberculo parvo ornatis. Long.
38—5°5 mm.
Mas. Fronte deplanata breviter pilosa.
Fem. Fronte subconvexa parcissime pilosa, vertice subnitido,
discrete punctato, Long. 3°8—5:'5 mm.
Several specimens taken at Junsai, and single
examples at Miyanoshita and Chiuzenji.
Nearly allied to S. geoffroyi, Goetze.
Black with sides and apex of elytra more or less reddish.
Front of head flattened in male and not impressed, with short
pubescence, subconvex in female, impressed over mouth, and
thinly hairy ; vertex in female convex, with a median impressed
line shining and diffusely punctured. Prothorax with a shallow
impression on either side, more strongly punctured than in
78 Mr. Walter F. H. Blandford on tle
S. geoffroyi, the central impunctate line sometimes obsolete.
Elytra not evidently narrowed behind, their apices conjointly
rounded, nearly truncate, with striz deeper than in 8. geoffroyi
and more strongly punctured, interstices somewhat less flat, finely
punctured in rows, the 3rd and in larger specimens the 5th or 7th
with irregular double rows ; punctuation of outer interstices strong
at base. Abdomen with apical margin of Ist segment prominent,
thickened in middle and shining, 2nd segment concave, 8rd and
4th with a small median tubercle on margin, 5th with a longitu-
dinal impression near apex. Metasternum shining, diffusely
punctured.
Variable in size, in the width and number of punctures
of interstices, which are sometimes partly striate.
One example from Junsai is smaller, with the elytra
longer and narrower, and separately rounded at apex,
the 8rd interstice has a double row of punctures at the
base only, and the outer interstices are strigose with
indistinct punctures. ‘he underside does not differ,
though the tubercles are inconspicuous. It appears to
be an ill-developed example.
Scolytus agnatus, sp. n.
Nitidus, niger, elytris apice rufescentibus, antennis pedibusque
piceo-ferrugineis ; prothorace latitudine et longitudine fere equali
in disco subtiliter, in lateribus fortius punctato ; elytris lateraliter
subrotundatis, postice angustatis, in apice singulatim rotundatis,
margine apicali subtiliter serrato, punctato-striatis, striis non
impressis, interstitiis angustis subrugosis, singnlariter seriatim
quam striis vix subtilius punctatis ; abdomine deplanato, segmentis
30 et 4o muticis, Long. 4°6 mm.
Fem. Fronte subconvexa, glabra, vertice obscuro, dense ac
rugose punctato.
Two specimens taken at Junsail in company with the
last species.
Very like S. esuriens, and readily confounded with it.
Black, with apex of elytra reddish. Head in the female (I have
not seen the male) quite glabrous, its vertex dull, rugosely and
closely punctured. Prothorax similar, but without lateral impres-
sions. Elytra larger, more evidently narrowed towards the apices,
which are separately slightly rounded, the whole posterior margin
finely toothed. Punctures of the elytral striz stronger, somewhat
irregular and not distinctly impressed, interstices narrow, punc-
Rhynchophorous Coleoptera of Japen. 79
tured nearly as strongly as the striz in irregular series, which are
not double, except at base ; somewhat rugose, and with slight
longitudinal impressions. Punctures of the sides of the elytra
much stronger than in S, eswriens. Abdomen not concave, margin
of the Ist segment not prominent but sloped upwards, 3rd and
4th unarmed, the 5th transversely impressed, Metasternum closely
and rugosely punctured.
Scolytus frontalis, sp. n.
Oblongus, nitidus, niger, elytris rufo-brunneis, antennis pedi-
busque ferrugineis ; capite (in maribus saltem) oblongo, fronte
impressa, strigose aciculata, pilis longis crispatis circumdata ;
prothorace haud transverso sat fortiter punctato, linea media
laevi, punctis in disco paullo subtilioribus, magis diseretis ; elytris
prothorace fere dimidio longioribus, lateribus subrotundatis,
postice angustatis, subtiliter punctato-striatis, striis non impressis,
interstitiis irregulariter vix subtilius seriato-punctatis, lo, 30, 50
biseriatim, subrugosis ; abdomine subconvexo, margine segmenti
Imi haud prominulo, cum ceteris mutico. Long. 3°6—4°3 mm.
Three examples taken at Fukushima.
Resembling S. prun?, Ratz., in appearance, but with the pro.
thorax more strongly punctured, and the elytral striz: much less
regular. Black with anterior margin of thorax and elytra red-
brown. Head (in the male, to which sex the specimens belong)
oblong, produced in front, and impressed, with long aciculate
scratches from mouth to vertex, margined with long curled yellow
hairs, median line finely carinate, epistoma subcircularly emargi-
nate. Prothorax about as long as broad with moderately strong
oval punctures, closer and deeper at sides. Elytra as wide in
middle as prothorax, and nearly one-half longer, narrowed behind,
rather abruptly rounded at apex and feebly emarginate at suture ;
surface little depressed round scutellum, with fine irregular rows
of punctures, interstices narrow and flat, with slight transverse or
oblique wrinkles, their punctures little finer than and not readily
distinguishable from those of striz, forming an irregular double
row on Ist, 3rd and 5th interstices, and a single row on remainder,
except at base where they are irregular. Underside piceous, lighter
at sides, thinly pubescent ; abdominal segments simple, margin of
1st not prominent. ;
Scolytus aratus, sp. n.
Nitidus, niger, elytris piceo-brunneis, basi cum pedibus rufescente;
capite convexo, subtiliter aciculato, parcissime piloso; prothorace non
80 Mr. Walter F. H. Blandford on the
transverso, fortiter punctato, punctis ovatis in medio disco magis
discretis, subtilioribus ; elytris prothorace dimidio longioribus,
lateribus subrotundatis, postice angustatis, margine apicali sub-
truncato, fortiter lineato-punctatis et substriatis, interstitiis
angustis uniseriatim punctatis, punctis vix subtilioribus, seriebus
nonnunquam irregulariter impressis ; abdomine convexo, mutico,
piloso. Long. 5 mm.
Mas. (?). Abdominis segmento 5o pilis longis ornato.
Fem. (?), Abdominis segmento 50 breviter piloso.
Junsai, two specimens.
Allied to S. carpini, Ratz., but with stronger thoracic punctua-
tion, and elytral striz more impressed with coarser punctures.
Black with elytra pitchy-brown. Head convex, finely aciculate
and glabrous, without sexual differences; vertex dull, closely punc-
tured. Prothorax as long as broad, with strong oval punctures,
scattered on disc, closer, deeper and rugose at sides and apex.
Elytra as wide as thorax and one-half longer, with lateral
margins slightly rounded to behind middle, then narrowed ; apical
margin nearly truncate, feebly excised at suture, and slightly
irregular, but not serrate as in S. agnatus ; surface with regular
rows of strong punctures, deeper and closer at base, slightly
impressed throughout, interstices narrow, with a single series of
punctures rather weaker than those of strive, and sometimes im-
pressed, first and second with a few oblique wrinkles. Abdomen
convex, covered with short hairs; last segment in male (?) emar-
ginate at apex and impressed, with a fringe of long hairs.
Smaller than any other Japanese species except
S. japonicus, which is readily distinguished by its black
colour, and the absence of striate impressions on the
elytra, the punctures of which are fine and obscured by
oblique wrinkles.
Scolytus japonicus, Chap.
Chap., Scol. Jap., p. 199.
A single further specimen of this species, the repre-
sentative of the European S. rugulosus, taken at Junsai.
It attacks the plum-tree.
Scolytus claviger, sp. n.
Subelongatus, depressus, niger, elytris piceis, antennis pedi-
busque rufescentibus ; prothoracis disco parce punctato, punctis
versus basim subtilioribus ; elytris regulariter striato-punctatis,
Rhynchophorous Coleoptera of Japan. 81
striis vix impressis, interstitiis paullo subtilius uniseriatim vel
irregulariter biseriatim punctatis, depressione apicali ad latera
serie tuberculorum intus marginata. Long. 3°7 mm.
Mas. Fronte impressa, longius pilosa ; abdominis segmento 20
processu oblongo deplanato versus apicem incrassato et recurvato
armato.
Fem. Fronte subconvexa, parce pilosa; abdominis segmento
20 tuberculo brevi conico armato.
A pair taken at Kiga.
Elongate and depressed, black with elytra piceous. Head with
front strongly impressed in male and margined with long curled
hairs, in female subconvex and strigose with scanty pubescence ;
vertex strongly punctured in both sexes. Prothorax as long as
broad, with sides nearly parallel behind middle, not strongly
contracted in front, its punctuation rather strong, not close, weak
over base only. Elytra as wide as prothorax and one-half longer,
very slightly rounded at sides and narrowed behind, apex serrate
and feebly emarginate ; surface with regular impressed rows of
punctures, interstices narrow with subimpressed rows of rather
weaker punctures, tending to become double on alternate inter-
stices. Apical impression extending along sides of elytra and
bordered within, above outer angles, by six or seven small
tubercles. Underside black, abdomen reddish at sides, its first
ventral segment prominently bordered, second in male with an
oblong process, flattened vertically, its tip thickened and recurved
upwards; in female with a short pointed tubercle, and rather
dense pubescence. |
Alhed to S. multistriatus, but differing in the structure
of the abdomen, and the stronger punctuation, the thora-
cic punctures being more scanty. The apical segments
of the abdomen, nearly horizontal in the male example,
are unfortunately missing in the female, which prevents
comparison with another specimen from Nishi, which
appears distinct, but cannot be separated by any definite
characters ; it 1s rather larger, more convex, the thorax
is more evidently narrowed in front, with the sides
rounded behind ; the elytra are darker and broader; the
abdomen is nearly vertical, armed as in the female type.
This insect does not show any differences in sculpture
that are of specific value, though the thorax is more
finely punctured behind the middle. It must be sepa-
rated, if at all, on further examples of both sexes.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1894,—PART I. (MARCH.) F
82 Mr. Walter F. H. Blandford on the
TOMICINI.
Cryprureus, Er.
C. pusillus, Gyll, has ie been recorded from
Japan by Hichhotf (Rat. Tom., p. 74), who examined
specimens taken by Hiller in Nipon, and could discover
no difference between them and Huropean examples.
-Mr. Lewis has taken a series on Fujisan and at Subashiri
in which the pubescence on the elytra is scanty, fine
and less distinguishable than in Kuropean specimens, but
which have no other well-marked distinguishing fea-
tures. ‘The prothorax is rather strongly narrowed
behind, but its shape is variable in Huropean examples.
Crypaauus, Er.
At present the Japanese Cryphali are represented
by a single specimen only in Mr. Lewis’s collection. As
the genus is very common in the Oriental region, and
there are some ten Huropean species, it is probably much
more numerous in Japan than it appears to be at present.
Cryphalus exiquus, sp. n.
Oblongo-ovalis, convexus, opacus, niger, squamosus ; prothorace
semi-orbiculato, margine antico bituberculato, anterius tuberculis
discretis in plaga postice producta exasperato, posterius rugose
punctato ; elytris latitudine longioribus, lineato-punctatis, inter-
stitiis squamosis setis erectis raris ornatis. Long. 1:3 mm.
One example, Fukushima.
One of the smallest species in the genus.
Oblong-oval, convex, dull black with a covering of grey scales.
Head with front subconvex, reticulate, punctured at sides, im-
pressed over mouth and with an obtuse median elevation separated
above from vertex by a sharp transverse shining carina; eyes
oblong-oval, anteriorly emarginate ; antenne testaceous with club
deeply infuscate, roundish oval, its basal joint shining, with-
superior apical border rounded, fringed, remaining joints pilose
with border less strongly rounded. Prothorax narrowed towards
apex, rather broader than long, its base bisinuate with narrowly
elevated margin, basal angles rounded when seen from above,
sides and apex rounded throughout, the latter more strongly, its
Rhynchophorous Coleoptera of Japan. 85
margin with two prominent tubercles in middle; surface uni-
formly convex, not gibbous, anteriorly with scattered asperate
elevations, forming a patch angulately produced behind but not
reaching very near base, interstices and remainder of surface finely
reticulate and rugosely punctured, with thin covering of scales
and hairs. Scutellum very small, triangular. Elytra as wide as
prothorax, and not quite half as long again, slightly and separately
rounded at base, humeral angles rather obtuse, but not rounded,
shoulders finely elevated, sides nearly straight and subparallel to
posterior third, then broadly rounded to apex ; surface transversely
convex, subcylindrical to behind middle, then obliquely decli-
vous and convex to apex, with distinct rows of punctures, the
outer ones obsolete towards apex, interstices narrow, finely
multipunctate and squamous, with asingle series of scattered erect
setee. Legs fuscous with tarsi testaceous,
This species can be distinguished from other described
Cryphali, in which the eyes are emarginate and the elytra
not rounded from base to apex, by the two tubercles
on the anterior margin of the prothorax. Amone the
European species it is most like U. abietis, Ratz, but is
much smaller, with the elytral stris not impressed, and
the antennal club and legs darker. The transverse
carina which borders the vertex of the head in front
occurs in some Ceylonese species in my hands, and is
probably a sexual character. As with other Oriental
Oryphali, the joints of the antennal club have a rounded
margin on their superior surface, which is less evident
below. In this respect they approach Thomson’s sub-
genus Hrnoporus, which can be characterised by the non-
emarginate eyes alone.
HyrorHenemus, Westw.
I take this genus, as has been done by Leconte and
others, to be inclusive of Hichhoft’s genus Stephano-
deres, which it is not possible to separate by means of
the number of articulations in the antennal funiculus.
But it is not to be supposed, as Leconte has suggested,
that the variations of this structure are of no generic
value in Scolytide. In the majority of genera which
can be separated by them, there are other structural
features, or at least a difference of facies, which tend to
show that they are a reliable guide. In the Hypothenemi,
84. Mr. Walter F. H. Blandford on the
however, the smallest insects of the family, it would appear
that reduction in size leads to a reduction in the number
of joints, without involving other structural features.
But we really require to study its structure in more
species of this difficult and little-known genus.
I add two more species to the one already described
from Japan.
Hypothenemus tristis, Kichh.
Stephanoderes tristis, Kichh. Scol. Jap., p. 200; Rat.
Tom., p. 150. No further examples have been taken,
unless the following insect be a variety of this species.
Hypothenemus peritus, sp. n.
Oblongus, subnitidus, fusco-piceus, prothorace in medio
dilutiore, semi-ovato, antrorsum angustato, margine antico tuber-
culis 4, duobus mediis majoribus, ornato, anterius tuberculis
magnis discretis notato, postice rugulose punctato ; elytris ad
apicem subacuminatim rotundatis, subtiliter lineato-punctatis et
setosis, interstitiis uniseriatim squamulatis. Long. 1:8 mm.
One specimen, Nagasaki.
Oblong, rather shining, deep fuscous, with surface of prothorax
lighter in middle. Head finely reticulate, front subconvex, punc-
tured in middle. Antenne sordid testaceous, funiculus 5-jointed,
suture of club distinctly fringed. Prothorax very slightly
broader than long, base subsinuate, basal angles obtusely rounded,
sides slightly dilated before base and rounded, contracted towards
apex and obscurely sinuate, apical margin with four tubercles in
the middle, the two centre ones more prominent ; surface obtusely
gibbous in middle, with thin covering of hairs and scales, anteriorly
with a roundish patch of large scattered tubercles, becoming closer
and smaller behind, interstices and base finely reticulate with
scattered punctures, except over a narrow smooth line from base
to middle. Elytra rather more than half as long again as
prothorax, separately rounded at base, humeral angles rounded,
sides parallel to posterior third, thence obliquely rounded to
apex ; surface subcylindrical, obliquely declivous and convex
at apex, with fine lines of punctures bearing minute hairs, the
lines appearing impressed in certain light, interstices transversely
rugose, with a single row of cinereous scales along middle and a
few hairs on either side. Legs infuscate with anterior femora and
tarsi lighter.
Quite like H. tristis, Hichh., but differing from the type
Rhynchophorous Coleoptera of Japan. 85
in the fewer and stronger tubercles of the prothorax, the
more scattered punctuation of its base, which presents a
smooth central line, and the finer elytral striz, which in
H., tristis are strong and well-marked. It is also rather
more elongate.
Hypothenemus expers, sp. 1.
Oblongus, subnitidus, piceo-niger, prothorace medio dilutiore,
subrotundato, ante basim dilatato, margine antico bituberculato,
dorso anterius tuberculis discretis in plaga rotundata compositis
notato, posterius granulato; elytris lineato-punctatis, pilosis,
interstitiis setis haud squamatis seriatis ornatis. ong. vix 2 mm.
Two examples, Kumamoto and Nagasaki.
Closely allied to H. peritus, but exhibiting the
following differences :—
Rather larger and more robust, darker in colour, being black
with a pitchy tinge, the thorax pitchy-red in middle, and not
obscurely testaceous. Front of head more convex, very finely
reticulate and not punctured except over mouth, where it is trans-
versely impressed. Antenne bright testaceous, basal joint of club
deeply infuscate, funiculus 5-jointed. Frothorax more strongly
dilated before base, which is truncate, sides more strongly rounded,
its tuberculation similar, but marginal tubercles less prominent, the
two outer ones nearly obsolete, basal half closely reticulate and
covered with small asperate elevations, closer than the non-elevated
punctures in H, peritus. Elytra narrower than greatest width of
prothorax, truncate at base, obliquely rounded at apex, striation
as in H. peritus ; interstices without evident scales, but with a
single row of erect hairs, which are stronger towards apex, a few
finer hairs are found between the rows. Legs clear testaceous.
The absence of the conspicuous erect hispid scales on
the elytra, which are replaced by hairs, will at once
distinguish this species from either of the two former.
Cosmopgrzs, Hichh.
This genus was founded by Hichhoff, Rat. Tom., p. 495,
for OC. monilicollis, % single species from India, which
differs from Hypothenemus (Stephanoderes, Kichh.) in
possessing a very short two-articulate antennal funiculus
and dilated tibiae with their outer borders serrate, the
serration being absent in Hypothenemus; the typical
species is also more elongate than a Hypothenemus, and
86 Mr. Walter F. H. Blandford on the
differs in colour, and the sculpture of the elytra, which
have large dilated punctures and subcostate interstices,
so that they appear reticulate. There is in Mr. Lewis’s
Ceylon collection a specimen which corresponds in every
respect to Hichhoff’s description of C. monilicollis, and
is almost certainly that insect. In the Japanese collec-
tion is a specimen which agrees with it in generic
characters, but is much more closely allied in appear-
ance to Hypothenemus, showing the near relationship
between the genera, which are, however, sufficiently
distinct.
Cosmoderes consobrinus, sp. u.
Oblongus, subcylindricus, opacus, niger, elytris nigro-piceis,
antennarum scapo tarsisque testaceis ; prothorace aeque longo quam
lato versus apicem subangustato, apice rotundato, bituberculato,
disco gibboso, anterius exasperato, posterius scabrose granulato ;
elytris prothorace duplo longioribus, seriatim pilosis et striatis,
striis leniter impressis, vix perspicue punctatis, interstitiis alutaceis
uniseriatim squamosis. Long. 2 mm.
One example, without locality.
Oblong, rather elongate, cylindrical, black, with elytra obscurely
piceous. Head finely reticulate, front convex, finely and sparingly
punctured, and very shortly pubescent, eyes oval emarginate ;
antenne testaceous with club infuscate, short oval, pubescent with
a smooth patch at base, without evident sutures. Prothorax as
broad as long, contracted at sides towards apex, base truncate not
margined, basal angles obtuse, sides slightly rounded behind, sub-
sinuate and more rounded anteriorly, apical margin strongly
rounded with two prominent median tubercles ; surface convex
and gibbous in middle, obliquely impressed on either side behind
median elevation, in front strongly declivous and rather finely
asperate, base and interstices dull, covered with fine scabrous pro-
jections, pubescence very short. Scutellum distinct, triangular.
Elytra a little wider than base of prothorax and double as long,
base truncate, humeral angles rounded rectangular, shoulders
rather prominently elevated, sides subparallel, obliquely rounded
at apex ; surface subcylindrical, very obliquely declivous towards
apex, its texture coriaceous, with shallow impressed striz, with
barely distinguishable punctures and rows of minute hairs, inter-
stices alutaceous, subconvex, with a single series of erect narrow
Rhynchophorous Coleoptera of Japan. 87
scales. Legs fusco-piceous with tarsi lighter, outer border of
middle tibiz distinctly serrate.
This insect is very like Hypothenemus tristis and
peritus, but is more elongate; the base of the thorax
and the elytra are differently sculptured, and the struc-
ture of the antennz and legs will at once separate it
without comparison.
PityopntuHorvs, Kichh.
But one species has yet been found in Japan. It is
likely that there are others as, in addition to the Euro-
pean species, there are several from both N. and 8.
America.
Pityophthorus jucundus, sp. n.
Elongatus, oblongus, nitidus, fere glaber, niger vel fusco-
testaceus ; prothorace antice subconstricto, post medium utrinque
impresso, anterius exasperato, posterius fortiter punctato, linea
media subelevata laevi; elytris cylindricis, haud acuminatis,
regulariter punctato-striatis, striis non impressis, interstitiis fere
planis hic illinc subrugulosis, apice impresso-retuso, striis obsoletis,
lateribus elevatis et sutura versus apicem tuberculis setigeris raris
ornatis. Long. 1°6 mm.
Fem. Fronte media villosa.
Four specimens, near Nagasaki.
Head black, finely reticulate, front strongly punctured, with a
circular patch of villous pubescence in female. Antenne fusco-
testaceous, their club ovate, tri-articulate with slightly curved
sutures. Prothorax with base finely margined, truncate, basal
angles obtuse, sides behind nearly straight, rounded in front and
sinuate before apex, which is somewhat obtusely rounded, and
feebly crenate, the apical constriction much slighter than in
P. lichtensteini, Ratz; surface depressed on either side of a median
smooth elevated line, reaching to the middle of the prothorax,
with very short pubescence at sides and apex, its anterior half
asperate, posterior half with rather strong subrugose punctures
becoming weaker on sides, Elytra rather narrower at base than
prothorax, and nearly twice as long, sides straight to middle then
feebly rounded, apex obtusely rounded, not acuminate but with
suture slightly prominent ; glabrous except at apex, with regular
lines of strong punctures, not impressed, interstices impunctate and
flat, feebly rugose here and there, apex nearly vertically declivous,
88 Mr. Walter F. H. Blandford on the
impressed on either side of suture, the impression shining, impunc-
tate, its outer margins more strongly elevated than suture, with two
- or three weak setigerous tubercles ; suture very slightly elevated,
with traces of tuberculation near apex; underside black, thinly
pubescent. Legs fuscous.
A slender narrow species, readily distinguished by the
strong punctures of the thorax, with its elevated median
smooth line, by the distinct and regular rows of
punctures on the elytra, which are nearly glabrous and
not acuminate.
Eivoryenus, Hichh.
I add one more species provisionally to this genus.
Eidophelus imitans, Eichh.
Eichh., Scol. Jap., p. 200; Rat. Tom., p. 203.
One example, very small, has occurred since, without
recorded locality.
Hidophelus minutus, sp. n.
Oblongus, nitidus, piceo-niger, fere glaber ; prothorace lati-
tudine vix longiore, lateribus ad medium subrectis, inde cum apice
subcirculare rotundatis, supra convexo, antice lineis tuberculorum
concentricis exasperato, postice punctis discretis fortibus, in medio
subtilioribus notato; elytris ad apicem oblique declivibus, non
impressis, lineato-punctatis, punctis post medium obsoletis, inter-
stitiis subrugosis absque punctis. Long, 1°2 mm.
One example, Chiuzenji.
Oblong, piceous-black, with a few hairs on elytra and sides of
thorax. Head reticulate, front strongly punctured, scantily hairy ;
eyes oval, scarcely visibly emarginate ; antenne testaceous, funi-
culus 4-jointed, club orbicular oval with weak curved sutures,
pubescent at apex. Prothorax little longer than broad, base
truncate, finely margined, basal angles obtuse but distinct, margined,
sides straight, slightly narrowed towards middle, then subcircularly
rounded, apex slightly flatter ; its anterior half with about six
concentric rows of fused tubercles, forming a series of raised lines
somewhat as in Cryphalus tilie, the anterior row occupying the
apical margin when seen from above, posterior half with very
scattered punctures, strong at sides, smaller and somewhat as-
perate on middle Scutellum triangular, shining. Elytra rather
Rhynchophorous Coleoptera of Japan. 89
narrower than prothorax, and half as long again ; base truncate,
its angles obtuse, sides weakly rounded to middle and subdilated,
thence more strongly rounded to apex; surface with rows of
rather small punctures, separately impressed and not striate,
becoming weaker from base and nearly obsolete on declivity ;
interstices slightly rugose, with one or two punctures at base ; apex
obliquely declivous, convex and not impressed, with traces of one
or two asymmetrical tubercles near suture. Underside piceous,
scantily pubescent. Legs infuscate.
This insect agrees with H. initans in its antennal
structure, but is separable by the absence of distinct
pubescence and the sparseness of the punctures on the
hinder half of the thorax. The entire absence of any
thoracic constriction and the antennal structure will
distinguish it from the Pityophthori.
Tomicus, Latr. (1807).
The Japanese fauna appears to be poor in this genus ;
perhaps other species remain to be discovered.
Tomicus cembrae, Heer.
Bostrichus cembrae, Heer, Obs. Ent. 1836, p. 28.
A series taken from larch on Fujisan.
The specimens show no essential difference from
European examples. Like the Japanese Myelophilus
piniperda, they run very large, averaging 0-5 mm. ‘The
interstitial punctures of the elytra are very weak, but
traceable. 1’. cembrae is recorded from Siberia and
Amurland and no doubt occurs over the whole of N.
Asia; in Europe it is confined to Pinus cembra, which
is found in Japan, at least, as the variety puwmilus.
I cannot find any Japanese specimens which correspond
with Motschulsky’s 7. subelongatus.
Tomicus angulatus, Hichh.
Hichh., Scol. Jap., p. 200; Rat. Tom., p. 208.
Taken commonly in several localities from fir (Pinus
massomand); Nagasaki, Fujisan, Nikko.
ACANTHOTOMICUS, nov, gen.
Antennarum funiculus 5-articulatus, articulis 2—5 latitudine
crescentibus, clava ovalis, compressa, suturis fere obsoletis fortiter
90 Mr. Walter I’. H. Blandford on the
curvatis articulo 1o ovali, ceteris lunatis. Prosternum processu nullo.
Episterna metathoracica linearia. Tibiee anticee ad apicem dilatate,
spinose. Corpus cylindricum, elytris ad apicem retusis, ambitu
retusionis fortiter multi-spinato, stria suturali vix impressa.
Ciosely allied to Tonicus but differing in the much
stronger elytral armature, which in Yomicus exhibits a
uniformly progressive diminution, as the species grow
smaller, down to the genus or subgenus Pityogenes,
Bedel. The antennal club is oval, its sutures are quite
superficial and only marked by a pubescent border, the
first jot is longitudinally oval and embraced at the sides
by the succeeding joint, as in \ylocleptes, Ferrari, with
which the elytral structure has no affinity. The mouth
parts do not differ from these of Vomicus, the maxilla is
simply sinuate internally, and not produced into a
rounded angle, but this angle is wanting in Pityogenes
and is not a generic character.
Acanthotomicus spinosus, sp. n.
Oblongus, cylindricus, nitidus, ferrugineo-testaceus, elytris ad
apicem infuscatis, pilis longis parce adspersus ; prothorace antice
constricto, ad medium subgibboso et utrinque impresso, anterius
exasperato, posterius subtiliter punctulato; elytris prothorace
dimidio longioribus, punctato-striatis, punctis ad basin subtilibus,
versus apicem dilatatis, ad apicem abrupte declivibus, utrinque
8-spinatis, spinula 3a maxima, elongata, 5a—Va minimis, 8a prope
angulum suturalem magna, intus curvata. Long. 2°5 mm.
Two specimens taken at Oyayama and Nikko.
Oblong, cylindrical, reddish-testaceous, with apex of elytra in-
fuscate. Head with front subconvex, punctured, with a median
raised line, thinly pubescent ; eyes broad oval, slightly emarginate.
Prothorax longer than broad, its base truncate, basal angles obtuse,
sides almost parallel to middle, then constricted and strongly
rounded to apex, which is somewhat more obtuse, with a crenate
margin; disc gibbous in middle and impressed on either side,
asperate anteriorly behind with fine scattered punctures without a
median impunctate or elevated line. Scutellum small, rounded,
elytra half as long again as prothorax, their base truncate,
sides subparallel, with lines of punctures, fine at base, becoming
stronger, dilated and transversely rugose towards apex, the strix
appearing impressed towards apex in a certain light only, interstices
Rhynchophorous Coleoptera of Japan. 91
slightly convex, very finely and sparingly punctured in rows ; apex
nearly vertically declivous, margined with 16 spines at the apex of
the 2nd and succeeding interstices, the 1st two short, 3rd very long,
curved, 4th and 5th rather shorter, 6th and 7th small, 8th pair
situated close to apex of suture, curved inwards and as long as
fourth. Impressed surface rather dull, irregular, strongly punctured,
with suture elevated. Underside testaceous, glabrous. Antenne
and legs testaceous.
The following specimen is probably the female of the
preceding insect, but I cannot be positive.
Acanthotomicus spinosus, ? femina.
Antecedenti differt fronte plana utrinque densissime aureo-
villosa, prothorace paullo longiore, minus constricto, margine
antico fortius rotundato, haud crenato, dense villoso; elytris pro
portione elongatis, prothorace duplo fere longioribus, punctis
striarum paullo fortioribus et magis confertis, ad apicem singulatim
breviter 6-spinosis, infra prope angulum suturalem in lobum
brevem 4-tuberculatum productis ; fundo retusionis punctis mi-
noribus, confertis, et spinula intra spinam tertiam marginalem
posita utrinque ornato. Long. 3mm.
One example taken at Kashiwagi.
In the dense villosity of the head and prothorax, and
the reduction in size of the apical spines of the elytra,
its characters may be considered as simply sexual. But
the greater length of the elytra and the closer and
stronger punctuation of the striz, the sutural stria being
impressed at the apex, together with the presence of a
spine on the apical declivity internal to the 3rd marginal
spine, prevent my identifying it positively as the female.
The apical spines are all short, the 3rd and 5th being
the most prominent; the lower border is produced on
either side just outside the suture, into a short transverse
lobe, which is evidently 4-tuberculate and represents the
three inferior spines fused.
Dryocatss, Hichh.
This genus, in which I include Hichhoft’s Taphrorychus
apatordes and two allied species, is represented by eight
species, of which six are new.
92 Mr. Walter F. H. Blandford on the
TABLE OF SPECIES.
1, Prothorax gradually and uniformly rounded from basetoapex 2
cylindrical at base with apex obliquely declivous
(Taphrorychus, Hichh.) . . . . eee 6
2. Apex of elytra retuse, impressed or flattened (size 2. 5m 4mm) 3
convex (size under 2°5 mm.) 5
4
3. Front of head not carinate 7 Py oily Webs
with a sharp loneriuaole carina . . . afinis.
4, Strivz of elytrafinely and uniformly punctured, autographus, Ratz.
coarsely punctured, seein 3 dilated behind
base: 0.7 <2 kts, ie pum NO RNs ESPUILORDER:
5. Elytra with strongly punctured eee ser. hl Sy cet ene OBIE
rows of feeble punctures. . . . . . . mubilus.
6. Prothorax rounded at apex .. . : gos, wOeRIIE.
subquadrate, the apex perce: forming an angle
with sides’. “< 2 5 ue e ek <i
“J
. Interstices of elytra not elevated towered apex . dinoderoides,
sub-costate towards apex, apatoides, Eichh.
Dryocetes autographus, Ratz.
Ratz., Forst. Ins., 1., p. 160.
Hichh., Berl. Ent. Zeit., 1864, p. 39 ; Rat. Tom., p. 281.
Two examples, Chiuzenji.
The elytra are almost hairless in these specimens and
very evidently retuse at apex, with the interstitial
punctures almost obsolete; but they are quite like
German specimens in my collection. ‘he species, which
extends throughout N. Asia and the colder parts of N.
America, is of variable form.
Dryocetes pilosus, sp. 0.
Oblongus, subnitidus, longe pilosus, piceo-niger, antennis
pedibusque ferrugineis, fronte plana haud carinata; prothorace
dense granulato exasperato ; elytris prothorace dimidio longioribus,
transverse rugosis, fortiter punctato-striatis, punctis postice
subtilioribus, stria suturali subimpressa, interstitiis subtiliter
uniseriatim punctatis, apice retuso impresso, striis fere obso-
letis, pilis longis cireumdato. Long. 3 mm.
One example, Nikko.
Oblong, pitchy-black, head with front flat, dull, finely punctured,
and with a faint transverse impression at sides, with long scattered
hairs, mouth fringed. Prothorax a trifle broader than long, base
Phynchophorous Coleoptera of Japan. 93
truncate, humeral angles obtusely rounded, sides and apex rounded
in a broad ellipse; surface very convex, with uniform scattered
granulations, their interspaces shining, fringed at margins with
long scanty hairs. Scutellum small, rounded, convex, shining.
Elytra narrower than greatest width of thorax, and half as long
again ; base truncate, humeral angles obtusely rounded, shoulders
narrowly raised, sides subsinuate, slightly dilated behind and
strongly rounded at apex ; surface subcylindrical, depressed before
middle, dilated posteriorly and strongly declivous at apex, with
rows of strong punctures, the punctures dilated on middle third and
then becoming finer, sutural stria slightly impressed, interstices sub-
convex, transversely rugose, with a single series of fine setigerous
punctures; apical declivity convex, impressed on either side of
suture, shining, with strive obsolescent ; elytra set with long hairs,
close at sides and at margins of apical declivity, hairs of declivity
itself shorter. Underside piceous, punctured ; abdomen with long
pubescence. Legs ferruginous.
Readily distinguished by the long pubescence, the
absence of a frontal carina, the strong punctuation of
the elytral striz, and the punctured interstices.
Dryocetes affinis, sp. n.
Oblongus, niger, subnitidus, pilosus ; fronte carinata ; prothorace
vix longiore quam latiore, granulate exasperato, postice paullo subti-
lius ; elytris prothorace minus quam sesqui longioribus, cylindricis,
apice oblique declivi subretuso, subtiliter lineato-punctatis, stria
suturali impressa, interstitiis subrugosis seriatim pilosis. Long.
3mm.
A single example, Oyayama.
Black, elytra with a piceous tinge. Head with front impressed
and longitudinally carinate, coarsely punctured and thinly hairy,
ciliate over middle of mouth. Prothorax a little longer than
broad, truncate at base with angles obtuse, sides feebly rounded
behind and very slightly dilated to posterior third, strongly and
uniformly rounded in front to apex, the margin of which is
tuberculaie; surface uniformly convex, asperate, rather more finely
at base, with scattered hairs. Scutellum small, rounded, shining,
finely bordered. Elytra rather wider than base of prothorax and
about one-fourth longer, truncate at base with shoulders narrowly
elevated, humeral angles rounded rectangular, sides rounded and
somewhat narrowed at posterior fourth, then rather abruptly
flexed, and nearly straight at apex, which is not conjointly
94. Mr. Walter F. H. Blandford on the
rounded ; surface subcylindrical, obliquely declivous behind, with
rows of shallow punctures, their interspaces rugose, sutural stria
alone slightly impressed, interstices rather narrow with series of
setigerous tubercles ; apex flattened, shining, impressed on either
side of suture with the stris continued on it; first interstice
widened. Underside piceous-black, nearly glabrous, first abdo-
minal segment impunctate in middle, succeeding segments with
a few very coarse punctures. Legs piceous, anterior tibiz
rounded, with six or seven outwardly directed spines on outer
margin, and a curved one at inner angle of apex ; middle tibix
with a close series of six forwardly directed spines at apex.
In sculpture this insect is exactly like the one I have
identified as Coccotrypes graniceps, Kichh. (q.v.), but
may be distinguished by its cylindrical shape and the
structure of the tibiz.
Dryocetes luteus, sp. n.
Oblongus, subnitidus, flavo-testaceus, parce et breviter pilosus ;
prothorace oblonge, lateribus postice subparallelis, antice fortiter
rotundatis, anterius subtiliter exasperato, posterius dense punctato;
elytris profunde striato-punctatis, stria suturali impressa, inter-
stitiis subtiliter uniseriatim punctatis in declivitate tuberculatis,
Long. 2 mm.
Fem. Fronte densius pilosa.
Nine specimens, without locality indicated.
Bright yellow-testaceous, with short scanty pubescence on sides
of thorax and apex only of elytra. Head strongly punctured,
with front convex, scantily hairy in male, and ciliate over mouth;
in female* with a circular tuft of yellow pubescence. Eyes broad
oval, coarsely granulate, and emarginate anteriorly. Antenne
testaceous with sutures slightly curved. Prothorax longer than
broad, with base truncate, its angles obtuse, sides nearly parallel
to middle, thence strongly rounded to apex; above moderately
convex, not gibbous, with close punctures, simple at base, and as-
perate over anterior two-thirds. Scutellum rounded, shining. Elytra
as wide as prothorax and one-half longer, base truncate, humeral
angles rectangular, sides parallel to apex, then abruptly flexed,
their apical margin being almost transverse when seen from above ;
** Tt would appear that in the J’omicé the possession of a villous
front is a mark of the female sex, see Eichh., Eur. Bork., p. 203, It
is not so in the genus Scolytus, and others.
Rhynchophorous Coleoptera of Japan. 95
surface cylindrical, nearly vertically declivous at apex, but convex,
with regular impressed rows of strong punctures dilated after the
base, sutural stria more deeply impressed and widened behind,
interstices flat with a single row of fine punctures, replaced by
small setigerous tubercles on declivity. Underside and legs
testaceous, the former scantily punctured and pubescent.
Similar to immature examples of D. villosus, Fabr.,
but twice as small, with the prothorax not asperate
behind, with scantier pubescence, and the elytral in-
terstices more distinctly defined.
Dryocetes nubilus, sp. n.
Oblongus, subnitidus, parce longius pilosus, piceo-niger, an-
tennis pedibusque testaceis ; prothorace oblongo-ovali anterius
rugulis transversis exasperato, posterius subnitido, rugulose punc-
tuto; elytris ad apicem oblique declivibus, subtiliter lineato-
punctatis, stria suturali non aut vix impressa, interstitiis post
medium uniseriatim pilosis. Long, 1-7—2-2 mm.
Ten specimens, Kiga, Suyama.
Oblong, lighter, or darker piceous-brown. Front of head
scantily punctured, weakly impressed at sides, and with a median
subelevated longitudinal line, its pubescence long and thin, mouth
ciliate ; antennze testaceous, with sutures of club straight. Pro-
thorax a little longer than broad, its base truncate, basal angles
obtusely rounded, sides rounded, slightly behind, more strongly
towards apex ; surface somewhat depressed, asperate in front with
concentric lines of transverse tubercles, becoming weaker behind
and replaced at base by rugose punctures, except over an indistinct
median smooth line; sides and apex with long scanty hairs. Scutel-
lum rather large, rounded, shining. Elytra rather wider than
prothorax at base, and one half longer, truncate at base, with
shoulders nearly rectangular, sides parallel to near apex, then
gradually rounded ; apex not obtuse ; surface cylindrical, obliquely
and convexly declivous for posterior third, with rows of fine
punctures, the sutural stria alone with a trace of impression in
some specimens ; interstices subrugose, with a single row of finer
setigerous punctures, the setee becoming longer and more con-
spicuous towards apex. Underside testaceous-brown, nearly
glabrous and impunctate. Legs reddish testaceous.
Distinguishable from D. alni, Georg., by its smaller
size, the weaker punctuation of the base of the thorax and
elytra, and the absence of the lateral impressions and
96 Mr. Walter F. H. Blandford on the
elevated suture of the apical declivity. I can see no
sexual characters, but one example is more elongate,
with the thorax more distinctly narrowed behind, and the
median line subelevated. No specimens measure less
than 2 mm., except one, which is very small (1°7 mm.),
with the head finely punctured, and without long
pubescence. It may be distinct, but I can find no
characters by which it may be separated.
The three following species differ somewhat in facies
from Dryocetes proper, but it is not possible to construct
a new genus for them without dissection, for which more
material is required. ‘They can be distinguished by the
shape of the prothorax, which is net uniformly curved
from base to apex, but is cylindrical at base and
declivous anteriorly, so as to form an obtuse median
elevation. Jts anterior half is markedly scabrous, while
the hinder part is smooth ; but a uniform sculpture of the
prothorax does not occur in all the species of Dryocetes.
Kichhoff described one originally as a Dryocetes, but
afterwards included it, doubtfully, in the genus Taphro-
rychus. I cannot, however, see adequate grounds for
this, and prefer to keep it at present in Dryocetes, with
which the other two species form a connecting link,
Dryocates mestus, sp. n.
Oblongus, cylindricus, subnitidus, pilosus, niger, antennis pedi-
busque testaceis; prothorace aeque lato quam longo, apice rotun-
dato, tuberculato, supra transverse subgibboso, antice exasperato,
postice rugose punctato, linea media obsolete elevata; elytris
lineato-punctatis, stria suturali subimpressa, interstitiis uniseriatim
subtiliter punctatis et pilosis, ad apicem fortiter declivibus,
declivitate deplanata, nitida, ad suturam utrinque impressa. Long.
2°6 mm.
A single specimen, Nikko.
Black, cylindrical ; head with front convex, thinly pubescent,
punctured, with an indistinct elevated longitudinal line ; antenne
testaceous, club with sutures curved, pilose, basal joint shining,
equal in length to succeeding joints, apical joint sensitive, pubes-
cent. Prothorax with length and breadth equal, base truncate,
basal angles nearly rectangular, sides feebly rounded to near ‘apex,
then abruptly and broadly rounded, apical margin tuberculate ;
?
surface cylindrical at base, declivous at apex, with an indistinct
Rhynehophorous Coleoptera of Japan. 97
transverse elevation in middle and an impression behind it on
either side of a median longitudinal raised line, somewhat shining
in middle of base only, anteriorly with transverse rugosities, strong
near apex, and gradually replaced over base by rugose punctures ;
pubescence short, rather close. Scutellum triangular, shining.
Elytra as wide as prothorax and less than twice as long, base trun-
cate, humeral angles rounded, sides subparallel to near apex, which is
rather abruptly and obtusely rounded ; surface moderately shining,
with rows of shallow punctures which appear impressed in certain
lights only, sutural stria rather more strongly impressed, interstices
somewhat convex, subrugose, with a single row of fine setigerous
punctures, the setz longer and conspicuous towards apex, which
is strongly but not abruptly declivous, more shining and flattened,
with an impression on either side of the suture, its strix nearly
obliterated, interstices finely tuberculate. Underside black, nearly
impunctate, with thin pubescence. Legs reddish testaceous,
anterior tibiz straight, dilated and obliquely rounded at apex, with
five or six spines, besides a longer spine at inner angle; middle and
posterior tibiz: with outer border curved and serrate.
Dryoccetes dinoderoides, sp. n.
Oblongus, cylindricus, subnitidus, pilosus, niger, antennis pedi-
busque testaceis ; prothorace quadrato, apice fere truncato, supra
elevato subgibboso, antice exasperato, postice rugose punctato,
linea media laevi; elytris lineato-punctatis, stria suturali quam
minime impresso, interstitiis uniseriatim subtiliter punctatis et
pilosis, apice convexe declivi, haud impresso. Long. 2:5 mm.
One specimen, Ichiuchi.
Very like the last species and probably the male ; but I
cannot unite them without further evidence. It differs in
the prothorax, which is very obtusely convex at apex, so
as to present an evident angle between the sides and
anterior margin, as in the next species; the anterior
border is not crenate, the tubercles are less numerous
and stronger before the median elevation, and the base
less closely punctured. The elytral striz do not appear
impressed in any light, with the exception of the first, the
apex is noi flattened or impressed along the suture, and
the pubescence is finer though equally dense. The head,
antenne, and legs are similar.
These two preceding species are easily distinguished
from D. apatoides by the interstices not being costate
towards the apex of the elytra,
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1894.—ParT I. (MARCH.) G
Ts Mr. Walter I’, Hl. Blandford on the
Diyoceles apatoides, Michh,
Dryocwtes (7) apatoides, Wichh., Seol, Jap., p. 201,
Taphrorychus (¢) apatoides, Wiehh,, Rat, lom., p. 209,
No further example has occurred,
The legs of this inseet are piceous-black, not ferru-
ginous as described by Wichhoff, They are rather more
slender than in the two last insects, and, therefore,
more like those of a Vaphrorychus, but there is no real
difference in their structure, Lf the two last species are
soxes of the same, the form of the prothorax in this
insect is probably sexual,
Coccornyrns, Wiehh,
ho species of this genus are closely allied to
Dryocwles, Wichh., and though differing in the maxillary
armature and in habits, are not always easily separable,
The prosternal characters seem to me to be of little
value, and the basal border of the prothorax, which is
absent in Dryocwtes, is not always readily distin-
vuishable in this genus. They can be differentiated
without dissection by their shape, which (in the
Japanese species) is shorter and more ovate, and by the
tibiw, which are distinetly truncate, and not grooved for
the tarsi; whereas in Dryocates, the anterior tibiae ab
loast have the outer margin rounded to the inner angle
of the apex, without abrupt change of direction, and are
recessed,
L add two species,
Coccolrypes graniceps, Wichh,
Michh,, Rat, ‘l’om,, p. 314.
Diyocates graniceps, Lewis, Cat, dap. Col,
One oxample, Nagasaki; alsoat Liogo (von Schonfeldt),
[ have not seen the type, which is not in Mr. Lewis’s
collection, but the specimen corresponds absolutely to
Wichholl’s deseription, except that the whole surface is
uniform pitchy-brown, Legs ferraginous, the anterior
tibia with border simple for basal half, then with
two outwardly directed spines, apex with two forwardly
directed spines, besides spine at inner angle ; intermediate
tibie with three forwardly direeted spines at apex. Pune.
tuation of abdomen finer than in Dryocawles afinis.
Rhynchopharous Coleoptera of Japan. 0)
Voveolrypea perditor, ap. 1,
Ovalia, subnitidus, forruginous, pilosa; prothoraee hand trans.
vordo, adapicom subanguatato, margine antico tuboreulato, anterius
tuberculia concentricia vix transversia, postertus longibudinalibus
ornato 5; elytria lineatoepunetatia, punetin solin adpromsin, inter.
alitiin dotin longioribus oreelia ornatia, Long, IS mm,
ive specimens, in the neighbourhood of Nagasalt,
Oval, convex, lighter or darker forruginousbrown 5 head
’
punctured, with rather long puboseence ab sides and over mouth 5
front clovated al sides and imprewed ino middle, with w fine
modian raived ting, Prothorax searcely broader than long, semi«
olliptical, narrowed towards apex, and not evidently contracted
it base, which is truneate, with the posterior angles nearly
roctangular, sides feobly rounded to middle, thence gradually
more strongly and #ubsinuste to apex, the margin of which is
cronate, wilh a series of fine tuberclos; surface rather strongly and
uniformly convex, moderately shining, with seatterod amall
weporations forming indistinet concontrie lines in front and longi
tudinal clovations over the base, Seutellam wmall, punetiforn,
piccous, Elytra a little wider than bawe of prothorax and one-
fourth longer, truncate ab base with humeral angles rectangular,
widow subparallol and straight for basal third, then gradually
rounded to apex ; above convex, and rounded from base to apox
with rows of shallow setigerous punctures, their soto short,
intorvuticos narrow and flat, with a single #erion of loss frequent
fing aciculations bearing long orect eto, Logs forruginous or
toulaceous,
Wasily distinguished from C, granicepa by ita much
amallor size, and the absence of an apical impression on
the elytra, Allied to CO. pygmens, Wichh., and, therefore,
to OU, integer, Wichh,, from Siam, which latter [have
not seen, Shorter and more ovate than CL pygmeua ;
the thorax rounder at the sides, and more convex,
more shining, with far fower asperitios, Mlytra less
than one-sixth longer than broad (in CO. pygqmceus they
are wm least one-third longer, and appear comparatively
eylindrical) ; their strim more distinctly and sparsely
punctured, and wider apart, the interspaces with fower
and amallor setiverous tuberclos; stria continued on to
the apex and not obliterated, as in OC, integer,
100 Mr. Walter F. H. Blandford on the
Coccotrypes advend, sp. n.
Oblongo-ovalis, nitidus, pilosus, piceo-ferrugineus, antennis pedi-
busque dilutioribus ; prothorace antice contracto, angulis posticis
obtusis, lateribus rotundatis, apice nonnihil deplanato, mutico,
supra minus conyvexo, punctis haud frequentibus aciculatis notato ;
elytris fortius lineato-punctatis, punctis haud setigeris, interstitiis
uniseriatim setosis. Long, 1*6 mm.
One example near Nagasaki.
Oblong oval, ferruginous-brown, with long pubescence. Front
coarsely punctured, flattened and impressed over mouth. Protho-
rax contracted in front, as long as broad, basal angles obtusely
rounded and not applied to humeral angles of elytra, sides and
apex separately and not strongly rounded ; surface only feebly
convex, shining, with long hairs, arising from scattered aciculate
punctures, which are weaker on the disc around an indistinet
median impunctate line. Scutellum rounded, piceous, shining.
Elytra wider than base of prothorax, and more than one-third
longer, humeral angles subrectangular, sides parallel to middle,
thence obliquely rounded to apex ; surface subcylindrical for basal
third, then dilated and convexly declivous, with rows of punctures,
strong and dilated at base, weak and shallow, but not obsolete,
towards apex, without seriate hairs, interstices with a single row
of fine aciculations bearing erect sete. Legs ferruginous.
Readily confounded with C. perditor, but more
elongate; the prothorax much less convex, with
the apex and sides not conjointly rounded, and the
posterior angles obtuse and not applied to the elytra,
not tuberculate, the punctures being scattered and
only slightly elevated; punctures. of the elytral strize
much stronger at base and without sete. The shape of
the prothorax, which is hardly more convex than that
of most Dryocetes, and its sculpture will distinguish it
from other species of Coccotrypes. I have not been able
to dissect it, but the generic characters, as far as observ-
able, agree with this genus.
Xyieporvs, Hichh.
This genus is very well represented in Japan by 29
species, exclusive of three males, which I have described
Rhynchophorous Coleoptera of Japan. 101
separately, as there is nothing to show to what species
they belong. This is more than one-fourth of the genus
as at present known, but only a small proportion of the
species existing in collections have been described.
Kichhoff in his “ Ratio Tomicinorum ” groups the species
by the shape of the prothorax, and thereby obtains a
satisfactory result. I have found his table of species
easy to work with, but cannot adopt it for the Japanese
forms, as.in certain species, e.g., X. validus, praevius,
seriatus, the form of the prothorax is either ambiguous,
and could be used to place the species in more than one
of Kichhoff’s sections, or is of a shape that would dis-
sociate the insect from its allies. Some previous
familiarity with the forms met with in the genus is
necessary in order to locate these doubtful species.
I have, therefore, in drawing up a table, laid less stress
on this character, and have aimed simply at differentiating
the species rather than arranging them in a natural
sequence. ‘The three species of males referred to are not
included in it ; their characters will be found on page 119.
TABLE OF SPECIES.
1. Elytra confusedly punctured, not inevidentrows. . . . 2
with distinct rows of puhctures. . . .. . <p 00
2. Form elongate, prothorax longer than broad, pelliculosus, Fichh.
short, prothorax not longer than broad . . . . . 38
3. Elytra abruptly truncate at apex, black. . . . . ... 4
gradually declivous at apex, ferruginous,
semi-opacus, Kichh.
4. Prothorax with two tubercles in middle of apical margin,
mutilatus.
without tubercles on apical margin . brevis, Eichh.
5. Prothorax entirely dull, uniformly and closely asperate. . 6
with posterior half more or less shining, punctured 7
6. Interstices of elytra with irregular double rows of ar
eis?
with single rows. . . rubricollis, Bichh.
7. Prothorax subglobose, not longer than broad, or subrect-
angular with sides and apex separately
rounded; declivity usually carinate below . 8
oblong, cylindrical, with apex strongly rounded;
if not longer than broad, declivity of
elytra not carinate below . ... . .16
102 Mr. Walter F. H. Blandford on the
8.
10,
11,
13:
14,
ub
18.
ING),
20.
7a
Declivity very oblique, beginning abruptly before middle of elytra,
opaque and squamous. . . . . . . concisus.
not abrupt, norsquamous . .. . tic ieren
. Interstices with irregular double rows of HORGhutes . apicalis.
with a single row of punctures ..... .10
Basal half of prothorax strongly punctured, covered with
short erect hairs . atratus, Hichh.
not strongly punctured, nor uni-
formly hairy . . . ee
Base of prothorax with a patch of hair before scutellueny
species short; smallie i) oa le
glabrous, species larger, elongate . . . 13
. Hairs at apex of elytra arising from interstices only, germanus.
from both striz and inter-
stices . . compactus, Eichh,
First interstice of elytra tuberculate at apex. . . . . . 14
not tuberculate at apex,
obliquecauda, Motsch.
Elytral striz not impressed at apex, tuberculation of
interstices weak . . . . . previus.
impressed, tuberculation of interstices strong 15
. Prothorax narrowed towards apex . . . . validus, Hichh.
uniformly rounded at sides, not narrowed, aguilus.
. Apical border of elytra rounded, declivity not excavate . . 17
truncate or emarginate, declivity
sulcate or concave; . . . . . 2d
Declivity of elytra sharply carinate below .... . . 18
obtusely margined, not carinate . . . 20
Prothorax scarcely broader than long, elevated in middle
ofsurface, distinctly punctured at base, festivus, Eichh.
Prothorax at least one-half broader than long, elevated
before middle, base feebly punctured. . . . . 19
Entirely piceous black, apex of elytra abruptly declivous,
glabratus, Eichh.
Prothorax ferruginous, elytra infuscate, gradually declivous
Ab Apex: |. = cw Gio tee ie meee eon OC On aTs
Body narrowed behind from front of prothorax,
attenuatus and sobrinus, Hichh.
eylindrical \,.) (6085 ts we he ae ole OL eee
All interstices with traces of tuberculation on apical declivity 22
First and third interstices tuberculate on declivity, second
unarmed,’ 4) .Vonvee vs ue aes ea ine os es er
5)
Rhynchophorous Coleoptera of Japan. 108
All interstices tuberculate above declivity, which is im-
pressed and unarmed (length less than 2 mm.), minutus.
22. Prothorax as broad as long, elytra with alternate series of
longer and shorter hairs . . . . . . seriatus.
longer than broad, hairs of elytra uniform, muticus.
23, Piceous with thorax sometimes lighter. . . . . adumbratus.
Ferruginous or testaceous . . . alee ce « 24
24, Elytra rather strongly striato- famataie Be oN fade Eichh.
finely punctured in rows. . . . . vicarius, Kichh,
25. Declivity with a narrow suleate impression along suture,
each lateral margin with four or five small
tubercles’... fe: - . « schaufusst.
widely impressed, eis eed margin with two
strong spines . . . See . 26
26. Ferruginous brown, apical deprension mearl Serra feably
emarginate below .. . tite Pele) AfOnsUs:
Black, apical depression very oblique, us ongly emarginate
GLOW fy a! var al oe. Mt Ce emote ct eee al, eh, NEES Cs
Xyleborus mutilatus, sp. n.
Fem. Curta, subnitida, fusco-pilosa, nigra, antennis pedibusque
ferrugineis ; prothorace magno globoso, lateribus leniter, apice
fortiter rotundato et tuberculis duobus ornato, supra in medio
transverse elevato et postice utrinque impresso, anterius exasperato,
posterius dense punctato, supra scutellum hirto ; elytris prothorace
brevioribus, a basi fere oblique et abrupte declivibus, supra irregu-
lariter punctatis, declivitate striata, interstitiis granulatis, lateribus
et apice infra marginatis. Long. 3°5 mm.
One example, without locality.
Black, with the base of the elytra alone shining, covered with
fine erect fuscous hairs. Head large, prominent, finely reticulate,
front convex, punctured, and hairy; mouth ciliate with yellow
pubescence ; eyes small, flat, finely emarginate ; antenne ferruginous,
club round, basal joint large, shining, reaching nearly to apex of
club. Prothorax a little longer than broad, its base bisinuate,
produced behind, basal angles nearly rectangular, sides straight
and subparallel behind, becoming more rounded in front with apex
broadly convex, apical margin bisinuate, slightly produced in
middle and armed with two prominent tubercles ; surface very
convex, cylindrical at base, with an obtuse transverse élevation in
middle, in front of which it is declivous to apex, anteriorly
separate and pilose, posteriorly densely punctured except over
104 Mr. Walter F; H. Blandford on the
two shining lateral impressions, with thin pubescence at sides and
a dense patch before scutellum, which is large, shining, and
rounded, Elytra as wide but not as long as prothorax, basal
borders feebly convex, shoulders narrowly elevated; at first
cylindrical, then obliquely declivous from basal fourth to apex,
shining and irregularly punctured, the punctures rugose and con-
fluent along basal margin ; apical declivity rounded oval with a
sharp raised margin to sides and lower border, its surface subconvex,
pilose, with impunctate striz, interstices closely granulate ; lateral
border of elytra declivous, parallel throughout to margin of apical
declivity. Underside black, thinly pubescent, anterior coxe
separated by a narrow prosternal process. Legs ferruginous,
tibie strongly dilated and obsoletely spined; tarsi short, their first
three joints compressed, and pilose beneath.
The most extreme type of the truncate Xylebori I have
seen, and a remarkable instance of the diversity of form
which the genus presents.
AXyleborus brevis, Eichh.
Hichh., Rat. Tom., p. 319.
Four examples, Nikko; originally taken at Hagi by
Hiller. Identified by the description.
Xyleborus lewisi, sp. n.
Fem. Oblonga, cylindrico-convexa, pilosa, rubra elytris infus-
catis ; prothorace subgloboso, apice tamen deplanato, supra sub-
aequaliter convexo, opaco, antice fortiter postice paullo subtilius
asperato ; elytris subnitidis, striato-punctatis, interstitiis subtiliter
biseriatim punctatis in declivitate tuberculatis, apice oblique declivi
ad suturam impresso. Long. 4°5 mm.
Nikko, Hakone, Miyanoshita, nine specimens.
Oblong, convex, and cylindrical, pilose with long hairs, red with
elytra infuscate. Head coarsely and rugosely punctured, with an
indistinct elevated median line, thinly hairy and ciliate over
mouth. Prothorax transverse, nearly globose, but with sides and
apex separately rounded and antero-lateral angles more strongly
rounded, base subsinuate with obtusely rounded angles ; above gib-
bous and convex, but without median elevation, dull and entirely
scabrous, the asperities a little weaker posteriorly. Scutellum
rounded, shining, infuscate, anteriorly impressed. Elytra as wide as
base of prothorax and more than one-half longer, truncate at base,
Rhynchophorous Coleoptera of Japan. 105
with humeral angles rounded-rectangular, sides straight but sub-
divergent to apex, which is rather abruptly and broadly rounded
and inconspicuously carinate below; surface very convex with
scarcely impressed irregular stria of large shallow punctures and
long coarse pubescence, especially at apex, interstices finely
punctured in irregular double rows, declivity very convex, with
first interstice widened, impressed and finely tuberculate, the second
very strongly, the rest less strongly tuberculate.
‘The largest Japanese species of the genus; very like
X. rubricollis, Hichh., in colour and in the completely
asperate prothorax, but very much larger, and with the
elytral interstices punctured in double instead of single
rows. ‘the prothorax is flattened in front, a feature not
found in other species with a short subglobose prothorax.
Xyleborus vubricollis, Kichh.
Hichh., Scol. Jap., p. 202; Rat. Tom., p. 330.
No further examples taken.
Xyleborus apicalis, sp. n.
Fem. Oblonga, subnitida, longius pilosa, piceo-nigra, antennis
pedibusque ferrugineo-testaceis ; prothorace orbiculato, transverso,
margine antico tuberculato, disco transverse elevato, postice sub-
tiliter punctato, margine basali hirto; elytris prothorace, sesqui
longioribus, lineato-punctatis, interstitiis irregulariter punctatis,
setosis, ad apicem convexe declivibus, praeter suturam impressis,
interstitio 20 in summa declivitate obtuse spinato, 30 elevato,
tuberculato. Long. 3 mm.
One specimen, without locality.
Oblong, pitchy black with antenne and legs reddish testaceous.
Head finely reticulate, front with scattered strong punctures, thinly
hairy, mouth ciliate. Prothorax transverse, truncate at base, basal
angles obtusely rounded, sides and apex rounded, the latter more
strongly and tuberculate ; surface with a median transverse
elevation, anteriorly exasperate, posteriorly with fine scattered
aciculate punctures, with long pubescence scattered at sides and
apex, denser along basal margin. Scutellum triangular, piceous.
Elytra rather narrower at base than greatest width of prothorax,
and one-half longer, humeral angles obtuse, sides rounded from
middle to apex, which is somewhat obtuse ; surface cylindrical at
base, with rows of punctures, very fine at base becoming strong
106 Mr. Walter F. H. Blandford on the
about middle, interstices with an irregular series, usually double,
of finer setigerous punctures, apical declivity convex, strong but
not abrupt, not acutely carinate below, impressed on either side of
suture and margined by the elevated and finely tuberculate 3rd
interstice, 2nd interstice with a short obtuse spine at upper angle
of declivity, hairs long, especially towards apex.
Not unlike X. atratus, Hichh., but distinguished by
the prothorax being finely punctured behind, the elytral
interstices being biseriately punctured, and the tubercle
on the third. Separable by the structure of the pro-
thorax from Dryocetes pilosus and affinis.
Xyleborus atratus, Kichh.
Hichh., Scol. Jap., p. 201; Rat. Tom., p. 324.
A few more specimens taken at Kiga and Nagasaki.
AXyleborus germanus, sp. n.
Fem. Breviter cylindrica, nitida, picea, antennis pedibusque
testaceis ; prothorace subgloboso, convexo, indistincte transverse
elevato, anterius exasperato, posterius subtiliter punctulato, margine
basali medio piloso ; elytris prothorace sesqui fere longioribus, ad
apicem oblique declivibus et infra carinatis, subtiliter striato-
punctatis, interstitiis rarius uniseriatim punctatis in declivitate
seriatim pilosis. Long. 2—2'3 mm.
Apparently common; sixteen specimens altogether
have been taken at various places, two or three at most
from each.
Oyayama, Nikko, Subashiri, Kiga, Miyanoshita.
Short, cylindrical, piceous, shining. Head finely reticulate, with
front convex, scantily punctured, mouth ciliate ; eyes flat, oblong,
deeply emarginate. Prothorax as long as broad, base truncate,
basal angles rounded, sides scarcely rounded behind, broadly in
front; surface convex with an obtuse median transverse elevation,
anteriorly with concentric rows of exasperations, strong over apex,
posteriorly shining with scattered fine punctures, pubescence short
and sparse, except at apex and in middle of basal margin.
Scutellum large, subtriangular, shining. Elytra as wide as thorax,
and nearly twice as long ; humeral angles obtusely rounded, sides
subparallel to apex, which is abruptly and broadly rounded and
carinate below; surface convex, somewhat rounded from base to
middle, then obliquely but not abruptly declivous, piceous-brown,
Rhynchophorous Coleoptera of Japan. 107
with fine rows of punctures which appear impressed in certain
lights, interstices rather wide, flattish, each with a row of very fine
punctures, and behind middle with erect sete arising from slight
tubercles. Underside brown, punctured, pubescent. Legs tes-
taceous.
Closely allied to X. compactus, Hichh., but twice as
large, with distinct though feebly impressed elytral striae
and regular rows of hairs on the apical declivity, which
are confined to the interstices.
Xyleborus compactus, Hichh.
Eichh., Scol. Jap., p. 201 ; Rat. Tom., p. 328.
No further examples taken. The hairs are shorter
and more depressed at the apex of the elytra than in the
last species, and arise from the striz as weil as from the
interstices.
Xyleborus semi-opacus, Hichh.
Hichh., Rat. Tom., p. 380.
Five specimens, Konose, Kioto, Chiuzenji; also at
Hong-Kong in China (J. J. Walker).
The type is not in Mr. Lewis’s collection, but the
Species is unmistakable. In certain lights rows of
punctures can be seen on the elytra, but they are not at
all clear, and cannot be confounded with the distinct
lines occurring in most of the genus.
Xyleborus concisus, sp. Nn.
Oblongus, nitidus, ferrugineus, prothorace et elytris ad apices
infuscatis, breviter ac parce pilosus ; prothorace transverso lateribus
leniter, apice fortius rotundato et crenato, supra in medio obtuse
transverse elevato, postice discrete punctato ; elytris latitudine a
basi crescentibus, lateribus rectis, apice rotundato, striato-punctatis,
interstitiis subtilius uniseriatim punctatis, declivitate valde obliqua,
ante medium incipiente, subconvexa, squamis obtecta, striata.
Long. 2°4 mm.
One example, without locality.
Oblong, ferruginous, with apex of prothorax and elytra slightly
infuscate. Head piceous, finely reticulate, front subconvex, sparsely
and strongly punctured towards sides and scantily pubescent, witha
transverse impression over mouth, above which is a somewhat
108 Mr. Walter F. H. Blandford on the
tuberculate elevation. Antenne testaceous. Prothorax transverse,
not narrowed towards apex; base truncate, posterior angles rounded,
sides and apex rounded, the former very feebly, the latter more
strongly, with margin crenate ; surface with an obtuse transverse
elevation in middle, rather finely asperate anteriorly, posteriorly
with distinct scattered punctuation. Scutellum triangular, shining.
Elytra rather less than twice as long as prothorax, and as wide at
base, which is truncate, with the humeral angles nearly rectangular,
sides straight but divergent to apex, which is circularly rounded
and narrowly emarginate at suture ; surface at base cylindrical and
longitudinally convex, striato-punctate, interstices flat, with a single
row of very fine punctures, apical declivity sharply marked, very
oblique, beginning before middle of elytra, dull and clothed with
cinereous scales, subconvex, impressed along inferior margin which
is acute, striate, the interstices flat. Underside testaceous, thinly
pubescent. Legs testaceous, the anterior tibie obliquely truncate
and uncinate at apex, middle and posterior tibiz rounded.
This species corresponds closely to Hichhoff’s de-
scription of X. sordicauda, Motsch., from which it differs
in no important respect except in size. X. sordicauda is
said to be twice as large as X. semi-opacus, Hichh.,
whereas this specimen is rather smaller.
Minor points of difference from the description of
X. sordicauda are found in the prothorax, which is not
contracted anteriorly, and in the elytra being dilated
posteriorly, with the apical margin more strongly rounded.
I conclude that it is distinct, and that we have an instance
of what is common in the genus, a well-marked form
represented by more than one species. It may easily be
separated from X. semi-opacus by the punctured striz
of the elytra.
Xyleborus validus, Hichh.
Kichh., Scol. Jap., p. 202; Rat. Tom., p. 358.
Taken in greater numbers than any other species;
extending from Sapporo and Junsai in Yezo, to
Nagasaki and Oyayama in Kiushiu, also at Nikko,
Miyanoshita, etc. As there is a closely allied and hardly
distinguishable species from Ceylon, it represents an
Oriental rather than a Palearctic; type. It is found
in firs.
Rhynchophorous Coleoptera of Japan. 109
Xyleborus obliquecauda, Motsch.
Phleotrogus obliquecauda, Motsch., Bull. Mosc., 1863,
is, p. Obs.
Xyleborus carinipennis, Hichh., Berl. Zeit. 1868, p. 152.
AX. obliquecauda, Eichh., Rat. Tom., p. 351.
One specimen, near Yokohama, Oct. 7th, 1881. It
appears to me identical with examples taken by Mr.
Lewis in Ceylon, and corresponding to Hichhoff’s descrip-
tion of X. obliquecauda. The prothorax is a trifle more
depressed, and the elytra] strie more regular and not
at all impressed ; but there is no more variation than might
be expected between specimens from distant localities.
Xyleborus aquilus, sp. n.
Fem. Oblonga elongata, nitida, breviter pilosa, ferrugineo-
picea, antennis pedibusque ferrugineis ; prothorace subqvadrato,
lateribus et apice singulatim leniter rotundatis, in medio transverse
gibboso, postice subtiliter disperse punctato; elytris ad apicem
oblique declivibus, infra subtiliter carinatis, leniter striato-
punctatis, striis in declivitate impressis, interstitiis planis uni-
seriatim setosis, in declivitate convexis, tuberculatis. Long. 3:°2—
oo mm,
Six examples taken at Oyayama and Hitoyoshi in
Kiushiu, one near Kashiwagi.
Somewhat similar to Y. eurygraphus, Ratz, but narrower and less
convex, with the prothorax shorter and less evidently quadrate,
the elytral striz much finer, and the interstices convex at apex,
more finely and evenly tuberculate. Ferruginous- brown or
piceous ; head dull, front punctured, thinly pubescent, with an
obsolete median raised line. Prothorax a little longer than broad,
truncate at base, with posterior angles obtusely rounded, sides and
apex separately slightly rounded, antero-lateral angles more
strongly ; surface gibbous in middle, the elevation transverse but
short, its anterior half rather finely asperate, the posterior half
shining, scantily and finely punctured. Scutellum small, triangular,
shining. Elytra slightly narrower than prothorax at its widest
part and about one-half longer, humeral angles rounded rect-
angular, sides parallel to apex then subcircularly rounded and
margined ; surface slightly convex from base to declivity, which
is oblique, with fine punctured striz, little or not at all impressed
before apex, where they are dilated, with a slight outward curve,
interstices with a single row of setz, flat anteriorly, convex at
110 Mr. Walter F. H. Blandford on the
apex and finely tuberculate, the first having traces of tubercles
from the middle. Underside ferruginous, thinly hairy.
There are two forms of this species, one slightly
shorter with the elytral striae not impressed at all on the
declivity, which is impressed transversely, somewhat
dull, and sub-acuminate at apex; the tubercles are finer
than in the other form, in which the striz are impressed,
and the apex is shining and subconvex. One specimen,
however, appears to be intermediate, and therefore I
do not separate them, though at first sight they appear
specifically distinct.
Xyleborus praevius, sp. n.
Fem. Elongata, subcylindrica, nitida, parce pilosa, picea,
antennis pedibusque testaceis ; prothorace paullo longiore quam
latiore, lateribus leniter, apice fortiter rotundato et crenato, disco
umbonato, postice sparsim distincte punctato ; elytris prothorace
plus quam sesqui longioribus, ad apicem oblique declivibus et
infra carinatis, declivitate utrinque subimpressa, supra subtiliter
lineato-punctatis, interstitiis rarius uniseriatim punctatis, postice
obsolete tuberculatis. Long. 3 mm.
One example, without locality.
Similar to X. aquilus, but smaller, more slender and
with the interstices flat on the apical declivity.
Head dull with front flattened, coarsely punctured at sides,
with a smooth elevated area in middle, pubescence short except
over mouth, eyes wide, not deeply emarginate, antennz testaceous.
Prothorax a little longer than broad, its base truncate, basal
angles obtuse, sides scarcely rounded behind, becoming gradually
more strongly rounded to apex, which is crenate, surface elevated
in middle, the elevation not evidently transverse, anterior half
with rather scattered transverse asperities, becoming very fine
over median elevation, posterior half shining, with irregular
scattered but distinct punctures. Scutellum small, obtuse trian-
gular, shining. Elytra as wide as base of thorax, and more than
half as long again, humeral angles obtusely rounded, sides not
quite parallel, slightly dilated in middle, subcireularly rounded
and carinate at apex, surface slightly convex from base to apex,
thence somewhat obliquely declivous, with rows of shallow
punctures, which are not impressed, interspaces between punctures
transversely rugose, interstices with a single row of sete, arising
from fine tubercles on the whole of the first two, and the apice
Rhynchophorous Coleoptera of Japan. 111
of the remaining interstices. Apical declivity with a shallow
impression on either side of the suture. Underside ferruginous,
with abdomen darker, very scantily punctured and pubescent.
Legs reddish testaceous.
Xyleborus seriatus, sp. n.
Fem. Oblonga, cylindrica, subnitida, pilosa, fusco-picea elytris
dilutioribus, antennis pedibusque rufescentibus ; prothorace longi-
tudine et latitudine aequali, apice fortiter, lateribus paullo rotundatis,
supra transverse subelevato, postice subtiliter reticulato et fortiter
punctato, linea media laevi; elytris ad apicem oblique declivibus,
declivitate subimpressa subtus haud acute carinata, setis alterne
longioribus et brevioribus seriatis, lineato-pr-nctatis, interstitiis
uniseriatim punctatis versus apicem tuberculatis. Long. 2:5 mm.
Two examples taken at Nikko and Miyanoshita.
Oblong, cylindrical, dull piceous with elytra lighter. Head
finely reticulate, front nearly flat, scantily punctured and pube-
scent, with an indistinct median longitudinal elevation, mouth
ciliate, eyes deeply emarginate, antennz testaceous. Prothorax
as broad as long, truncate at base with posterior angles obtuse,
sides slightly rounded, in front. strongly rounded to apex ; above
with an- obtuse transverse elevation in middle, anterior half
asperate, posterior half finely reticulate and strongly punctured,
the punctures becoming asperate at sides, with a smooth median
line, pubescence short and scanty. Scutellum small, rounded,
piceous. Elytra as wide as prothorax, and more than half as
long again, truncate at base with humeral angles rounded rect-
angular, sides parallel to middle, then obliquely and gradually
rounded to apex ; surface cylindrical to middle, obliquely declivous
behind, the declivity impressed weakly at sides of suture, with
inferior margin inflexed but not carinate, with scarcely impressed
rows of strong close setigerous punctures, the sete very short and
fine, interstices with a single row of punctures, a little finer and
less numerous, bearing longer setze, and very finely tuberculate
for apical half. Legs ferruginous.
This species resembles X. dryographus, Ratz., but
the prothorax is shorter and more strongly punctured
behind. The elytral punctuation is much stronger, and
the rows of shorter and longer setz are quite distinctive.
It is allied to Hichhoff’s section + + +, in which the
prothorax is defined as being cylindrical and oblong;
but in this species the prothorax is so short, that it will
not serve to separate it from the insects of section +.
ET Mr. Walter I’. H. Blandford on the
Xyleborus pelliculosus, Kichh,
Hichh., Rat. Tom., p. 336.
Two examples, Kiga.
I have not seen the type of this insect, and am less
certain, than with other unseen species, that I have here
the true X. pelliculosus. But the description fits it, and
my doubt is rather owing to the fact that there exist
other at present undescribed species of similar facies
in the Oriental region. It is quite easily distinguished by
the rather dense and almost downy pubescence, and the
confusedly and finely punctured elytra, which bear only
the feeblest traces of striz. One example is black, the
other sordid testaceous. ‘The shape of the prothorax
would lead me to put it in Hichhoff’s group + + + rather
than +, but it is a distinct form, and not very closely
related to any other described species. I have placed
it in the neighbourhood of X. muticus, which is of
similar build, without evident elevation of the prothorax,
but that species has the elytra plainly lineato-punctate.
Xyleborus muticus, sp. n.
Fem. Elongata, cylindrica, subnitida, pilosa, rufo-picea,
antennis pedibusque ferrugineis; prothorace oblongo, antice
fortiter rotundato, supra parum gibboso, post medium punctis
subaciculatis subtilibus notato; elytris lineato-punctatis, inter-
stitiis subtilissime uniseriatim punctatis et pilosis, apice fortiter
declivi, ad suturam subimpresso, striis impressis, interstitiis vix
perspicue tuberculatis. Long. 3 mm.
Two examples, near Kashiwagi.
Ferruginous-pitchy, with rather long soft pubescence. Head
ferruginous, dull, front convex, punctured at sides with a median
impunctate slightly raised line, pubescence scanty and short except
over mouth; antenne ferruginous. Prothorax oblong, base
truncate, basal angles obtusely rounded, sides straight, slightly
divergent from base towards apex, which is strongly rounded ;
surface with only the slightest trace of a transverse elevation,
thinly pubescent especially at sides and apex, its anterior third with
rather close transverse asperities which become weaker, but are
continued back to posterior third, which is very finely reticulate,
dull and subaciculately punctuate, the punctures rather close at
the sides. Seutellum rounded, piceous, shining. Elytra slightly
Rhynchophorous Coleoptera of Japan. 113
wider than prothorax at base and about half as long again,
humeral angles subrectangular, shoulders narrowly callose, sides
parallel to behind middle, thence rounded to apex, which is not
earinate below ; surface cylindrical with slightly impressed rows of
oblong punctures, interstices narrow with a single row of very fine
setigerous punctures, about as numerous as those of striz, the
hairs stronger towards apex, which is strongly but obliquely
declivous, slightly flattened, and impressed along the suture with
the punctures of the striz larger, rounded, and shallow ; interstices
flat with microscopic traces of tuberculation, rather more evident
on the third interstice. Underside and legs ferruginous, the former
shining, punctured, and pubescent.
In the feeble development of any apical armature to
the elytra, this species differs from any described by
Kichhoff. Other examples of the same type occur in the
Oriental and Polynesian regions, e.g., X. obliqwus, Sharp,
from Hawai.
Xyleborus festivus, Eichh,
Kichh., Scol. Jap., p. 2/2; Rat. Tom., p. 366.
No further examples have been taken.
Xyleborus glabratus, Hichh.
Hichh., Rat. Tom., p. 381.
Yokohama, Higo; a few specimens.
Xyleborus bicolor, sp. n.
Fem. Elongata, cylindrica, nitida, subglabra, capite et pro-
thorace ferrugineo-testaceis, elytris fusco-piceis, antennis pedi-
busque testaceis : prothorace oblongo, antice fortiter rotundato, in
medio subgibboso, postice sparse punctato, linea media obsolete
elevata laevi; elytris ad apicem oblique declivibus et infra
carinatis, subtiliter lineato-punctatis, interstitiis lo et 30 ad apicem
tuberculatis. Long. vix 2 mm.
Four examples, Nagasaki, Feb. 21st, 1881; one at
Inasa on Kashinoki (Ilex sp.).
Reddish testaceous with the elytra piceous brown. Head finely
reticulate, front flattened, impressed on either side with a group
of punctures, pubescence very scanty, mouth ciliate. Eyes oval
with a deep angulate emargination. Antenne testaceous. Pro-
thorax oblong, base truncate, basal angles obtusely rounded, sides
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1894.—ParTI. (MARCH.) H
114 Mr. Walter F. H. Blandford on the
nearly straight, slightly divergent from base to near apex, which
is strongly rounded, surface somewhat depressed, declivous for
anterior third, its junction with the posterior cylindrical part
marked by a fine elevation at the apex of an indistinct raised line
reaching nearly to base ; finely asperate in concentric lines before
elevation, with sparse short hairs, basal half shining, feebly
punctured, with a row of more distinct punctures on either side
of central line. Scutellum rounded, piceous, shining. Elytra as
wide as base of prothorax and half as long again, basal angles
rounded rectangular, humeral callosities distinct, sides subparallel,
apex circularly rounded and acutely margined below by the 7th
interstice ; surface subdepressed, very obliquely declivous at apex,
punctured in rows, interstices flat witha single row of very fine
sparse punctures ; declivity with 1st and 3rd interstices elevated,
finely tuberculate and setose. Underside and legs testaceous, the
former punctured at sides and at apex of abdomen.
Readily distinguished by its small size, narrow form,
fine sculpture and colour.
Xyleborus attenuatus, sp. n.
Fem. Elongata cylindrica, a prothorace medio posterius sub-
angustata, subnitida, pilis erectis brevibus pubescens, picea ;
prothorace oblongo, in medio transverse elevato, postice sublaevi,
punctis minutis notato ; elytris ad amussim punctato-striatis, iuter-
stitiis uniseriatim punctatis, apice subopaco, oblique rotundato,
sutura elevata, interstitiis lo, 30, et 40 tuberculatis, 20 inermi.,
Long. 2.6. mm.
One example, Nikko.
Very closely allied to X. saxeseni, Ratz., like the
following species, but in my opinion distinct from either.
From X. saweseni it differs as foilows:
The body is more elongate and evidently narrowed, especially
towards the apex of the elytra, and is furnished throughout,
including the posterior half of the prothorax, with short upstanding
hairs ; thoracic tubercle more elevated, the surface behind less
shining, more evidently and closely punctured ; elytral punctures
stronger and rather closer, 2nd interstice more deeply impressed at
apex, and the tuberculation stronger; third stria also somewhat
impressed. From. sobrinus it can be distinguished by its larger
size, the distinct and wegular rows of punctures on the elytra,
~
Rhynchophorous Coleoptera of Japan. 115
and the wider space between the two inner rows of tubercles on the
apex, which is distinctly punctured in the line of the two first
strie.
Xyleborus sobrinus, Kichh,.
Hichh., Scol. Jap., p. 202; Rat. Tom., p. 363.
Four specimens added from Chiuzenji.
Somewhat variable in the sculpture of the elytra and
the development of the elytral tubercles, which are usually
much stronger than in any specimens of X. saveseni.
The tubercles of the Ist interstice begin about the
middle of the elytra, whereas in the single example of
X. attenwatus they are confined to the declivity.
A specimen from Hiogo in Colonel von Schoénfeldt’s
collection is not separable from saweseni by any cha-
racters. As it is quite possible that there may be two
or three species allied to saweseni in Japan, I allow this
and the preceding species to stand as a help for further
investigations.
Xyleborus adumbratus, sp. n.
Fem. Oblonga, cylindrica, nitida, pilis erectis adspersa, nigra vel
picea, prothorace nonnunquam rufescente, antennis pedibusque
testaceis, his infuscatis; prothorace oblongiusculo, apice fortiter
rotundato, in medio transverse elevato, postice sparse subtiliter
punctulato ; elytris punctato-striatis, interstiis subrugosis, uniseri-
atim subtiliter punctatis et pilosis, duobus primis a basi tuberculatis,
apice declivi deplanato, sutura ad apicem solum callose elevata,
interstitiis lo et 30 tuberculis acutis ornatis. Long. 3 mm,
Hight examples taken at Nagasaki, Hitoyoshi, Oyama,
and Subashiri.
Closely allied to X. pfeili, Ratz., of which it is perhaps
a mere geographical variety.
Tt varies in colour from black to piceous brown, with the thorax
sometimes lighier than the elytra. Head as in X. pfeili, with
the front strongly punctured, with a more or less evident longi-
tudinal carina. Prothorax as in X. pfeili, but with the hairs
longer, and the central elevation more prominent and trans-
verse ; its basal half very shining, diffusely punctured except
behind elevation, where the punctures are closer. Elytra one half
longer than prothorax, a little shorter and more conyex than in
116 Mr. Walter F. H. Blandford on the
X, pfeili; sides parallel at base, slightly narrowed and rounded
behind middle, apex feebly produced in middle, sinuate on
either side ; their sculpture similar to that of X. pfeili, but with
the punctuation a little stronger and the points of insertion of
the hairs on the two first interstices more or less evidently elevated
and tuberculate. Apical declivity with suture not elevated except
at apex, where it is callose, the tubercles more prominent, and
surface less wrinkled and more clearly punctured. Underside
piceous, or testaceous, with abdomen darker.
Xyleborus badius, Hichh.
Hichh., Berl. Ent. Zeit., 1868, p. 280; Rat. Tom.,
p. 379.
Hiogo, one example (von Schdnfeldt).
I can see no difference whatever between this insect
and a typical example from Madagascar.
NXyleborus vicarius, Kichh.
Hichh., Scol. Jap., p. 203; Rat. Tom., p. 376.
No further examples taken.
The apical declivity of the typical specimens is
decidedly dull, as in X. affinis, Hichh., and not shining as
described by Hichhoff.
Nyleborus minutus, sp. n.
Fem. Oblonga, nitida, pilis brevibus erectis ornata, ferrugineo-
testacea ; prothorace latitudine paullo longiore, lateribus leniter,
apice fortiter rotundato, supra in medio elevato-nodoso, postice
discrete subtiliter punctulato ; elytris lineato-punctatis, interstitiis
vix perspicue uniseriatim punctatis, ad apicem oblique declivibus,
declivitate deplanata, subimpressa, interstitiis omnibus subtilissime
post medium tuberculatis, versus apicem muticis. Long. 1:5—
1-7 mm.
Three examples, Inasa.
At present the smallest species in the genus, shorter
though more robust than X. bicolor.
Oblong, subcylindrical, testaceous-brown, a little darker at the
extremities. Head finely reticulate, testaceous with epistoma
darker, front subconvex, punctured at sides and shortly pubescent,
with a median longitudinal elevation towards vertex, carinate in
one example, mouth shortly ciliate, eyes oval, flat, emarginate,
Rhynchophorous Coleoptera of Japan. 17
antennz testaceous. Prothorax a little longer than broad, slightly
rounded at base, basal angles obtuse, sides gently rounded to near
apex, which is strongly rounded; surface with a slight nodose
elevation in middle, scantily pubescent at sides and apex, its
anterior half with concentric asperations, the posterior half shining,
finely punctured with a groundwork of very fine parallel scratches.
Scutellum rounded, shining, infuscate. Elytra as wide as base of
prothorax and rather less than half as long again, base truncate,
humeral angles subrectangular rounded, sides very feebly rounded,
nearly parallel, apex strongly rounded, with the lateral margin
inflexed below for a very short distance, but scarcely carinate ;
surface shining, convex from base to posterior third, thence
obliquely declivous, the declivity flattened and more or less
impressed, with rows of punctures which appear large, rounded, and
dark when strongly illuminated, interstices somewhat irregular,
with single rows of very fine sparse punctuation and short erect
hairs, behind middle with fine tuberculation, obliterated on the
impressed apical area on which the strie are slightly impressed, and
curved inwards at the tip. Underside and legs testaceous.
Xyleborus schaufussi, sp. n.
Elongatus, cylindricus, nitidus, ferrugineo-brunneus vel piceus,
pilosus ; prothorace oblongo, apice rotundato supra vix gibboso,
postice subtiliter punctulato; elytra subtiliter lineato-punctatis,
striis haud impressis, interstitiis discretius uniseriatim punctatis,
apice retuso, laevi, ad suturam profunde impresso, lateraliter
utrinque elevato, tuberculis 4 aut 5 ornato.
Mas. Minor, angustior.
Long. Mas.—2‘7 mm.; FemM.—3 mm.
Several examples taken at Lake Junsai and Nikko.
Varying in colour from ferruginous-brown to piceous. Head
dull, front convex strongly punctured at sides, smooth in middle
with a slight longitudinal elevation over mouth ; pubescence grey,
rather long, mouth ciliate with yellow hairs, eyes not deeply
emarginate, antenne testaceous-brown. Prothorax oblong, nar-
rower in male than in female, base truncate, basal angles rounded,
sides parallel, apex strongly rounded; surface with only a trace
of acentral elevation, with very short scanty pubescence, longer
at sides and apex, its anterior third with rather fine imbricate
asperities, basal part shining, finely punctured with an indistinct
smooth central line. Scutellum very small, triangular, depressed,
Elytra barely as wide as prothorax and rather more than half as
118 Mr. Walter F. H. Blandford on the
long again, separately, but slightly rounded at base, humeral
angles rectangular, shoulders scarcely prominent, sides parallel
to behind middle, thence gently rounded, apices nearly truncate,
or separately rounded with slight median emargination ; surface
shining, finely punctured in rows, interstices with a single row of
punctures, as strong but not so frequent as those of stria, and
with a series of fine hairs which are longer posteriorly ; behind
convex, strongly and nearly vertically declivous, deeply impressed
along suture for posterior third of elytra, the depression smooth,
shining, with elevated callose sides, bearing four or five tubercles
on the third, and finer ones on the succeeding interstices, first and
second interstices with two or three fine tubercles before apical
impression. Underside testaceous-brown, punctured at sides and
very scantily pubescent. Legs testaceous with knees infuscate.
Male similar in sculpture to female, but smaller and more slender.
The impression of the elytral apex is much deeper
than in X. confusus, Hichh., and resembles that of
certain Pityophthort.
Xyleborus defensus, sp. n.
Fem. Elongata, cylindrica, ferrugineo-brunnea, breviter pilosa;
prothorace oblongo, apice rotundato, supra leniter gibboso, postice
distincte sparsim punctato; elytris lineato-punctatis, interstitiis
uniseriatim punctatis, apice subcirculatim excavato retuso, infra
emarginato, in retusionis margine dentibus duobus acutis utrinque
armato. Long. 3 mm.
One specimen, Sapporo.
Similar to the last species, but with the following
distinctive features :
Body stouter and more convex ; prothorax slightly narrowed
towards the apex and not regularly rounded, median elevation
evident, though small, punctuation of the basal half stronger
and rather irregular. Punctures of the elytra stronger and less
numerous, interstices somewhat rugose ; apex widely impressed,
with the elevated callose margin subcircular, but not reaching
the suture below, so that the lower border has a shallow
emargination, impressed surface shining and impunctate; there
are, on each side, two minute tubercles before it close to the
suture, and two spines just within the lateral margin, one near
the upper extremity, the other about the middle. Antenne, legs
and underside ferruginous.
Rhynchophorous Coleoptera of Japan. 119
I have not seen X. fallax, Eichh., to which this
species is allied in the structure of the elytra; but the
former differs according to the description in several
points. Itis more elongate, with the posterior half of
the prothorax very finely punctured, the apical emargi-
nation of the elytra deep, and the impressed surface
rugosely punctured.
Xyleborus exesus, sp. 0.
Fem. Elongata, cylindrica, nitida, pares pubescens, piceo-
nigra, antennis pedibusque ferrugineis ; prothorace oblongo, parum
gibboso, postice distincte ac discrete punctato, linea media laevi ;
elytris lineato-punctatis, interstitiis subtilius uniseriatim punctatis
subrugulosis, apice oblique declivi, fortiter excavato-retuso,
margine elevato utrinque bispinato, infra subcirculatim emargi-
nato. Long. 3°6 mm.
Two examples, Miyanoshita.
Cylindrical, pitchy-black. Head dull, convex, with long thin
pubescence, mouth ciliate, front punctured at sides, with an
elevated smooth space widened behind and impressed in middle,
eyes broad oval, anteriorly emarginate, antennz ferruginous.
Prothorax about one-half longer than broad, base slightly rounded,
basal angles obtusely rounded, sides subparallel behind becoming
rounded gradually and more strongly towards apex; surface
cylindrical behind, declivous in front, but without median elevation,
its pubescence thin, rather long at apex and sides, absent over
basal area, anterior half with fine imbricate asperities, posterior
half shining, distinctly punctured, with a smooth central line, the
punctures stronger and more scattered towards the base. Scutel-
lum small, rounded, not depressed. Elytra as wide as prothorax,
and rather more than half as long again, base truncate, shoulders
subrectangular rounded, sides parallel to behind middle, thence
gently rounded to apical border, which is strongly and almost
abruptly rounded, with the median third subcircularly emarginate ;
surface shining, gently convex from base to apex, with a few
hairs, distinctly punctured in rows, first stria with punctures
stronger towards base, but not impressed ; interstices rugose,
with a row of fine scattered punctures, the first widened postericrly
with two or three fine tubercles before declivity, which is very
oblique, beginning at the base of the posterior third of the elytra,
and excavate; the excavation smooth, impunctate, and shining,
with the suture narrowly ‘elevated, its lateral margins sharply
120 Mr. Walter F. H. Blandford on the
raised, crenate, fringed with a few long hairs, and armed with two
spines, one small, near the suture, at the apex of the 2nd
interstice, the other about the middle, at the apex of the 5th
interstice, longer and directed backwards. Underside deep ferru-
ginous. Legs ferruginous with knees infuscate.
Readily distinguished from X. defensus by its larger
size, colour, and the obliquity of the apex, the impressed
surface of which is not circular but elongate; the apical
emargination is much deeper and more abrupt. It is
wlied to X. emarginatus, Eichh., but as the apical
impression in that species is described as being sub-
rugose and somewhat closely punctured, it is obviously
distinct. This type of Xyleborus, with an impressed,
emarginate, and spined apex to the elytra, appears to be
rather common in the Oriental region. I have other
undescribed species in my collection, which can easily
be separated by comparison, though they run very close
in structural features. ‘They are, in spite of their shape,
true Xylebori, and show no generic differences upon
dissection.
It is a peculiarity of this genus that the descriptions
and differentiations of the species it contains are based
almost entirely on the characters of the females. The
males are so rarely taken, that but very few have ever
been described among exotic species. As they are sub-
apterous, ard incapable of flight, they are not to be
obtained except by a special search in the burrows they
inhabit, a task usually too tedious to be attempted by a
collector who is devoting his attention to one or more
Orders in a foreign country. A further acquaintance
with them would be of material assistance towards
grouping the species of the genus, as, though small and
ill-developed in comparison with the females, they
present some well-marked differences of structure. In
form they are of two types, one, short and subglobose,
as X. dispar ¢, the other, cylindrical and similar to the
female, but shorter, often more convex and less robust,
as X. saxesent ¢, and XY. schaufussi ¢. For the insects
whose males are of the former type, Ferrari has pro-
posed the genus or subgenus Anisandrus, which is at
present of no use, as one cannot yet say with certainty
what characters of the female are connoted with that
particular type of male, which probably merges into the
Rhynchophorous Coleoptera of Japan. 121
other by intermediate forms. Other differences, besides
those of form, are found in the prothorax, which is
frequently impressed in front, and furnished with a
structure on its apical margin, varying from a minute
tubercle, as in X. dryographus ¢, to a spine; in some
species, as in .Y. coronatus, Hichh., from Venezuela and
Brazil, and others from Madagascar, this median spine is
strongly developed and bifid, and there are two lateral
processes. In the present collection the males of but
two species are associated with their females, Y. vicarius,
Hichh., and X. schaufussi, m.; there are, moreover, the
males of three species which I cannot assign with
certainty to any female forms, and am compelled to
describe under separate provisional names. ‘The dates
and localities of capture have proved of no assistance
towards identifying them. In one species, Y. cucullatus,
the anterior margin of the prothorax presents a new
modification, being produced obliquely forwards and
downwards into a flat plate, which completely conceals
the head, in a second, Y. orbatus, there is no process of
the prothorax, and the general type is that of X. dispar
¢, while the remaining species, X. galeatus, has a deep
anterior prothoracic impression with a strong apical
spinous process which conceals the head, and is of the
type of Y. eurygraphus g, Ratz.
Xyleborus cucullatus, sp. n.
Mas. Breviter oblongus, subnitidus, pilosus, piceo-niger,
antennis pedibusque ferrugineis, prothorace longitudine et lati-
tudine subaequali, a basi fere oblique declivi, deplanato, et in
lobuia transversum marginatum supra caput producto, dense
punctato, punctis versus apicem exasperatis; elytris lineato-
punctatis, interstitiis multipunctatis, ad apicem fortiter declivibus,
subtruncatis, declivitate swbconvexa, immarginata, striata, granu-
lata. Long. 2—2°6 mm,
Four examples, Kurigahara, and Konose in Higo.
Short, oblong, slightly shining, lighter or darker piceous, with
rather long pubescence. Head completely hidden from above and
in front, ferruginous, smooth and indistinctly punctured, pube-
scence almost absent, eyes very small, quite flat with few facets
antenne ferruginous, of the usual structure, the sensitive surface
192 Mr. Walter F. H. Blandford on the
of club very oblique. Prothorax rather broader than long (its
apparent length varying according to the angle at which it is
viewed), base truncate, basal angles obtusely rounded, sides
rounded, above obliquely declivous and flattened anteriorly, the
declivity prolonged backwards in the middle line to basal third,
anterior border produced in a line with the declivous surface into a
transverse lobe, covering head, its margin rounded and elevated ;
surface obtusely elevated behind apical lobe and at sides of declivity,
closely punctured, and with a more or less evident smooth median
line from base to middle, the punctures, finely asperate anteriorly
for a variable distance, interspaces finely reticulate. Scutellum
small, rounded triangular. Elytra narrower than prothorax, an
about one third longer, base truncate, basal angles rounded, humeral
elevations scarcely traceable, sides parallel to behind middle, thence
rounded to apex ; surface convex, subcylindrical at basal half, with
indistinct rows of punctures, interstices multipunctate, apex
very strongly but obliquely declivous, the declivity subconvex,
circular in outline, not acutely margined, granulately punctured
and indistinctly striate. Legs rather long, apices of anterior tibi»
subtruncate, outer margin of middle and posterior tibie broadly
rounded serrate.
The specimens vary in colour, gloss, and the closeness
and degree of asperity of the thoracic sculpture. One
example from Higo is at first sight very different. It is
smaller, darker, more truncate, with the prothorax
shorter and the anterior lobe more declivous. It may
quite possibly be the male of a different species, but
presents no essential differences of structure or sculp-
ture. ’. cucullatus is perhaps the male of X. brevis,
Eicbh., and is certainly allied to it; but the Higo ex-
ample alone appears small enough to stand as the male
of that species, and in all the rows of punctures on the
elytra are more evident than in _X. brevis. The specimen
from Kurigahara has been placed, by Mr. Lewis, on the
same card with the next described species, as the
corresponding sex. But I do not see my way to accept-
ing this. If it be so, XY. cucullatus must be the female,
and in all characteristics it isa male; the generative
organs, as far as I have been able to examine them, agree
with those of Y. dispar g, the elytra appear to be
soldered, and the wings are either completely absent or
very minute.
Rhynchophorous Coleoptera of Japan. 123
Xyleborus orbatus, sp. n.
Mas. Brevis, subglobosus, subnitidus, ferrugineus, longius
pilosus, prothorace transyerso, aeque rotundato convexo, anterius
exasperato, posterius rugoso; elytris a basi usque ad apicem
rotundatis, lineato-punctatis, interstitiis subrugosis uniseriatim
punctatis. Long. 1:5 mm.
One example taken with the last species at Kurigahara.
Of the type of Xyleborus dispar, g. Very short and subglobose,
somewhat depressed, ferruginous with very long scattered pu-
bescence. Head with front nearly flat, reticulated, sparingly
punctured and pubescent, eyes small, antenne testaceous. Pro-
thorax one-third broader than long, base truncate, basal angles very
broadly rounded, sides and apex strongly rounded, surface
uniformly but not strongly convex from base to apex, which is not
produced in front, asperate anteriorly, the asperities becoming more
scattered and punctiform towards base, interstices finely reticulate
except at extreme base. Scutellum triangular. Elytra as wide as
prothorax and half as long again, with humeral angles rounded,
sides rounded from base to apex, rather more strongly behind
middle, surface uniformly convex with indistinct rows of shallow
punctures, interstices with a single series of punctures bearing long
hairs. Legs long, slender, testaceous; tibia feebly dilated and
spined.
This insect may be the male of X. germanus, M.,
or semi-opacus, Hichh. I have described it for the
sake of completeness, and not because I think that any
useful purpose is served by describing these isolated
males unless they exhibit some salient features.
Xyleborus galeatus, sp, n.
Mas. Oblongus, cylindricus, subnitidus, parce longius pilosus,
ferrugineo-piceus ; prothorace oblongo., versus apicem fortiter
excavato suleato, margine apicali in corniculum validum producto,
supra anterius exasperato, posterius disperse punctato ; elytris ad
apicem oblique et convexe declivibus, declivitate infra marginata,
supra lineato-punctatis, interstitiis rarius uniseriatim punctatis, lo
et 5o in declivitate tuberculatis. Long. 3-5 mm.
One specimen near Nagasaki.
Oblong, cylindrical, shining, deep ferruginous-brown, pubescence
thin and long. Head completely hidden in front and below by
124, Mr. Walter F. H. Blandford on the
prothorax, antenne ferruginous. Prothorax longer than broad,
subtruncate at base with posterior angles rounded, sides slightly
rounded, apical angles strongly rounded, apex transverse but
produced in middle into a strong triangular spine directed forwares
and upwards, anterior opening of protkorax horizontal, slightly
produced downwards below spine ; surface convex, with a median
obtusely pointed elevation, in front of which is a deep triangular
impression reaching apical spine, its anterior half very finely
asperate, its posterior half with distinct scattered punctuation.
Scutellum very small, triangular. Elytra narrower than prothorax
and one-third longer, separately convex at base with margin
elevated, humeral prominences obsolete, sides subparallel to apex,
which is broadly rounded; surface nearly cylindrical, declivous
and convex at apex, the declivity finely carinate below for a short
distance, with rows of fine punctures ; interstices flat, subrugose,
with a single row of remote piliferous punctures, on declivity more
distinctly and transversely rugose, Ist and 3rd with four or five
fine tubercles, 2nd with traces of two tubercles on summit only.
Legs ferruginous, tibize strongly dilated and serrate.
This insect is the male of a species in Hichhoff’s section
+ + to which Xyleborus obliquecauda, Mots., X. aquilus,
M., and X. validus, Hichh., belong. It is most like the
last species, but does not resemble it very closely, and
may be the male of a species of which Mr. Lewis has
not taken the female.
TRYPODENDRON, Steph.
‘There are at present two Japanese species, one of which
is merely a geographical variety of the European Trypo-
dendron quercus, Kichh.
Trypodendron quercus, Hichh., var. niponicum.
Majus, prothorace pro maxima parte nigro, plaga basali testacea,
elytrorum lateribus ad versuram apicalem angulatis, subproductis,
apice utrinque distincte sinuato. Long. 36—4 mm.
A dozen examples taken at Miyanoshita, and one at
Oyayama.
The black patches on the thorax and the elytral vittz
are of the same shape as in the type, but better marked,
the thorax being suffused as a rule with black except at
the base, and the elytral vittee reaching the base in all
mature specimens. ‘he most distinct character is the
prominence of the angle of junction between the sides of
Rhynchophorous Coleoptera of Japan. 125
the elytra, and the apical margin which is thereby sinuate
at the sides. This feature, though not usual in Huropean
examples, is distinctly traceable in a less degree in one
specimen of my series from the Ardennes, and is therefore
not specific. I do not think that the identification of this
species with Fabricius’ Apate signata is proved.
Trypodendron pubipenne, sp. n.
Oblongum, subnitidum, pilis longis adspersum, fusco-nigrum,
elytris testaceis, sutura et apice infuscatis, antennis pedibusque
testaceis ; clava antennarum ovali, haud acuminata; prothorace
obscuro, anterius exasperato, posterius in medio subtilissime
aciculato-punctato, lateribus muticis ; elytris apice obtuso, vix
perspicue lineato-punctatis, interstitiis subrugulosis, multipunctatis,
Mas. Capite angusto, fronte depressa, supra inter partes
oculoram superiores carinula transversa nitida ornata; prothorace
anterius fortiter angustato.
Fem. Capite lato, fronte subconvexa; prothorace minus
angustato, Long. 3 mm.
Four specimens taken at Sapporo, Kiga, Miyanoshita,
and Ichiuchi.
Oblong, fuscous-black with elytra dull testaceous, darker along
suture and at apex, moderately shining, with long downy
pubescence. Head in male narrow with front flattened, longi-
tudinally impressed, dull, sparsely punctured and pubescent, upper
divisions of eyes with a narrow raised glossy margin continued as a
transverse grooved ridge across vertex ; in female broader, sub-
convex, transversely rugose, scantily punctured and hairy. Antenne
with club oval, not acuminate, completely pubescent. Prothorax
transverse, strongly constricted in front in male, less so in female,
its sides rounded, apical margin bituberculate, acuminate in male,
the whole surface dull with very fine granulations, gibbous in
female, depressed in male, with scattered hairs, absent over sides of
base, in front with asperate tubercles, becoming finer and produced
in middle nearly tu base, which is without aciculations at sides.
Scutellum piceous, triangular, pubescent. Elytra less than twice
as long as prothorax and narrower than its greatest width, sides
subparallel, apex obtusely rounded, surface with long pubescence
chiefly at sides and apex, finely punctured in rows, interstices
multi-punctate, subrugose, the punctures as in the allied species
not readily distinguishable from those of the striew. Underside
fuscous-black, almost impunctate, pubescent,
126 Mr. Walter F. H. Blandford on the
In the weakness of the elytral stria and the length
of the pubescence this species is allied to T'rypodendron
politum, Say (unicolor, Hichh.), from N. America, which
I have not seen. It has no trace of a suture on
the antennal club, nor is it especially narrow, both
points being characteristic of J’. politum (Lec. Rhyne.
N. Am., pp. 357, 358). It differs from Hichhoff’s
description of 7’, wiicolor, in being not elongate, in the
absence of a transverse elevated line on the prothorax,
which is constricted in front, and in the elytra being not
unicolorous.
SCOLYTO-PLATYPINI.
ScoLyto-PLaAtypus, Schauf.
Scolyto-platypus tycon, m.
daimio, m.
3) 3
os » slomio, m.
> » | mkado, m.
I have nothing to add to my account of these insects
(Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1893, pp. 425—442).
The following species is new, and should be placed
after S. tycon.
Scolyto-platypus shogun, sp. n.
Oblongo-cylindricus, fere glaber, niger vel piceus, antennis pedi-
busque ferrugineo-piceis ; prothorace transverso, subopaco, parce
et subtiliter punctulato; elytris ante declivitatem haud striatis
irregulariter punctatis, declivitate striata, interstitiis convexis
seriatim tuberculatis. Long. 3°5 mm.
Mas. Fronte excavata, opaca, pilis fulvis ciliatis circumdata,
antennarum scapo fortiter clavato, funiculo brevi, flexili, clava
elongata acuminata, ad apicem ciliata.
Several examples, probably taken at Higo.
Intermediate between S. tycon and daimio, and closely
resembling dark specimens of the former in shape and
size, but the elytra show no trace of striz, and are not
pubescent at the apex. Male with head deeply excavate,
dull with a thick marginal fringe of coarse hairs, antennze
Rhynchophorous Coleoptera of Japan. 127
constructed as in S. daimio 3, but with the ciub elongate
and pointed. Female with antennal club a little more
elongate than in S. tycon 2. Hlytra with the sutural
stria alone faintly expressed in the male, declivity with
Ist and 38rd interstices tuberculate throughout, the
remainder more finely at the upper angle. Prothoracic
foveee of male distinct. Anterior tarsal joints trigonate.
The male has the prosternum prominent in the middle,
the prominence corresponding to a wide deep anterior
“nocket”; the anterior margin of the prosternum
is constructed similarly to that of S. mikado $, but the
two hooks are replaced by a transverse chitinous plate,
the anterior angles ot which are acute and prominent.
PLATDY PINE:
One of the most admirable features of Chapuis’ “Mono-
graphie des Platypides,’ upon which our knowledge
of this sub-family is almost entirely based, is the ability,
almost to be called intuition, with which he has grouped
forms, often widely different in appearance, as_ the
respective sexes of the species which he described ; and
an examination of his own collection, or’ of any other
containing species named by him, affords proof that his
judgment was in the main correct, which is remarkable,
if it be remembered that he had to reducé to order a
vast and heterogeneous mass of material from all parts
of the world. For he raised the number of species from
15 (excluding a few unrecognized forms) to 202; and
entomologists have been so far content to accept his
work as final, that since the publication of his ‘‘ Mono-
eruphie ” they have added but six species to those therein
described. But, identification of two forms as the
respective sexes of a single species is obviously quite
compatible with error as regards the reference of them
to their proper sexes, and it is a matter of common
opinion among entomologists that he has, throughout the
work, reversed the sexes and called the male the female
and vice-versa. This was first suggested to me by the
late Mr. Janson; it has not been, to my knowledge,
explicitly stated in print, but Hichhoff has indicated a
128 Mr. Walter F. H. Blandford on the
doubt as to the correct interpretation of the sexes by
Chapuis (“ Die eur. Borkenk.,” p. 306, note). M. Bedel
(“« Coléop. du bassin de la Seine,” vi., p. 40+) inverts the
sexes of P. cylindrus, as given by Chapuis, though with-
out comment; he has kindly informed me that he was
led by Hichhoff’s expression of doubt to dissect dried
examples of P. cylindrus, which led him to the conclusion
that Chapuis was wrong. Now Chapuis was probably
guided by the generalisation of Perris, since disproved
for the Tomicint by Lindeman and Hichhoff, that in the
Scolytide a greater development of the elytral armature
was a female characteristic, and by the sexual features
of certain species of Crossotarsus, in which the antennee
have the scape remarkably developed in the sex that he
indicates as the male. ‘his antennal development,
together with the deeply excavate and fringed front in
the same sex of some species, and the more developed
legs of the opposite sex (in Crossofarsus), which agree
with the sexual features of the Scolyto-platypini, - are
not easily reconciled with the usual sexual characters, if
the sexes are reversed; but the opposite may be said of
the constantly stronger elytral armature of the females
(Chap.), and their occasional possession of abdominal
armature (Crossotarsi genuini, Platypus blanchardi) or of
a concave and short abdomen (Crossotarst). It is
obvious that external sexual characters are not constant
among the Scolytide, and that little dependence can be
placed on them. The question can only be decided by
direct examination of the generative organs. Like
M. Bedel, I have examined them in dried specimens of
P. cylindrus, and also of Crossotarsus wallacet. ‘This
examination has given results which leave me little doubt
in the matter; but it so difficult, in these cases, to
correctly interpret the structures exhibited in dried
specimens, that I do not feel justified at present in
publishing my conclusions. I can, however, say that
the sexes of those two species, as given by Chapuis,
correspond, and there is no evidence of his having
indicated them rightly in some genera and erroneously
in others. He is entirely right or entirely wrong. For
the present, therefore, | prefer to describe the sexes in
accordance with Chapuis, as a matter of convenience
solely, and without implying acquiescence in his views.
Rhynchophorous Coleoptera of Japan. 129
This will cause no confusion, and the same cannot be
said of a readjustment of the sexual characters which
should eventually be proved to be itself erroneous.
The question can be settled beyond dispute by the
dissection of fresh examples; and if J can obtain them
J hope to solve it in that way.
Crossorarsus, Chap.
This Oriental genus is represented by three species.
Crossotarsus chapuisi, sp. n.
Fem, Sub-elongata, picea, nitidissima ; capite dense ac rugose
punctato; prothorace irregulariter punctato, punctis ante
suleum et versus basim crebrioribus; elytris striato-punctatis,
interstitio 30 ad basim dilatato, laevi, ad apicem subangustatis,
leniter declivibus, apice pilis aureis ciliato, supra depressionem
posticam angustam sublinearem producto, angulo externo vix
perspicue elongato ; abdominis segmento apicali fortiter excavato-
impresso ; tibiis posticis dilatatis ad apicem in lobos productis,
Long. 8 mm,
One specimen, Higo.
More elongate than the majority of the genus, shining piceous,
smooth and regularly cylindrical. Head with front subquadrate,
very closely and rugosely punctured, the punctures longitudinal,
with an indistinct median depression, vertex with three shining
longitudinal vittze separated by punctured spaces, eyes rather large
and prominent, subcircular, antenne with scape enlarged towards
the base or inner side, but not produced, funiculus inserted at
apex of scape. Prothorax oblong, not strongly emarginate,
posterior angles of emargination rather prominent, median sulcus
fine, surrounded by a smooth cordate area; punctures longi-
tudinally oval, sparse over apical half, closer at base and over a
patch in front of sulcus, lateral margin with two or three deep
asymmetrical pore-like punctures behind middle. Scutellum
indistinguishable. Elytra double as long as prothorax, with sides
narrowed and slightly constricted at apex ; striate, the striz with
an irregular single row of punctures grouped in pairs, 3rd and 4th
conjoined at base, interstices smooth, flat, with very fine irregular
punctures, 3rd dilated at base with a few stronger punctures;
gently depressed towards apex, with the striz at first deeper and
then obliterated before posterior margin, interstitial punctuation
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1894.—parRT 1. (MARCH.) I
130 Mr. Walter F. H. Blandford on the
stronger, suture longitudinally impressed before apex ; posterior
margin gently rounded and fringed with aureous pubescence
which conceals the very shortly produced apical angles ;
posterior impression narrow, sublinear, concave, hidden by
apical margin. Underside ferruginous, with scanty pubescence,
abdomen concave, not strongly punctured, sides of 2nd and 4th
segments scarcely produced, last segment with a large deep
transversely oval impression, bordered in front by a fringe of
aureous hairs, and reaching the prominent apical margin. Anterior
tibix with five carine, and indistinct traces of others at base ;
intermediate tibiz with a single carina on anterior surface ;
posterior tibiz dilated, with outer border convex, and apex
produced into two serrate lobes on either side of tarsal articu-
lation, densely ciliate, with yellowish hairs. Posterior coxe with
a prominent free margin to inner and apical borders, which with
the posterior margin of the trochanter is sharply serrate.
I cannot refer this fine and distinct species to any
of Chapuis’ groups. I therefore propose for it a distinct
group, Crossotarst mutici, characterized in the female
by the gently declivous elytra, without elevated inter-
stices or conspicuously produced apical angles, and with
a narrow deep posterior impression, in which it
approaches C. minav, Walk. The structure of the
posterior tibia, and the abdomen, together with the
absence of a distinct scutellum, are also characteristic
features. The specimen is undoubtedly a female—in
the conventional sense.
Crossotarsus niponicus, sp. 1.
Ferrugineus, elytris in medio paullo dilutioribus, postice
infuscatis ; prothorace subquadrato, irregulariter punctato, punctis
ad basim haud profundioribus; elytris lineato-punctatis, stria
suturali per totum, ceteris modo ad basim apicemque impressis,
apice convexe declivi, angulis externis productis, depressione
angusta ; abdominis segmento primo spinula obliqua armato.
Mas. Interstitiis elytrorum in declivitate non elevatis, ad
basim granulatis, angulis externis brevius productis, abdominis
spinula brevi. Long. 6—6°5 mm.
Frm. Interstitiis in declivitate subelevatis, striis subsulcatis,
spinula abdominis longa, segmento 50 subconcayo. Long. 5°7—
6-2 mm,
Rhynchophorous Coleoptera of Japan, 131
Generally distributed; numerous specimens taken at
Sapporo and Hakodate in Yezo, also at Miyanoshita,
Yuyama, etc., and in Kiushiu.
Lighter or darker ferruginous-brown, with head and apical
third of elytra infuscate ; the elytra sometimes evidently lighter
in the middle, particularly in the males, Head with front
flattened, dull, with longitudinal strigose punctures which are
stronger in the female, and with a longitudinal impressed line,
nearly obsolete in the male, vertex with three shining vitte ;
antennz with scape simple, slightly dilated internally at base.
Prothorax subquadrate, its central furrow shallow ; in the female
with the sides of the furrow slightly elevated, with irregular
punctures, the punctures closer and rather deeper towards sides
behind emargination, internal to which there is a shallow depres-
sion; in the female without sides of sulcus elevated, with fine
irregular punctures, usually rather closer on two slight impressions
on either side of anterior extremity of sulcus, one or two
impressions along lateral margin are usually present but not
constant. Elytra longer in the male than in the female, in both
sexes with rows of fine punctures, first stria impressed throughout,
more strongly at base, the rest impressed at base and on declivity,
3rd and 4th conjoined at base ; interstices with a very fine ground-
work of punctures, and one or two larger punctures, 3rd finely
granulate at base in male; apex gently declivous with external
angles produced more strongly in female, striz of male impressed but
not dilated, interstices flat, pubescent, strize dilated in female, sub-
suleate, interstices pubescent, convex ; marginal impression narrow,
shining, tuberculate at extremities of 3rd and 4th interstices.
Underside ferruginous, 1st abdominal segment with an oblique
spine, long in female, tuberculiform in male, apical segment
strongly punctured in female and concave. Legs ferruginous.
This species belongs to the Crossotarsi subdepressi,
and is closely allied to C. fairmairei, Chap., from
which it can be separated by the absence of the close
variolose punctures at the base of the prothorax, and
by the second interstice of the elytra not being im-
pressed in the middle. The produced angles of the
elytra are longer, and extend more obliquely backwards
than in C. fairmairet.
Crossotarsus contaminatus, sp. 0.
Fem. Picea, fronte subconcava, opaca, disperse punctata ;
prothorace oblongiusculo, in medio ntrinque impresso, irregulariter
132 Mr. Walter F. H. Blandford on the
punctato, ante suleum congerie punctorum confluentium notato ;
elytris subtiliter striato-punctitis, striis ad basim impressis, inter-
stitiis laevibus, rarius subtiliter punctulatis, ad apicem subde-
clivibus, angulis externis subtus productis, interstitiis variolose
punctatis, pilosis, depressione postice angusta, lunata ; abdominis
segmentis inermibus, 50 subconcavo, Long. 5:3 mm.
One example, Higo; three without locality.
Piceous ; head with front subconcave, shortly pubescent, dull
with scattered punctuation, more strongly over mouth, the
punctures elongate towards vertex, and with a median impressed
line, vertex with a median shining line and two indistinct lateral
lines, antennz with scape simple, linear. Prothorax longer than
broad, its lateral emargination very feeble, slightly impressed on
either side at middle of surface, sulcus very fine, not reaching
base, and terminated in front by an irregular patch of coalesced
shallow punctures, punctuation of rest of surface scattered,
irregular, stronger in front and on either side of a median smooth
line running from central patch to apex. Elytra shining, finely
striato-punctate, the strise wider and deeper at base, 3rd and 4th
not conjoined, sutural stria impressed throughout, interstices
scarcely convex, with a few fine scattered punctures, rather closer
at base, without reticulate or punctured ground; apical extremity
rounded and declivous, with interstices coarsely and rugosely
punctured and pilose, not carinate, the punctuation of the Ist
not extending farther forwards than that of succeeding interstices,
external angles produced downwards in the plane of the terminal
depression, which is narrow, lunate and subconcave, forming a
marked angle with the surface of the elytra. Underside deep
ferruginous, with metasternum and abdomen piceous, middle of
former and latter strongly punctured; abdominal segments unarmed,
2nd and 4th narrowly produced at sides, 5th concave. Legs
piceous. Posterior coxee with a spine at internal angle ; posterior
femora not crenate below.
This species must, I think, be placed with the
Orossotarsi subdepresst, though the interstices are not
carinate at the apex of the elytra, and the marginal
impression is more sharply separated from the surface
than is usual in that group. It can be distinguished
from C. niponicus by the absence of a spine on the first
abdominal segment, and by the drd and 4th elytral
strie not meeting at base, so as to shorten the 4th
interstice.
Rhynchophorous Coleoptera of Japan. 133
Pratypus, Hbst.
The five species in this collection are all new; the
males of two alone are represented.
TABLE.
1. Elytra with impressed striz
with rows of fine punctures REAR Morice re ir
2. Apex of elytra with a small terminal impression, unarmed . 3
declivous and convex, with two small tu-
bercles ondeclivity . . . modestus, 9
produced at externalangles. . . . tata oe
3. Prothorax quadrate, with a narrow patch of close eacennee
round sulcus, the anterior two or three large
and porelike, elytra pilose from base to apex
modestus, 3
oblong, with a broad cordate patch of uniform
punctures rovnd sulcus, elytra glabrous before
apex a: HK i Gay “Wewisd, ig
4. Interstices spined at summit aE apie decuenty of elytra ; 4th
abdominal segment with two spines . . lewisi, Q
Interstices not spined, 4th abdominal segment unarmed
severini,
5. Terminal impression oval, with an inferior emargination not
reaching middle . . . . calamus,
lunate, emarginate to middle . hamatus,
+0
+0 +0
Platypus modestus, sp. n.
Ferrugineus, prothorace subquadrato, sparsim piloso ; elytris
sulcatis, sulcis postice latioribus, interstitiis subconvexis, nitidis,
rarius pilosis ; apice convexe declivi, interstitiis opacis, granulatis,
pube densiore vestitis. Long. 5 mm.
Mas. Fronte valde concava, opaca, fundo bifoveolato ; protho-
racis sulco congerie punctorum circumdato, punctis inaequalibus,
depressione elytrorum postica parva, subtriangulari, granulata.
Fem. Fronte quam minime concava, opaca ; prothorace medio
utrinque impresso, subaequaliter punctato, punctis in utroque sulci
latere paullo crebrioribus; declivitate ad apicem interstitii 31
spinula ornata.
Four specimens, Nikko and Shimidzu Toge.
Rather robust and not elongate; ferruginous, with bead and
apex of elytra darker, the latter nearly testaceous at base,
134 Mr. Walter F. H. Blandford on the
MALgE, with front of head rather deeply concave, its surface
closely granulate, slightly shining in parts, with a fine central
impressed line and a circular fovea on either side ; vertex convex,
with a shining central and two indistinct lateral vitte. Prothorax.
subquadrate, median sulcus with a narrow patch of punctures on
either side, the front half of each patch formed of the usual close
small punctures, except for the two anterior punctures, which are
larger and almost porelike, and those of the posterior half, which
are larger, shallow, and less numerous ; remainder of surface rather
regularly punctured and thinly pubescent. Elytra sulcate, the
sulci punctured throughout, becoming a little wider towards apex,
interstices convex, shining, very finely punctured and pubescent,
drd and 5th closely granulate at base, 2nd and 4th abbreviated
at base with a few small granules ; apical extremity convex, the
sulci shallower, interstices granulate, more thickly pilose, posterior
impression small and not well marked, subtriangular, irregularly
granulate.
FEMALE, with front very slightly concave, quite dull, very
finely punctured above, with short median impressed line, vertex
with median vitta alone shining. Prothorax subquadrate with an
impression on either side about middle, nearly uniformly
punctured, the punctures rather closer at sides of sulcus. Elytra
with surface sculptured as in male, but with the sulci wider
behind middle and their punctures coalesced ; all interstices granu-
late for a short distance at base ; apical extremity convex, the
striz ceasing before posterior margin, interstices dull, granulate
and pilose, apex of 3rd marked by a small pointed tubercle.
Underside and legs testaceous or ferruginous, abdomen more
convex in the male.
One pair is rather darker, and the surface of the
thorax and elytra are hairless before the apex. ‘This is,
however, due to the specimens being more mature and
having been rubbed. ‘The species belongs to the
Platypi sulcati, and is not unlike P. jansoni, Chap., but
the prothorax is shorter and the elytral interstices are
less elevated, and are not spined at the margin of the
apical declivity.
Platypus lewisi, sp. n.
Ferrugineo-piceus, prothorace oblongo, elytris sulcatis, interstitiis
convexis, glabris, nitidis. Long. 5°5 mm.
Mas. Fronte plana, opaca, prothoracis sulco congerie punctorum
magna, cordiformi, circumdato, elytrorum interstitiis subsimilibus,
Rhynchophorous Coleoptera of Japan. 135
ad apicem, 30 et 50 etiam ad basim granulatis, depressione postica
parva, subtriangulari, granulata.
Fem. Fronte antice subconcava, opaca, prothoracis sulco con-
gerie punctorum minore ovali circumdato, interstitiis lo et 20 in
summa declivitate in spinam communem magnam, 3o, 50, To in
spinulas parvas productis, declivitate utrinque tuberculata, angulis
externis in lobos subquadratos productis, abdominis segmento
40 bispinato.
Five specimens, Miyanoshita, Kiga, and Yuyama.
Elongate, ferruginous, or inclining to pitchy.
Mate with front of head flat, dull with very fine cross reticula-
tion, punctures rather fine, longitudinally strigose towards mouth.
Prothorax oblong, diffusely punctured, rather closer at extreme sides,
with a porelike puncture within anterior angle of emargination
and a broad cordate group of small uniform punctures round
median sulcus. Elytra sulcate, the sulci with irregular confluent
punctures, not widened behind and obliterated before apical
impression ; interstices convex, shining, with fine scattered oblong
punctures, lst narrow throughout, bases of 2nd and 4th abbreviated,
impressed and more strongly punctured, the latter with two or
three longitudinal asperities, bases of 3rd and 5th elevated with
transverse granulations ; apical extremity with interstices dull,
granulate, and pilose, terminal impression subtriangular, closely
granulate, with erect hairs, suture shining. Underside reddish
testaceous, abdomen unarmed.
FEMALE with head similar to male in sculpture, front impressed
over mouth and subconvex behind. Prothorax oblong, slightly
impressed in middle of either side, sulcus surrounded with an oval
patch of punctuation narrower than in male, rest of punctures
scattered and rather fine, except along lateral border. Elytra sulcate,
the sulci wider behind with punctures confluent, interstices convex,
shining, with fine scattered oblong punctures, the ist narrow
throughout, base of 3rd enlarged, more closely punctured, bases of
2nd and 4th impressed, punctured, and asperate as in male, two first
with a large common spine, 3rd, 5th, and 7th with small spines
at summit of apical declivity, the rest unarmed ; declivity convex
with the sulci continued on it, and the interstices finely asperate,
the third terminating at a stout tubercle, external angles produced
backwards into a vertical sabquadrate lobe, with its posterior edge
concave, so as to form two blunt teeth atangles. Fourth abdominal
segment armed with two spines, the fifth flattened.
136 Mr. Walter F. H. Blandford on the
This species is allied in its main features to the Platypi
sulcati, with which I must associate it. It differs from
the other described species in the strongly produced
external apical angles of the elytra, which are not
triquetrous as in the P. trispinati. The female
shares with P. quadridentatus, Ol. (blanchardi, Chap.),
the peculiarity of possessing two spines on the fourth
abdominal segment, but is much larger and easily
distinguished by the group of punctures on the thorax.
The male is separable from that of P. modestus by its
larger size, flat forehead, and oblong thorax; the elytra
are quite glabrous before the apical extremity.
Platypus severiivi, sp. n.
Fem. Piceo-ferruginea, elytris postice infuscatis; fronte sub-
concava, rugosa ; prothorace paullo longiore quam latiore, utrinque
ad medium vitta obliqua subelevata, antice rarius irregulariter,
postice crebrius punctato ; elytris ad apicem subdeclivibus et in
processus divaricatos attenuatis, striato-punctatis, striis impressis,
interstitiis subconvexis ad apicem pilosis, duobus primis per totum,
ceteris ad basim subtiliter punctulatis, processibus desuper aspectis
bidentatis. Long. 5—5:3 mm.
Numerous examples of one sex only, taken from beech
at Nikko, Chiuzenji, and Hakodate.
Deep ferruginous brown, with elytra darker towards apex.
Head with front subconcave, covered with close shallow rugose
punctuation, rather smoother towards mouth, vertex rather abruptly
separate from front, with three smooth vitte, interspaces coarsely
punctured. Prothorax a little longer than broad, median sulcus
fine but sharply marked, surface with very fine reticulation, and an
indistinct oblique elevation at either side of anterior extremity
of sulcus, punctures of anterior half scattered, and absent over
middle line, of posterior half closer, shallow, and longitudinally
oval. Elytra declivous towards apex and produced into two
divergent processes, with subsulcate striz, which are wider and
shallower towards apex, with the punctures fused ; interstices convex,
finely reticulate and punctured at base, the first and second with a
single row of punctures along inner border, all interstices flatter
towards apex, inconspicuously tuberculate, and with serrate hairs ;
apical processes declivous in the plane of the posterior termination,
produced outwards to form an obtuse oval emargination at apex,
Rhynchophorous Coleoptera of Japan. 137
their upper border curved and continuous with second interstice,
extremity two-spined when seen from above, inner spine longer and
truncate. Last abdominal segment subconvex, rugosely punctured.
The species belongs to the Platypi oxyuri, and may be
distinguished from the Pyrenean P. orywrus, Dup., by
the thoracic sculpture, and by the processes of the elytra
being two-spined when seen from above instead of from
the side, as in the latter species. From P. solidus,
Walk., the divergence of these processes will at once
separate it, as will its larger size, and the convex
interstices which, except the first two, are impunctate
after the base.
Platypus calamus, sp. n.
Fem. Elongata, angusta, ferrugineo-testacea, elytris apice
infuscatis ; fronte concava, linea media impressa; prothorace
sesqui longiore quam latiore, in utroque sulci latere plaga punc-
torum angusta ; elytris lineato-punctatis postice haud declivibus,
interstitiis planis, vix perspicue punctatis, apice oblique excavato-
impresso, ovali, inferne emarginato, angulis externis oblique
productis, margine externo elevato sinuato, ad suturam supra
valde obliquo, depressione nitida, ante angulos extremos impressa.
Long. 3°7 mm.
Sixteen examples of one sex only, taken at various
places, Miyanoshita, Oshima, Kiushiu (Higo, Yuyama,
etc.).
Slender, reddish testaceous, elytra with apex darker. Head with
front concave, anteriorly dull, with a deep longitudinal impressed
line in middle, above it, with rather strong scattered punctures,
upper part forming an obtuse angle with vertex, which has only
the median elevated line present, narrow and infuscate. Prothorax
one half longer than broad, the sulcus fine, with a narrow group
of punctures on either side, closer anteriorly, remainder of
surface irregularly punctured, the punctures more evident towards
the base, anterior and posterior borders with fine transverse
reticulation. Elytra finely punctured in lines, sutural stria
impressed throughout, remainder at base only ; interstices with a
few fine punctures, 1st, 3rd, and 5th elevated at base, the former
impressed with a fine line beginning behind base, 2nd and 4th with
base evidently punctured. Apex of elytra with an oblique terminal
impressed surface, its margin elevated and slightly everted, curving
1388 Mr. Walter F. H. Blandford on the
away from suture so as to form an angle with its fellow above the
terminal impression, and then sinuate at sides; external angles
produced in a curve downwards and backwards, their outer border
serrate ; impressed surface very shining, elevated at suture, and
concave above external angles, its outline an incomplete oval,
emarginate below, the emargination deeper than wide, but shorter
than the terminal surface measured along the suture, its sides
nearly straight, not toothed, and apex rounded. Last abdominal
segment concave.
This species is one of the Platypi cupulati, and can
be separated from all described species except the
following, by the fact that in them the suture is notched
or narrowly emarginate above the terminal impression,
and the svtural border forms a sharp and distinct angle
with the upper margin of the impression, whereas in these
species the sutural margin is gradually rounded into that
ef the impression without trace of any angle, so as to
form a wide emargination. It can also be separated from
most by the absence of any trace of a tooth on the lower
apical emargination.
Platypus hamatus, sp. n.
Fem. Elongata, ferrugineo - testacea, elytris apice paullo
obscurioribus ; fronte impressa, in medio foveolata ; prothorace
oblongo, punctis magnis et parvis irregulariter notato, parte antica
sulci utrinque punctis paucis circumdata; elytris lineato-
punctatis, interstitiis planis, parcissime punctatis, apice excavato-
impresso, lunato, inferne late emarginato, angulis extremis longe
productis, margine supra depressionem intus ad suturam curvato,
convexo. Long. 4°2 mm
Two examples at Yuyama and Miyanoshita.
Elongate, reddish testaceous, with elytra darker at apex. Head
with front subconcave, foveolate in middle, finely reticulate, and
rather coarsely punctate above, vertex strongly punctured with
a fine median elevated infuscate line. Prothorax more elongate
than in P. calamus, sulcus deeper at extremities than in middle,
with about a dozen punctures on either side of anterior extremity,
remainder of surface with irregular punctures of two sizes, a
slight impression on either side, about middle more closely
punctured, anterior and posterior borders finely reticulate. Elytra
with sculpture of surface similar to that of P. calamus, termi-
nating in a vertical impressed surface, which is lunate and widely
Rhynchophorous Coleoptera of Japan. 139
emarginate below, lateral borders meeting obliquely at suture
above impression, and curved out as in P. calamus, and then
sinuate, external angles produced downwards and_ backwards,
longer and more curved than in the latter species; terminal
impression emarginate almost to middle, the emargination broader
than long, with inferior sutural angles very slightly produced, its
surface shining, foveolate on either side, with suture elevated and
tuberculate. Last abdominal segment concave.
This species, also one of the Platypi cupulati, is best
separated from P. calamus by the structure of the apical
impression, the length of which measured along the suture
is about equal to the depth of the emargination, whereas
in P. calamus it is about double its depth. The tuber-
cles along the suture, the minutely produced sutural
angles at the fundus of the interior emargination, and a
fine serration of the superior border, where it curves
away from the suture, are peculiar to this species. P.
hamatus is evidently closely allied to P. forficula, Chap.,
of which I have been unable to see a typical specimen.
I have, however, an unnamed Platypus, taken by Mr.
Wallace in Gilolo, which agrees with the description of
P. forficula, and is probably to be referred to that species,
as Chapuis appears to have seen all Wallace’s Platypini.
It most closely resembles P. hamatus, but the sutural
border of the elytra makes a sharp angle with the upper
margin of the terminal impression, which is much
narrower than in the latter species, being not half as
deep as the inferior emargination.
Diapus, Chap,
An Oriental genus, represented in Japan by one
species.
Dapus aculeatus, sp. n.
Frm. Picea, margine prothoracis postico et elytris ad basim
dilutioribus ; fronte deplanata, in medio breviter carinata ; protho-
racis disco nitidissimo, basi fortiter punctata ; elytrorum interstitiis
lo, 20, 30 elevatis, 30, 50 ad apicem in spinulas validas productis ;
7o breviter spinoso, extus cum 80 et 90 serratis conjuncto, angulo
externo in spinulam obliquam angustissimam producto, depressione
postica breviter bispinata. Long. 2°8 mm.
Two examples, Higo.
140 Mr. Walter F. H. Blandford on the
Rather slender and very shining, head and prothorax deep
piceous, the latter with basal border narrowly fusco-testaceous,
elytra fusco-testaceous at base, becoming pitchy towards apex.
Head with front nearly flat, impressed slightly over mouth, dull,
with rather distinct and strigose punctuation below, the punctures
less apparent towards vertex, in the middle with a short median
elevated keel, which is not perceptible towards vertex ; elevated
lines of the latter very evident and shining. Prothorax very
shining, rather deeply emarginate at sides, apex with a row of
piliferous punctures, rest of surface quite impunctate, except at
base which is closely and strongly punctured. Elytra with first
two strize and marginal stria impressed throughout, third and
fourth at base only, outer striz indicated by lines of irregular
punctures, which coalesce towards apex, interspaces almost im-
punctate ; 1st interstice with a minute spine at apex, 3rd and 5th
with two long spines, 7th with a shorter spine, the outer border
of which is conjoined with two serrations formed by the ex-
tremities of the succeeding interstices, external angle with a very
slender spine directed obliquely downwards, apex fringed with a
few long ciliate hairs, apical impression oblique, subconvex, with
two spines shorter than the three long spines of the interstices.
Underside testaceous, metasternum and abdomen piceous, last seg-
ment of the latter nearly flat, dull, fringed with long curled cilia.
This species is closely allied to D. quinque-spinatus,
Chap., of which it may be the Japanese form. It
presents the following distinctive features: the colour is
deeper and the surface more shining, the frontal carina
is shorter, nearer the mouth, and not traceable towards
the vertex as in D. quinque-spinatus, in which it appears
to be longer and interrupted; the prothorax is quite
impunctate except at the apex and base, and the basal
punctures are more numerous; the interstices of the
elytra are scarcely punctured, the spine of the 7th
interstice is shorter and that of the 9th only represented
by a small tooth, the spine at the external apical angle
is pecuhar to this species, as is the terminal fringe of
hairs; the spines of the posterior depression are also
shorter.
Rhynchophorous Coleoptera of Japan. 141
(Genus incerte sedis.)
Grnyocerus, Motsch.
Ktud. ent. vii., p. 68.
G. adustipennis, Motsch., l.c. ix., p. 19.
Whatever this insect may be, it cannot be a Scolyto-
platypus, as it is described in these terms: Figura
Platypi cylindri, sed glabrior, etc.
Par
ens, Mi)
aA
iY ve
RAN ee
X a Ms
Sa ak ta
i) wt
) Aa SRN say a ee ; AAR 0 Alaa ve
, i hs \ ip : at ee : er" i i ils
Th Chante i ¢
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( 143 )
V. Description of the female of Hypochrysops scintillans,
Butl. By Hamitron H. Drucz, F.Z.S8.
[Read Feb. 7th, 1894. ]
We have lately procured a fine pair of this species ;
the ¢ only of which has been described, and as the ¢
presents considerable differences I have written the fol-
lowing deseription. ‘They were received from Mioko,
New Ireland, the ¢ agreeing with the type in the
National Museum from New Britain.
Hypochrysops sceimtillans.
Miletus scintillans, Butl., Ann, and Mag. Nat. Hist.
(5), x; p. 150: (1882).
Hypochrysops scintillans, H. H. Druce, Trans. Ent.
Soc. Lond. (1890), p. 191.
@. Upperside brown with a creamy-white central patch on
forewing ; no trace of biue. Forewing rich dark brown, with a
disc of creamy-white arranged much as the blue in H. cratevas ¢?,
and extending from the base to beyond the cell, lightest in colour
towards the centre of the wing, and becoming gradually sub-
merged in the brown borders, the inner margin being lighter
brown than the rest of the wing. Hindwing brown, considerably
paler than the forewing, darker along the subcostal nervure to
the base of the subcostal nervule, where it becomes somewhat
suffused ; the median nervure from about its middle, and the two
median nervules from their bases, distinctly and evenly yellow.
Costal margin from base nearly to apex pale creamy-white.
Upper half of anal fold greyish, lower concolorous with wings.
Cilia of both wings brown, that of hindwing being rather darker
than ground colour. Underside much as in ¢, but the median
space of forewing (bordered by the lower wall of the cell and the
subapical red band) creamy-white in place of greyish-brown ; the
red bands of the hindwing being somewhat wider, and their
metallic borders scarcely so brilliant. Thorax and abdomen
brown ; head dark brown, with a whitish frontal line, and a yellow
inner border to the eye ; legs and palpi yellow. Antenne black,
white spotted below, yellow tipped. Expanse, 9 1,3, in., ¢ 1} in.
144 Mr. H. H. Druce on Hypochrysops scintillans.
Hab. Mioko, New Ireland (Mus. Druce).
In December 1890, I published, in the ‘Transactions’
of this Society, a short monograph of the genus,
recognizing thirty-two species of these gorgeous little
butterflies, and to that number must be added a new
species, since described by Mr. Miskin in the “ Anns.
Queensl. Mus.,” No. 1 (Supp.), p. 85 (1891), under the
name H. apollo, from Herbert River, W. Queensland,
and two other Australian species described by the same
author in the “P. Z. 8. N.S.W.” (ser. 2) iii, pp. 1517 &
1518 (1888), viz.: H. ewelides and H. olliffi; the former
allied to H. chrysanthis, Feld., the two latter to H.
ignita, Leach,
VI. A list of the Lepidoptera of the Khasia Hills. Pt. II.
By Colonel Cuartes Swinnog, M.A., F.L.S.
[Read Oct. 18th, 1893.] .
Prats II,
HETEROCERA.
i.
In arranging the order in which the Heterocera should
stand I have been working on the lines set forth in
Mr. Hampson’s excellent classification in Faun. Brit.
Ind., but I cannot altogether follow the order in which
he has, for the sake of convenience, put the different
families, and prefer dividing them into three groups.
Ist. Fore wing with vein 5 (lower radial) from
centre of discocellulars, or nearer 6 than 4.
2nd. Fore wing with vein 5 from lower angle of
cell, or nearer 4 than 6.
3rd. Fore wing with veins 4 to 11 arising from the
cell at almost even distances apart.
| Grovp I.
—
Sub Group 1. No. 1. Sphingide - Frenulum present.
” 2, ,, Ll. Saturniide -
5 2 Brahmeide -\|q.
es eect ta of Frenulum absent.
3 od. ,, Ll. Hupterotide -
4, 1. Notodontide -
3) ” ay
nos et at ag, Seam eee
Fs 5. ,, 1. Epicopiide -)Frenulum rudi-
» 2 Uraniide | mentary or ab-
» 0 Micronude -) sent.
» 4, Hpiplemide - Frenulum present.
eA 6. ,, 1. Geometers - Frenulum present.
Group II.
Sub Group 1. No. 1. Callidulidx “Le preset sometimes
: resent sometimes
Ge Tye ) AG
5, 2 Drepanulide acai.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1894,.—ParTI, (MARCH.) Kk
146
Sub Group 1. No. a Limacodidx
. Lymantriide
. Hypside
. Arctiide
. Agaristide
. Castniidx
i)
. Psychide
. Cosside. -
. Arbelide
. Hepialidexe
. Syntomidee
. Zygaenide
. Noctuidee
. Thyridide
. Pyralide
.
1 O>
° .
~~
po Eno = DOIG eno ag or oe
Group III.
Sub Group 1. No. 1. Sesvide -
ue
1. Tineide -
3) 33
Group I.
Sub Group I.
. Lasiocampidx fan absent.
Colonel Charles Swinhoe on the
~ +Frenulum present.
. Pterothysanidx
Frenulum present.
Frenulum absent.
Frenulum present.
- Frenulum present.
. Laietulam present.
*y
a t Frenulum present.
Family SPHINGIDA.
Sub Family ACHERONTIIN A.
Genus AcHrrontiA, Ochsen.
1. A. styz, Westw., Cab. Or. Ent., p. 88; pl. 42, fig. 3.
2. A. lachesis (Fabr.), Ent.
27 (1798).
A. morta, Hiibn.,
Syst.
Suppl., 434, 26,
Verz., p. 140 (1816).
Sub Fam. SMERINTHIN A.
Genus LANGLIA, sees
8. DL. zeuzeroides, Moore, P. Z.
L. khasiana, Moore, L.c., p. a
, 1872, p.. 560.
Recorded from the Khasias; not received by me,
Lepidoptera of the Khusia Hills, 147
Sub Fam. AMBULYCINA.
Genus Catymnta, Walker.
4. C. panopus (Cram.), Pap. Hxot., iii., p. 50, pl. 224,
figs. A, B (1779).
Recorded from the Khasias,
Genus Amsunyx, Westw.
5. A. substrigilis, Westw., Cab. Or. Hnt., p. 6) pl. 30:
fig. 2 (1848),
Shillong and Cherra Punji.
6. A. semifervens (Walker), xxxi, p. 38 (1864),
A. turbata, Butler, P. 7. Sy, L87a,0.252.,
Cherra Punji.
7. A. deucalion (Walker), viii., p. 236 (1856).
Recorded from the Khasias,
8.. A. gigantea, Rothschild, Nov. Zool., i, p. 96 (1894),
Recorded from the Khasias.
Sub Fam. CHAROCAMPINA,
Genus Acosmeryx, Boisd.
9. A. sericeus (Walker), viii., p- 181 (1856).
Many examples ; Shillong.
10. A. cinerea, Butler, P. 7. Si Soy pe 245,
Several examples; Shillong and Cherra Punji.
11, A. naga, Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C., 1.,p. 271 (1857).
Shillong and Cherra Punji. Out of the numerous
specimens of this genus received there has not been a
single typical anceus, Cram. Hampson has put these
four very distinct species together ; they appear to me
to be very distinct, easily distinguishable and without
intermediate forms.
148 Colonel Charles Swinhoe on the
Genus Camrocampa, Dup.
12. C. macromera, Butler, P. Z. 8., 1875, p. 7.
Shillong.
13. OC. alecto (Linn.), Syst. Nat., i., p. 803 (1767).
Common.
14. C. theylia (Linn.), Lc.
C. rafflesii, Butler, Trans. Zool. Soc., 1876, p, 556.
Examples of both forms of this species.
15. ©. oldenlandie (Fabr.), Sp. Ins., ii., p. 148 (1781).
Common.
16. C. vagans (Butler), Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. B. M., v.,
p. 4, pl. 78, fig. 7 (1881).
One example; Shillong.
17. OC. mydon (Walker), viii., p. 155 (1856).
Three examples ; Shillong.
18. C. olivacea (Moore), P. Z.S., 1872, p. 567.
Common.
19. C. velata (Walker), xxxv., p. 1853 (1866).
Pergesa aegrota, Butler, P. Z.8., 1875, p. 246.
Metopsilus albomarginatus, Rothschild, Nov. Zool., i.,
p- 78 (1894).
Shillong and Cherra Punji; in great numbers. Hamp-
son has included aurifera, Butier, and acuta, Walker, with
this species ; they appear to me to be distinct ; they have
broad pale yellow prominent bands on each side of the
thorax, a character wanting in velata. The form albo-
marginatus is not uncommon in the Khasias ; I cannot see
how it can be separated from velata: in this variable
species there are scarcely any two examples identical.
20. OC. castor (Walker), viii., 153 (1856).
Many examples, a common species in the Khasias ;
omitted by Hampson. I have it from both Shillong and
Cherra Punji, it seems to be a link between velata and
Lepidoptera of the Khasia Hills. 149
olivacea, having the colouration of the former with the
white marginal suffusion on the fore wings above, of the
latter.
21. C. busiris (Walker), viii., p. 158 (1856).
Panacra hamiltoni, Rothschild, Nov. Zool., 1., p. 82.
Cherra Punji.
The type specimen is much faded, but I have a fine
series and feel certain of my identification.
22. C. helops (Walker), viii, p. 180 (1856).
Philampelus orientalis, Felder, Reise Nov. Lep., pl. 77,
fig. ] (1874).
One example; Shillong. The type of helops is recorded
from Port Natal, which must be a mistake.
23., C. clotho (Drury), Ill. Exot. Ins. u., p. 48, pl. 28,
fie. 1 (1773).
Sphina butus, Cram., Pap. Exot., u., p. 88, pl. 152
Ghats).
Deilephila cyrene, Westw., Cab. Or. Ent., p. 138, pl. 6,
fig. 1 (1848).
Many examples. The type of cyrene is in O, M.; it
is identical with clotho.
24. CO. punctivenata, Butler, P. Z. S., 1875, p. 248.
Many examples. I have both sexes from Cherra Punji.
It should not be confounded with elotho. Gonograpta
from Southern India also appears to be a good species. I
have a long series in my Museum.
25. C. lineosa, Walker, viil., p. 144 (1856).
26. C. major, Butler, P. Z.8., 1875, p. 249.
27. C. minor, Butler, l.c.
Shillong and Cherra Punji; in great numbers. At
first I put them together, following Hampson, but with
the numbers now before me I cannot do'so. They are
undoubtedly somewhat alike, as are all the species of
this group, but each has its own distinctive wing
markings, and major has a pale yellowish broad longitu-
dinal shade, central on forewings, discal on hindwings,
which is very characteristic.
150 Colonel Charles Swinhoe on the
28. C. pallicosta, Walker, viii., p. 145 (1856).
Three examples; Shillong.
Genus Darunis, Hubn.
29. D. nerit (Linn.), Syst. Nat., i., 2, p. 798 (1767).
Recorded from Khasias.
30. D. bhaga, Moore, P. Z. 8., 1865, p. 794.
Numerous specimens from Shillong and Cherra Punji.
Genus THrererra, Hubn.
31, T. nessus (Drury), Ill. Ins. Exot., n., p. 46, pl. 27,
fig. 1 (1778).
Shillong and Cherra Punji.
82, T. actea. (Cram.), Pap. Exot., ui., p. 938, pl. 248;
fig, as(1779).
Common.
Genus Exipia, Walker.
38. H. dolichus (Westw.), Cab. Or. Ent., p. 61, pl. 30,
fig. 1 (1848).
Shillong and Cherra Punji.
Sub Fam. SPHINGINE.
Genus Protoparcr, Burmeister.
34. P. orientalis, Butler, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1876, p. 609,
pl. 91, figs. 16, 17 (larva).
Common.
Genus Pseuposrumx, Burmeister.
30. P. inexacta (Walker), viii., p. 208 (1856).
Many examples.
36. P. fo (Walker), viii., p. 195 (1856),
Shillong and Cherra Punji.
37. P. discistriga (Walker), vili., p. 209 (1856).
Common.
Lepidoptera of the Khasia Hills. 151
38. P.khasianwm (Rothschild), Nov. Zool.,i., p. 90 (1894).
Recorded from the Khasias; must be closely allied to
if distinct from the preceding which is a very variable
species.
Genus Nupuete, Hiibner.
39. N. hespera (Fabr.), Syst. Ent., p. 546 (1775).
Recorded from the Khasias.
Genus Aprocatypsis, Butler.
40. A. velov, Butler, Trans. Zool. Soc., 1876, p. 641.
One example; Shillong.
Genus PsrvpopoLpina, Rothschild.
41. P, velowina, Rothschild, Nov. Zool.,i., p. 91, pl. 6,
fig, 18 (1894).
Recorded from the Khasias.
Sub Fam, MACROGLOSSIN
Genus Gurutca, Kirby.
42. G, hyas (Walker), viii., p. 107, 1856.
Shillong.
43. G. masuriensis (Butler), P. Z. §., 1875, p. 244,
pl. 3663.
Numerous specimens, the common form apparently.
I have received it from both Shillong and Cherra Punji.
Genus RuoratorsycHeE, Butler.
44, R. nycteris (Kollar), Hiig. Kasch., iv., 2, p. 408,
pl. 19, fig. 5 (1844).
Cherra Panji.
Genus Macrogtossa, Scop.
45, M. belis (Cram.), Pap. Exot., i, p. 147, pl. 94, fig. c
(L276).
Common.
46. M. gilia, Herr Schiiff., Samml. Ausser. Eur. Schm.,
pp. 59, 79, pl. 23, fig. 107 (1850).
Several examples.
152 Colonel Charles Swinhoe on the
47, M. proxima, Butler, P. Z. 8., 1875, p. 4, pl. 1, fig. 1.
Three examples ; Shillong.
48, M. imperator, Butler, P. Z. §., 1875, p. 243, pl. 37,
fig. 4.
Cherra Punji.
Genus CepHnopzs, Hiibn.
49. C. hylas (Linn.), Mant., i., p. 539 (1771).
Recorded from the Khasias.
Genus Saraspes, Moore.
50. S. infernalis (Westw.), Cab. Or. Ent., p. 61, pl. 30,
fig. 3 (1848).
Common.
Sub Group IT.
Fam. SATURNIIDA.
Genus Acrtras, Leach.
51. <A. selene (Hiibn.), Samml. Exot. Schm.,i., pl. 172,
fig. 3 (1806-19).
Common.
52. A. menas, Double., Ann. Mag. N. H., xix., p. 95,
pl. 7, fig. 1 (1847).
Common.
Genus Arracus, Linn.
53. A. atlas, Linn., Mus. Lud.-Ulr., p. 366 (1764).
Common.
54. A. edwardsi, White, P. Z. 8., 1859, p. 115, pl. 57.
Shillong and Cherra Punji.
00. A. cynthia, Drury, Exot. Ins., u1., pl. 6, fig. 2 (1773).
Very plentiful.
56. A. ricini, Boisd., Ann. Soc. Ent, Fr. (8), i, p. 790
(1854).
Many examples.
Oo
Lepidoptera of the Khasia Hiils. W5e
Genus AnTHEeRmA, Hiibn.
57. A. roylei, Moore, P.Z.S., 1859, p. 256, pl. 64, fig. 1.
Cherra Punji.
58. A. paphia (Linn.), Syst. Nat., i, p. 809 (1767).
Cherra Punji.
59. A. helferi, Moore, P.Z. S., 1859, p. 257, pl. 64, fig. 2.
Cherra Punji.
60. A. knyvetti, Hampson, Faun. Brit. Ind. Moths, 1,
p. 19 (1892).
One female ; Shillong.
This species has been in my collection for some years
under Moore’s M.S. name of tumida.
Genus Saturnia, Schrank.
61. S. extensa (Butler), Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. B. M.,, v.,
p. 61, pl. 94, fig. 2 (1881).
Two examples ; Shillong.
Genus Lozpa, Moore.
62. L. katinka (Westw.), Cab. Or. Ent., p. 25, pl. 12,
fig. 2 (1848).
Numerous examples.
Genus Satassa, Moore.
63. Salassa megastica, sp. n.
dé @. Of the same brick-red colour as in S. lola, but very
much larger, the antemedial line of forewings much closer to the
base, white outwardly edged with brown, very much outwardly
curved and runs close into the base on the hinder margin ; the
hyaline spot is large, ringed with a black and a white line deeply
excavated on the outer side, the excavation filled up by a deep
black patch ; on the hindwing the difference is greater, the hyaline
spot is larger than on the forewings, but of a similar nature, the
rings round it are black, white, and again black, then a broad light
red space, which on the outer side is very broad and extends well
beyond the discal black and white spotted band, which is thin in
the disc and curves broadly round the ocellus, the space between
it and the red portion being filled in with dark grey; halfway
154 Colonel Charles Swinhoe on the
between this discal band and the outer margin is a duplex brown
band, the inner portion straight, the outer dentate. The female,
instead of being brown, as in S. lola, merely differs from the male
in having the brown bands darker, and the hyaline spots very large
on both wings, being nearly half an inch in diameter, and of
about equal size. Expanse of wings g 9, 6,%, 6,3; inch.
Three males and one female, from Cherra Punji.
Genus Cricuna, Walker.
64. C. trifenestrata (Helfer), Journ. As. Soc. Beng., v1.,
p. 45 (1837).
Common.
Fam. BRAHM IDA.
Genus Braumama, Walker.
65. B. wallichii, Gray, Zool. Misc., p. 39 (1852).
Many examples; Shillong and Cherra Punji.
66. B. hearsayi, White, Proc. Ent. Soc., 1861, p. 26.
Eleven examples; Shillong.
Fam. BOMBYCIDA.
Genus Ocrnara, Walker.
67. O. signifera (Walker), Journ. Linn. Soc., vi., p. 130
(1862).
Shillong and Cherra Punji.
68, O. cyproba, sp.n. (Pl, ih, fe.)
36 9. Antenne reddish grey, body and wings pure white,
wings thinly clothed, almost semi-hyaline, with many grey bands ;
first ante-medial, indicated on hindwing by cell spot and a short
band at abdominal margin, second discal third sub-marginal, both
complete, these bands on the forewings are crossed by longitudinal
similar bands, which fill up the second, third, and fifth interspaces,
almost from the base to the centre margin, and are crossed by the
white veins on both wings. Expanse of wings ¢ 1,35, 9 1,4 inch.
Many males and two females, from Cherra Punji and
Shillong.
Far more thinly clothed than O. signifera, and with-
out any spots.
Lepidoptera of the Khasia Hills. 155
69. O. apicalis, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc., vi, p: 180
(1862).
Shillong and Cherra Punji.
Sub Group III.
Fam. EUPTEROTIDA.
Genus GancariDes, Moore.
70. G. roseus (Walker), xxxil., p. 513 (1865).
Two males and one female, Cherra Punji.
Genus Drzuata, Walker.
71. D. hades, Walker, iv., p. 908 (1855).
Shillong and Cherra Punji. Many males and females.
The females only differ from the males in their larger
size and brighter colour, having sometimes a reddish
tinge.
Genus Patirisa, Moore.
72. P. lineosa (Walker), iv., p. 912 (1855).
Shillong and Cherra Punji. One male and several
females.
73. P.cervina (Moore), P. Z. 8., 1865, p. 807.
Shillong, one pair.
Genus Tacora, Walker.
74. T. patula, Walker, v., p. 1189 (1855).
T. undulosa, Walker, v., p. 1196.
Cherra Punji.
75. J. khasiana (Moore), Descr. Ind. Lep. Atk., i,
Dati, L809:
Shillong and Cherra Punji.
76. T. pallida (Walker), iv., p. 912, 1855.
Sphingognatha asclepiades, Felder, Reise Nov. Lep.,
iv., pl. 94, fig. 1 (1868).
Cherra Punji.
I have received numerous specimens of patula and
khasiana, and one male and two females of pallida.
156 Colonel Charles Swinhoe on the
Hampson puts the first two together, but there are un-
doubtedly three species and not two. There is a small
pale fawn-coloured species, d 3x5, ? 4 inches in expanse
of wings, similarly coloured in both sexes, identical with
Moore’s type of khasiana, very uniform in size; it has a
black head and pale tuft of hairs at basal joint of antennz.
A medium sized form, ¢ 4:4, 2 5 inches, uniform in size,
very variable in colour, from pale fawn colour to dark grey
and dark reddish fawn colour in the male, always of the
latter colour in the female, the females of which fairly
well correspond to Walker’s types of patula and wn-
dulosa. This species has also in the male a black head
and pale tuft of hairs. Finally, there is a large species
of which I have received only one male and two females,
measuring, d 5, 6:5 inches. The male is coloured
pale fawn colour like the males of pallida from Java and
Malayana in my collection. It has an ochreous-red head
and tuft of hairs a little darker than in the other species.
The females are dark reddish-fawn coloured like the
females of patula, and also identical in colour with
Malayan and Javan females of pallida.
Genus Pszuposana, Hampson.
77, PB. incandescens (Walker), iv., p. 910 (1855).
Cherra Punji; two females.
Genus Ganisa, Walker.
78. G. postica, Walker, v., p. 1190 (1855).
Shillong.
79. G. pandya (Moore), P. Z. S., 1865, p. 807.
Shillong.
Genus ApHA, Walker.
80. A. subdives, Walker, v., p. 1180 (1855).
Shillong.
Genus Huprerore, Hiibn.
81. H. lineosa (Walker), vi., p. 1440 (1855).
Murlida fraterna, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc., 1884,
pearls
Shillong.
Lepidoptera of the Khasia Hills. 157
82. H. calandra, sp..n.
¢ @. Antennz (of the male) with the plumes grey; palpi,
head, and fore part of thorax ochreous ; shaft of antennz, body,
and wings, above and below, bright citron-yellow, absolutely with-
out any markings ; thorax beneath and legs ochreous. Expanse of
wings, ¢ 24, 9 3:4 inch.
Cherra Punji and Shillong. Numerous examples of
both sexes. Antenne of the male weak, with the pec-
tinations short as in #. geminata, Walker, but the wings
are broader, with margin of fore wings less oblique.
The absence of all markings makes it very distinctive.
83. H. assimilis, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc., 1884, p. 363.
Fi. dissimilis, Moore, l.c., p. 368.
Cherra Punji.
84. H. testacea (Walker), iv., p. 906 (1855).
Shillong ; common.
85. H. avesta,sp.n. (Pl. IL, fig. 2.)
3. Plumes of antenne grey ; palpi and head red-brown ; body
and wings above of a uniform sandy-yellow colour ; wings crossed
by several brown bands ; first antemedial outwardly curved, indis-
tinct, obsolete in hind wings ; second medial, macular curved in on
to the costa of fore wings, followed by three equidistant discal
bands, outwardly curved, and composed of small spots. The
last on hind wings is linear, a sub-marginal darker band of double
lunules, which on hind wings is single and sinuous, cilia brown,
underside darker, with the inner band obsolete on both wings ; all
the other bands present and prominent ; legs pink-brown, covered
with yellow hair ; 2 pale reddish-brown, with the inner lines more
or less obsolete. Expanse of wings, 2,4; inch.
Shillong and Cherra Punji; several examples.
Allied to Hi. testacea, but the bands on the latter are
linear and mostly straight.
Genus Nisaga, Walker.
86. N. simplex, Walker, iv., p. 885 (1855). ;
Shillong and Cherra Punji.
The female of this species, of which I have received
two, has simple antenne, the body is dark, the wings
pale brickdust-colour, slightly tinged with pink.
158 Colonel Charles Swinhoe on the
Sub Group IV.
Fam. NOTODONTIDA.
Genus Tarsouepis, Butler.
87. T. fulgurifera (Walker), xiv., p. 1347 (1857).
Cherra Punji; one example.
88. T. remicauda, Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), x,
p. 125, pl. 8 (1872).
Shillong; one example.
Genus Dupvusa, Walker.
89. D. nobilis, Walker, xxxu., p. 447 (1865).
Shillong ; one female.
This is the first record of this species within Indian
limits ; the type came from North China. I have it also
from Celebes and Singapore.
Genus Barapesa, Moore.
90. B. lithosioides, Moore, P. Z. 8., 1883, p. 17, pl. 5,
fig. 2.
Shillong and Cherra Punji; numerous specimens.
Genus Patera, Moore.
91. P. parivala, Moore, Cat. Lep. EH. I. C., ii., p. 434
(1859).
Shillong and Cherra Punji.
92. P. raya, Moore, l.c., p. 434.
Shillong and Cherra Punji.
. Genus Garcerta, Walker.
93. G. costigera, Walker, xxxu., p. 455 (1865).
Shillong and Cherra Punji; common.
94. G. curvaria, Hampson, Faun. Brit. Ind. Moths,
1; poo Gleg2}:
Shillong.
Lepidoptera of the Khasia Hills. 159
Genus Turnaca, Walker.
95. T. delineivena, sp. n.
2 Palpi dark brown with pale tips to the hairs, antenne
reddish-brown, forewings and thorax grey, forewings with the
median and outer veins dark brown and with brown bands on each
‘of these veins, more broadly and better defined in the median vein
along its whole length, hinder portion of the wing also suffused
with brown, hindwings brown with pale costal margin. Expanse
of wings, 2.°; inch.
Cherra Punji; two examples,
Genus Twacona, Walker.
Porsica, Walker.
96. T. ingens (Walker), xxxv., p. 1823 (1866),
Shillong ; two examples.
Genus Pypna, Walker.
97. P. testacea, Walker, vii., 1754 (1856).
Common,
98, P. kamadena (Moore), P. Z. 8., 1865, p. 812.
Shillong. I have both sexes of this species, it is
quite distinct from the preceding, differiug in size,
markings, and colouration.
99, P. decurrens (Moore), Desc. Ind. Lep. Atk., i.,
p. 66 (1879), ;
The type came from Cherra Punji, not received by
me.
100. P. notata, Swinh., Trans. Ent. Soc., 1891, p. 479,
ple LO; tie, 16:
Shillong; one example.
Hampson makes this a synonym of P. pallida, Butler,
from Japan, but it cannot even belong to the same
section of the genus, having simple antenne in both
SeXeS.
101. P. longivitta (Walker), vii., p. 1754 (1856).
Shillong ; two males, one female.
102. P. bela, sp. n.
Antenne grey ; upper side of palpi dark brown; underside
160 Colonel Charles Swinhoe on the
yellowish-grey ; head, thorax, and forewings dark reddish-ochreous ;
abdomen and hindwings white, tinged with ochreous ; forewings
irrorated with brown atoms; these, clustered together, form a
longitudinal fascia in the centre up to the apex and indications of
another fascia below it; some indistinct brown spots in an out-
wardly curved line from centre of hinder margin towards apex,
only apparent in one example ; hind wings with the outer border
tinged with red. Expanse of wings, 1,4 inch.
Cherra Punji; three examples.
Genus Crira, Walker.
103. C. aurata (Moore), Descr. Ind. ep. Atk., 1,
p. 64 (1879).
Recorded from the Khasia Hills, by Moore.
104. C. fasciata (Moore), l.c., p. 66.
Shillong ; two specimens.
Genus Somera, Walker.
105. S. viridifusca, Walker, iv., p. 882 (1855).
Shillong and Cherra Punji; many examples.
Genus Crerura, Schrank.
106. C. liturata, Walker, v., p. 988 (1855).
Shillong.
Genus Hyrermscura, Butler.
107. H. pallida, Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5) vi.
p. 65 (1880).
Shillong; numerous examples.
108. H. basalis (Moore), P. Z. S., 1865, p. 813.
Cherra Punji.
Genus AntHsua, Walker.
109." A. servula (Drury), Ins. Mxot, a p.20, plidie
fio, 11 (1773).
Cherra Punji.
Genus Anticyra, Walker.
110. A. combusta, Walker, p. 1092 (1855),
Cherra Punji.
Lepidoptera of the Khasia Hills. 161
Genus Fantonta, Butler.
111. F. argentifera (Moore), P. Z. 8., 1865, p. 813.
Cherra Punji.
Genus Nutri, Walker.
112. N. viridescens (Walker), vi., p. 1504 (1855).
Cherra Punji.
| Genus Spatanta, Hiibner,
113. S. argentifera (Walker), Journ. Linn. Soe., vi.,
p» 140 (1862).
Shillong.
114. S. awritracta (Moore), P. Z. S., 1865, p. 811.
Shillong.
115. S. plusioides (Moore), Descr. Ind: Lep. Atk., i.,
p. 62 (1879).
Cherra Punji.
Genus Lornoprrmryx, Stephens.
116. L. ferruginosa, Moore, Descr. Ind. Lep. Atk., i.,
B07 (S79):
Cherra Punji.
Genus Brsara, Walker.
117. B. rubiginea, Walker, xxxii., p. 459 (1865).
Recorded from the Khasias.
Genus MerascHais, Hampson.
118. M. disrupta (Moore), Descr. Ind. Lep. Atk., i.,
p. 62 (1879). -
Cherra Punji.
Genus Icutuyura, Hiibner.
119. TF. fulgurita, Walker, XXX, p. 433 (1865),
Shillong.
120. I. pallida (Walker), v., p. 1077 (1855).
Shillong, one example.
TRANS. ENT, SOC, LOND. 1894,.—ParRT I. (MARCH.) Vi
162 Colonel Charles Swinhoe on the
Fam, CYMATOPHORIDAL,
Genus Haprosyne, Hiibner.
121. H. indica (Moore), P. Z. S., 1867, p. 44.
Shillong.
122. H. armata, Moore, Descr. Ind. Lep. Atk., ii,
p. 90 (1882).
Recorded from the Khasia Hills.
Genus T'nyatira, Hiibner.
1238. T. batis (Linn.), Syst. Nat., i., p. 836 (1735).
Shillong and Cherra Punji.
Genus Gaurena, Walker.
124. G. florescens, Walker, xxxii., p. 620 (1865).
Recorded from the Khasias.
Genus Potypioca, Hiibner.
125. P. albicosta (Moore), P. Z. 8., 1867, p. 45.
Cherra Punji.
Sub Group V.
Fam. EPICOPIID.
Genus Epica1a, Westw.
126. H. polydora, Westw., Arcana Ent., p. 19, pl. 5,
fig. 1 (1843).
Shillong and Cherra Punji.
127. H. varunea, Moore, P. Z. 8., 1865, p. 799.
Shillong and Cherra Punji.
Fam. URANIIDA.
Genus Nycratemon, Dalman.
128. N. zampa, Butler, Ent. Mo. Mag., v., p. 273
(1868).
Shillong and Cherra Punji.
Lepidoptera of the Khasia Hills, 168
Fam. MICRONIIDA.
Genus Uraprerorpes, Moore.
129. U. astheniata (Guén.), Phal., ii., p. 24 (1857).
Cherra Punji.
Genus StropuipiA, Hiibner.
130. S. fasciata (Cram.), Pap. Exot., i1., p. 12, pl. 104,
fig. p (1779).
Shillong.
Genus Micronipia, Moore.
131. M. simpliciata (Moore), P. Z. 8., 1867, p. 646.
Cherra Punji.
Genus Micronia, Guén.
132. M. aculeata, Guén., Phal., ii., p. 12, pl. 18,
fig. 8, 9 (1857).
M. gannata, l.c., p. 26, g
M. sparsaria, Walker, xxiil., p. 818 (1861). .
Shillong and Cherra Punji; common.
Genus Psrupomicronia, Moore.
133. P. celata, Moore, Descr. Ind. Lep. Atk., i,
p. 257 (1887).
Shillong ; one example.
Genus Acroptsris, Hiibner.
134, A. striataria (Clerck.), Icon., pl. 55, fig. 4 (1759).
Shillong and Cherra Punji.
135. A. iphiata (Guén.), Phal., ii., p. 29 (1857).
Micronia pontiata, Guén., l.c.
M. convewaria, Walker, xxiii., p. 819 (1861).
Common.
The type of convexaria came from Landoor, it was
omitted from Cotes and Sunbury’s catalogue by over-
sight.
164 Colonel Charles Swinhoe on the
136. A. ciniferaria (Walker), xxxv., p. 1642 (1866).
Micronia obliquaria, Moore, P. Z.8., 1877, p. 622,
pl. 60, fig. 17.
Shillong and Cherra Punji.
The type of ciniferaria from Siam is in the O.M.,
the type of obliquaria is from the Andaman Islands ;
they are not separable.
137. A. vagata (Moore), Pia. 8.; I877; p. G22; pleas
ne, 18;
Shillong.
Genus AvuzEA, Walker.
138. A. rufifrontata, Walker, xxvi., p. 1487 (1862).
Cherra Punji.
Genus Caatamia, Moore.
139. CO. flavescens (Walker), ii., p. 406 (1854).
Shillong.
Fam. EPIPLEMIDAS.
Genus Amana, Walker.
140. A. angulifera, Walker, ii., p. 662 (1855).
Shillong and Cherra Punji.
Genus Decretia, Walker.
141. D. mimicusaria, Walker, xx., p. 95 (1860).
Shillong and Cherra Punji; several examples.
Genus Parapecertta, Noy.
With the veination of Decetia, but with very different
antenne. In Decetia the antennee are pectinated in both
sexes. In this genus the antenne of the male are
dentated, the teeth with flat ends and very close
together; in the female the rudiments of the dentations
only are present.
142. P. albistellaria (Walker), xxvi., p. 1522 (1862).
Shillong and Cherra Punji.
IT have it also from the Shan States (Manders). The
type is in B.M., without locality.
Lepidoptera of the Khasia Hills. 165
Genus HrteLema, Herr Schiff.
143. H. reticulata (Moore), Descr. Ind. Lep. Atk., iu.,
: p. 259 (1887).
Shillong.
144. H. himala (Butler), Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), vi.,
p- 221 (1880).
Shillong.
145. H. insolita (Walker), xxxv., p. 1648 (1866).
Divades conchiferata, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, iii., p. 403,
pl: 186, fig. 1h (1887).
Cherra Punji.
146. H. fulvilinea, Hampson, Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. B. M.,
vilil., p. 103, pl. 150, fig. 19. (1891).
Shillong.
I have this also from the Nilgiri BUTS and from F'ort
Stedman, Shan States.
147, H. quadricaudata (Walker), xxiii., 847 (1861),
Hrosia varisaria, Walker, xxili., 848, and xxvi., 1797
(1862).
Cherra Punji.
148. H. moza (Butler), Ann. Mag. N.H. (5), 1, p. 402
(1878).
Cherra Punji.
The type of this species came from Japan, the Cherra
Punji are almost identical with it.
149. H. ocusta, sp. n.
¢. Pale chocolate-brown, irrorated with black and brown
atoms, both wings crossed by two pale lines, ante and post medial,
arising from costa of forewings, from which they are first extended
outwards, then abruptly curving inwards run direct to the hinder-
margin, are extended across the hindwings, both being deeply
elbowed outwardly in their centres, the inner line edged outwardly
and the outer line inwardly with black, the black edgings being
broad in parts, the outer portion of both wings are suffused with
black and brown, two indistinct black spots near hinder angle of
forewings and an ochreous patch near outer margin above the
middle on the hindwings ; on the forewings there is a sub-marginal
pale line outwardly edged with black, from the apex, stopping at
166 Colonel Charles Swinhoe on the
one-third before the hinder angle, at which part of the margin
the wing is produced into a small angle; marginal line white,
cilia dark brown edged with ochreous grey. Expanse of wings, ;°>
inch.
Cherra Punji; three examples.
150. H. sreapa, sp. n.
gd. Blackish brown, nearly uniform in colour, striations black,
two black transverse lines across both wings, .ante and post
medial most distinct on costa of forewings from which they run
outward, and then become sinuous, directly descending to the
hinder margin, the outer one having white points; on the hindwings
they are not sinuous, the inner one is almost invisible, the outer
one is double, an ochreous line between them, it is bent acutely
outwards in its centre where it has two small teeth, and some _
white points in its lower half, a black sub-marginal streak on
forewings below the apex, marginal line ochreous, fringe blackish
brown. Expanse of wings, 1,2, inch.
Cherra Punji; one example.
Genus Drrapzs, Walker.
151. D. bicaudata (Moore), P. Z.8., 1867, p. 645.
Cherra Punji.
Genus Orupiza, Walker.
152. O. protheclaria, Walker, xxiii., p. 858 (1861).
Common.
Sub Group VI.
GEOMETERS.
Fam. MENOCTENIIDA.
Genus Sarcinopes, Guén.
153. S. carnearia, Guén., Phal., 1, p. 188 (1857),
Very common,
154. 8. restitutaria (Walker), xxvi., p. 1527 (1862).
Auxima sumatraria, Walker, xxxv., p. 1577 (1866).
Sarcinodes xgrota, Butler, Il. Typ. Lep. Het. B. M.,
vi., p. 60, pl. 115, figs, 3, 4 (1886).
Very common.
Lepidoptera of the Khasia Hills. 167
155. S. equilinearia (Walker), xxi., p. 292 (1860).
Shillong ; several examples.
156. S. lilacina, Moore, Descr. Ind. Lep. Atk., in.,
p. 234 (1887).
Cherra Punji and Shillong; common.
157. S. debitaria (Walker), xxvi., p. 1527 (1862).
Cherra Punji and Shillong; several examples.
158. S. susana, Swinh., Trans. Ent. Soc., 1891, p. 488.
Shillong and Cherra Punji; many examples.
Genus Norra, Walker.
159. N. ajaia (Walker), Journ. Linn. Soc., i, p. 195
(1859).
Shillong.
Genus Eomeri, Duncan.
160. H. rosalia (Cram.), Pap. Exot., iv., p. 152, pl. 368,
fig. r. (1782).
Common.
161. H. flavata, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, iii., p. 440,
pl. 198, fig. 3 ¢ (1887).
Shillong; one example.
162. HE. aureliata, Guén., Phal. i., p. 394, pl. 22, fig. 6
(1857).
Shillong.
Fam. ORTHOSTYXID Ai.
Genus Ozota, Walker, xxiv., p. 1080 (1861).
Carima, Walker, xxvi., p. 1630 (1862).
Zarmigethusa, Walker, l.c., p. 1637.
163. O. microniaria, Walker, xxiv., p. 1080 (1862).
Cherra Punji.
164. O. extersaria (Walker), xxiii., p. 926 (1861),
Shillong and Cherra Punji.
168 Colonel Charles Swinhoe on the
165. O. biangulifera (Moore), Descr. Ind. Lep. Atk., in.,
p. 263 (1887).
Shillong and Cherra Punji; common.
The inner band of forewings is acutely bent in on to
the costa, but this species can more easily be distin-
guished from ewxtersaria by having the discal band
waved up to costa near apex, whereas in evtersaria it is
acutely angled inwards on to the corta at one-third from
apex.
Genus Rampara, Moore.
166, &. efila, sp. n.
é. White, both wings with a brown ringlet at the end of the
cells, almost lunular in shape, a brown mark in centre of hinder
margin of forewings, and a short brown streak before centre of
abdominal margin of hindwings, giving with the cell marks the
appearance of a broken medial band across both wings; an
indistinct discal sinuous brown line on hindwings with slight traces
of one on the forewings, a large black sub-apical spot on fore-
wings, and black dots on the outer margin of both wings between
the veins, Expanse of wings, 1,4; inch.
Cherra Punji; two examples of this fine Rambara.
Genus Naxa, Walker.
167. N. textilis, Walker, vii., p. 1743 (1856),
Shillong; two examples.
Orthostixis hiigeli, Felder, Reise Nov. Lep., pl. 130,
fig. 19 g (1874), is generally made a synonym to the
above, but this wrong: there are two distinct species,
although the pattern is very much the same; /hégeli has
antenne: very much more deeply pectinated than in
tewtilis.
Genus CeLteruna, Walker.
168. C. divisa, Walker, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1862, p. 72.
Shillong and Cherra Punji.
Genus, IorapHora, Nov.
Palpi short, covered ~with short stiff hairs, last joint depressed ;
antenne of male bipectinate, with short stiff branches to the tips,
the pectinations ciliated. Female with simple antenne ; hind-
Lepidoptera of the Khasia Hills. 169
wings with vein 2 one fourth from lower end of cell, 3 just
before the end, 5 above the centre of disco-cellulars, rather close
to the upper end of cell, 6 and 7 from end of cell ; forewings with
veins 2 and 3 as in hindwings, 5 from centre of disco-cellulars ;
hind tibiee with two pairs of short spurs.
169. I. iridicolor (Butler), Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), vi,
p. 227 (1880).
Cherra Punji; one pair.
Genus Tosaura, Swinh.
170. T. falcipennis (Moore), Deser. Ind. Lep. Atk., iu.,
p. 266, pl. 8, fig. 29 (1887).
Shillong and Cherra Punji; common.
Vis Pomecaria, Swinh., Trans. Ent. Soc., 13892;' p. 16;
pli, fie? 1G:
Shillong ; many examples.
Fam. GEOMETRIDAS.
Genus HuscuEema, Hiib.
Hazis, Boisd.
Heleona, Swainson.
172. HE. militaris (Linn.), Mus. Lud. Ulr., p. 375 (1764).
Shillong.
173. H. excubitor, Moore, P. Z. 8., 1878, p. 846.
Shillong.
Genus Pacayopes, Guén.
174. P. hemataria (Herr Schiiff.), Exot. Schm., figs. 2065,
206 (1850-69).
P. ornataria, Moore, Descr. Ind. Lep. Atk., in.,
p. 249 (1887).
Common.
175. P. vigens (Butler), Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), vi.,
p. 127 (1880).
Common.
176. P. apicalis (Moore), Descr. Ind. Lep. Atk., iii.,
p. 247 (1887). .
Common.
170 Colonel Charles Swinhoe on the
177. P. costistrigaria (Moore), P. Z. 8., 1867, p. 633.
Shillong and Cherra Punji.
178. P. similis (Moore), Descr. Ind. Lep. Atk., ii.
p. 248 (1887).
P. ruficosta, Hampson, Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. B. M., viu.,
p. 108, pl. 150, fig. 16 (1891).
Shillong.
179. P. erionoma, Swinh., Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xu.,
p- 219 (1893).
Shillong; numerous examples.
Genus ABSALA, Swinh.
180. A. doreada, Swinh., Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xii,
p. 149. (Pl: Tie...)
Shillong; three males, one female.
Genus Psrupotrerpna, Hiibn.
Hypochroma, Guén.
Dindica, Moore.
Pingasa, Moore.
181. P. polyphenaria (Guén.), Phal., i., p. 280 (1857).
Shillong and Cherra Punji; common.
182. P. para (Swinh.), Trans. Ent. Soc. 1891, p. 490.
Shillong; many examples.
183. P.crenaria (Guén.), Phal., i., p. 278 (1857).
Hypochroma distenta, Walker, xxi., p. 434 (1860).
H. sublimbata, Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), x., p. 232
(1882).
Shillong and Cherra Punji.
184. P.chlora (Cram.), Pap. Exot., iv., p. 233, pl. 398,
fig. c (1782).
Hypochroma lariaria, Walker, xxi., p. 433 (1860).
H. irrorataria, Moore, P. Z. S., 1867, p. 632. |
Shillong and Cherra Punji; very common.
185. P. rufofasciata (Moore), Descr. Ind. Lep. Atk., i.,
p. 247 (1887).
Shillong and Cherra Punji.
Lepidoptera of the Khasia Hills. 171
186. P. ruginaria (Guén.), Phal., i., p. 278 (1857).
Hypochroma perfectaria, Walker, xxi., p. 454 (1860).
H. nyctemerata, Walker, l.c., p. AA,
Shillong and Cherra Punji; very common.
187. P. alba (Swinh.), Trans. Ent. Soc. 1891, p. 491,
ple LO tices;
Shillong ; several males.
Genus CuLoroponroperA, Warren.
188. C. discospilota (Moore), P. Z. 8., 1867, p. 621.
Shillong.
189. C. chalybeata (Moore), P. Z. 8., 1872, p. 580, pl. 34,
fig. 4.
Shillong and Cherra Punji.
Genus Hprpristis, Meyrick.
Terpnidia, Warren.
190. E. minimaria (Guén.), Phal., i., p. 279 (1857).
Hypochroma parvula, Walker, xxi., p. 435 (1860).
Acidalia truncataria, Walker, xxiii., p. 774 (1861).
Shillong and Cherra Punji.
Genus Hrrocaroma, Swinh.
Actenochroma, Warren.
191. H. baba, Swinh., Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xu, p. 148
(1893).
Shillong; many specimens.
Mr. Warren’s paper on Indian Geometers in Coll.
Elwes was published in the same month as mine in the
Annals, but Part ii. of P. Z. 8S. was not issued from the
printers until three weeks later than the issue of the
August number of the Annals and Magazine of Nat.
Hist. in which my paper appeared.
192. H. subtepens (Walker), xxi., p. 438 (1860).
Shillong; numerous examples.
The type ijn the O.M. came from Sarawak, it is, how-
ever, a common species in the Khasia Hills, and the
Khasia Hill examples are identical with the type.
—
“TI
Lo
Colonel Charles Swinhoe on the
198. H. viridaria (Moore), P. Z.8., 1867, p. 632.
Shillong and Cherra Punji ; common.
194, H. muscicoloraria (Walker), xxvi., p. 1543 (1862).
Shillong and Cherra Punji.
Genus Maxartrs, Moore.
195. M. celataria (Walker), xxii., p. 552 (1861).
Shillong.
196. M. macariata (Walker), xxvi., p. 1562 (1862).
Shillong.
Genus Lissonica, Nov.
Differs from Maxates in the simple antenne in both sexes; in
the genus Mazates the antenne in the male is bipectinate for two-
thirds its length, in the veination also vein 2 of the hindwings
arises much nearer the end of the cell.
197. L. polygrapharia (Walker), xxi., p. 435 (1860).
Macaria vagata, Walker, xxii., p.927 (1861).
Shillong ; common.
Genus EprsoTHatma, Swinhoe.
198. H. sisunaga (Walker), xxii., p. 550 (1861).
Thalassodes macruraria, Walker, xxvi., p. 1561 (1862).
Shillong; nine specimens.
199. H. ocellata, Swinh., Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xii., p..218
(1893). (PIN, Ger os)
Shillong and Cherra Punji; two examples.
Genus Cacamopa, Nov.
d. Antenne simple, hindwing produced into a tail ; veins 6 and
7 stalked at end of cell, 5 emitted very near 6, forewing with vein
3 emitted before end of cell, 6 and 7 stalked before end of cell.
200. C. viridata (Moore), P. Z. 8., 1867, p. 625.
Shillong. :
Lepidoptera of the Khasia Hills. 173
“Genus AGATHIA, Guén.
201. A. lycenaria (Kollar), Hiig. Kasch., iv., p. 486
(1848). .
Common.
202. A. prasina, Swinh., Ann. Mag. N. Ele) xe,
p. 219 (1893).
Shillong; three males.
203. A. letata (Fabr.), Ent. Syst., iii., 2, 164 (1793).
Shillong; four specimens.
204. A. quinaria, Moore, P. Z. 8., 1867, p. 639.
Cherra Punji and Shillong ; many examples.
Put with hilarata, Guén., in the B.M. collection, but
is certainly distinct; hilarata only differs from lcetata in
the medial transverse band of forewings: lxtata, hilarata,
and quinaria are closely allied, but the three forms
appear constant without intermediates. I have many
examples of each from different parts of India.
205. A. gemma, Swinh., Trans. Ent. Soc., 1892, p. 8.
Shillong ; five examples.
206. A. hemithearia, Guén., Phal, i., p. 381 (1857).
Shillong.
207.: A. beata, Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), vi., p. 218
(1880).
Shillong.
208. A. arcuata, Moore, P. Z. 8., 1867, p. 64.
Shillong and Cherra Punji; very common.
209. A. codina, Swinh., Trans. Ent. Soc., 1892, p. 7,
pled igs:
Shillong ; four males of this fine species.
Genus Tanaoruinus, Butler.
210. T. viridiluteata (Walker), xxii., p. 515 (1861).
Shillong and Cherra Punji; apparently a common
species in the Khasias.
174 Colonel Charles Swinhoe on the
211. T. reciprocata (Walker), xxii, p. 515 (1861).
Geometra dimissa, Walker, l.c., p. 516.
Shillong; two examples.
212. T. kina, Swinh., Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xu, p. 150
(1893), (PL Tl Mie 1.)
Shillong; four males.
Genus AporanpriA, Noy.
Antenne of male deeply pectinated for two-thirds its length, the
pectinations ciliated ; palpi upturned, thickly covered with hair,
last joint short, tip square ; hindwings with veins 3 and 4 and
6 and 7 forked one-third their distance beyond the cell, vein 2
emitted less than half the distance from the base to the fork of
veins 3 and 4 ; forewing with vein 3 emitted a short distance before
cell, vein 2 from the middle, vein 6 one-fifth beyond cell ; hind
tibiz with two short terminal spurs.
213. A. specularia (Guén.), Phal., 1., p. 342 (1857).
Shillong.
Genus Loxocurta, Butler.
214. ZL. variegata, Butler, Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. B. M.,
vii., p. 104, pl. 136, fig. 3 (1889).
Shillong.
Genus Mrcatocutora, Meyrick.
215. MM. vittata (Moore), P. Z.S., 1867, p. 636.
Shillong.
216. M. avicularia (Guén.), Phal., i., p. 342 (1857).
Shillong.
Genus Eucroris, Hiibn.
Thalassodes, Guén.
217. H. quadraria (Guén.), Phal., i., p. 8360 (1857).
Thalassodes inconclusaria, Walker, xxii., p. 556 (1861).
Shillone.
218. EH. lunifera (Moore), Descr. Ind. Lep. Atk., i.,
p. 270 (1887).
Type Cherra Punji in Coll. Staudinger: I have not
seen this species.
Lepidoptera of the Khasia Hills. 175
219, H, opalina (Butler), Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), vi., p. 214
(1880).
Shillong and Cherra Punji.
Very closely allied to the preceding, but uniformly
larger.
220, H. liliana (Swinh.), Trans. Ent. Soc., 1892, p. 7,
pl. 1, fig. 2!
Shillong.
221. H. acte, Swinh., l.c., p. 6, pl. 1, fig. 13.
Shillong.
222. H. thalassica (Moore), Lep. Ceylon, ni, p. 430,
pl. 194, fig. 6 (1387).
Cherra Punji.
223. H. devexata (¢) (Walker), xxii., p. 573 (1861).
Agathia scintiligera (¢), Butler, Ann. Mag. N.H. (5),
vi., p. 216 (1880).
Shillong.
Genus THALERouRA, Nov.
Cell of hindwings larger than in Euchloris, vein 7 emitted
nearer its upper end, antennz bipectinate for three-fourths from
base, the pectinations evenly ciliated.
224, T. goniaria (Felder), Reise Nov. Lep., pl. 128,
fig. 3 2 (1874),
Cherra Punji.
225. T. urapteraria (Walker), xxxv., p. 1608 (1266),
Shillong; two examples.
Genus Getasma, Warren.
226. G. thetydaria (Guén.), Phal., 1., p. 8358 (1857),
Thalassodes bifasciata, Walker, xxvi., p. 1562 (1862),
Shillong.
176 Colonel Charles Swinhoe on the
227. G, griseoviridis, Warren, P. Z, S., 1898, p. 353,
pl. 31, fig. 6.
Cherra Punji.
Genus CGinospina, Swinhoe.
228. Ci. lyra, Swinh., Trans. Ent. Soc., 1892, p. 5.
Shillong and Cherra Punji; many specimens.
229. GH. strix (Butler), Ill, Typ. Lep. Het. B. M., vii,
p. 105, pl. 136, fig. 8 (1889),
Cherra Punji.
Genus Nemortia, Hiibn.
Hemithea, Dup.
930. N.insularia (Guén.), Phal.,i., p. 315 (1857).
Thalera insularia, Hampson, Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. B. M.,
Will., 20, 771 (L891).
Shillong and Cherra Punji.
The Cherra Punji examples are much larger than
those from Shillong, but there is no specific difference
between them.
Genus T'satera, Hiibn.
231. T. disjuncta, Walker, xxii., p. 595 (1861).
Shillong.
232. T. graminea, Hampson, Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. B. M.,
viul., p, 109; pl. lol; fig, 1 (1891),
Cherra Punji.
Genus Eucrosrzs, Hiibn.
Comibena, Hubn.
Uliocnemis, Warren.
233. H. sanquilineata (Moore), P. Z.8., 1867, p. 638.
Cherra Punji.
234, H. partita (4) (Walker), xxi, p. 573 (1861).
Comibena felicitata, (9), Walker, /.c., p. 579.
Thalera concisiplaga (¢), Walker, l.c., p, 598,
Cherra Punji.
Lepidoptera of the Khasia Hills. 177
235, LH. integranota (Hampson), Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. B. M.,
ix., p/ 146, pl £70; fe. 13.
Cherra Punji.
236. I. kafebera, sp. n.
d White, forewings with a green transverse sub-basal band, a
broader discal band, and between these a large green spot separated
from the bands by a fine white line ; this discal band is continued
on the hindwings as a medial band, bent outwards in the middle ;
both wings with a submarginal macular green band, the spots
formed by the white veins and a white outer festoon; these bands
have between them white bands, through the centre of which runs
a fine sinuous green line, outer margin and cilia green, the veins white
and white streaks in the cilia opposite the veins ; thorax green,
abdomen with green segmental band ; underside white. Expanse
of wings, 12; inch.
Cherra Punji; two examples.
I feel uncertain as to the genus of this insect, and
as Mr. Hampson is now working out the genera of the
Geomeiridz, I prefer leaving it to him to determine.
Genus Berta, Walker.
237. B. chrysolineata, Walker, xxvi., p. 1621 (1862),
Shillong.
Genus rmanpra, Dup.
238. T. aventiara (Guen.), Phal. ii, p. 3 (1857).
Shillong.
239. T. convectaria (Walker), xxiu., p. 800 (1861).
Timandra comptaria, Walker, xxvi., p. 1615 (1862).
Shillong and Cherra Punji.
240. T'. responsaria (Moore), Descr. Ind. Lep. Atk., iii.,
p- 255 (1887).
Shillong and Cherra Punji.
TRANS. ENT.S0C. LOND. 1894.—PaRT I, (MARCH.) Mt
Wie! Colonel Charles Swinhoe on the
Fam. ACIDALIDA.
Genus Pertxera, Meyrick.
241. P. obrinaria (Guén.), Phal., i., p. 414 (1857).
Shillong.
242, P. absconditaria (Walker), xxvi., p. 1580 (1861).
Common.
Genus Musorropnr, Hampson.
243. M. expunctaria (Walker), Journ. Linn. Soc., ii.,
p. 195 (1859).
A, ovisignata, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, iii., p. 444 (1887).
Shillong.
Genus T'rrracHopopA, Hampson.
3
244, 1. obstataria (Walker), xxi., p. 769 (1861).
Anisodés subroseata, Walker, xxvi., p. 1582 (1862).
A. acuta, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, iii., p. 445, pl. 215,
fig. 9 (1887).
Shillong.
Genus ANnrisoDEs, Guén,
245. A, lichenaria, Swinh., Trans. Ent. Soc., 1892, p. 8.
Shillong.
246. A. intermietaria, Swinh., lc.
Shillong.
247. A. pulverentula, Swinh., L.c., p. 9, pl. 1, fig. 8.
Shillong.
248. A. heydena, sp. n.
3. Yellowish straw colour, upperside of palpi black ; wings
irrorated with brown atoms, forewings with a very large chocolate-
brown oval patch in the centre, a suffused, sinuous short band
running upwards from it, hindwings with a similar central smaller
spot, pale in its centre, a sub-basal transverse brown line, an ante-
medial thin brown band touching the inner side of the spot, and a
Lepidoptera of the Khasia Hills. 179
discal brown line running evenly with the outer margin across
both wings ; on forewings there are two small suffused brown
patches on the margin, one at the apex and the other below it ;
marginal points black, one on each vein and one between each
vein. Expanse of wings, 1,4; inch,
Cherra Punji; one example.
249, A. dotilla, sp. n.
3 Dark pinkish-grey, wings densely irrorated with minute
brown atoms, a white dot at the end of each cell, those on the
hindwings ringed with black, both wings with a discal row of black
dots on the veins and a similar row of marginal dots, cilia pale
grey. Underside body and wings suffused with pink, a discal
sinuous pale brown indistinct line with pale black points across
both wings, marginal line brown, legs pink, abdomen grey.
Expanse of wings, 1,3; inch.
Cherra Punji; one example.
Genus Dirnatma, Meyrick.
250. D. ideea (Swinhoe), Trans. Ent. Soc. 1892, p. 6.
Shillong and Cherra Punji.
251. D. crina (Swinhoe), l.c., p. 14, pl. 1, fig. 14.
Shillong.
252. D. albivertew (Swinhoe), l.c., p. 15.
Shillong and Cherra Punji.
253. D. hampsoni (Swinhoe), l.c., p. 14.
Shillone.
254, D. mecysma, sp. n.
gd @. Dark mouse colour, wings very minutely irrorated with
grey, an indistinct black dot at the end of each cell, both wings
crossed by ante-medial and post-medial nearly straight brown
lines, the latter a little outwardly bent below the middle on the
hindwings, forewings with a discal similar line, and both wings
with brown marginal lines, cilia grey, underside grey, lines as
above. Expanse of wings, 2; inch.
Cherra Punji; numerous specimens,
180 Colonel Charles Swinhoe on the
Genus EritHroLopnus, Swinh.,
Organopoda, Hampson.
255. EH. fascicorpus, Swinh., Trans. Ent. Soc. 1892, p. 11.
Shillong.
256. H. carnearia (Walker), xxii., p. 644 (1861).
Shillong. The cell spot in both wings is very variable
in size, and sometimes in the forewings it is obsolete.
Genus SyneciopEs, Swinb.
257. S. diffusifascia, Swinh., Trans. Ent. Soc. 1891,
p: Jd; pl: 1) fig. 9;and Ann Maco NE (oiS) sr,
p. 150 (1893).
Common.
258. S. histrionaria, Swinh., Trans. Ent. Soc. 1891, p. 12.
Common,
Genus STREPTOPTERON, Swinh.
259. S. posticamplum, Swinh., l.c., p. 10, pl. 1, fig. 12.
Shillong. The type specimen is the only example
received of this extraordinary insect.
Genus CHrysocrAsPeDA, Warren.
260. C. abhadraca (Walker), xxii., p. 630 (1861).
Cherra Punji.
Genus AcIpALIA, Treit.
261. A. walkeri, Butler, P. Z. 8., 1883, p. 170.
A. extimaria, Walker, xxii., p. 794, No. 280, nec.
782, No. 252 (1861).
Shillong and Cherra Punji.
262. A. opsinaria, Swinh., Trans. Ent. Soc. 1892, p. 15.
Shillong.
263. A. similaria (Moore), P. Z,.S., 1867, p. 841.
Shillong,
Lepidoptera of the Khasia Hills. 181
264. A. attentata, Walker, xxii., p. 754 (1861).
Shillong.
265. A. patularia, Walker, xxxv., p. 1633 (1866).
Shillong.
266. A. remotata, Guén., Phal., i., p. 488 (1857).
Shillong.
267. <A. nesciaria, Walker, xxii., p. 750 (1861).
A. negataria, Walker, xxii., p. 701.
Cherra Punji.
268. A. fibulata,Guen., Phal.,i., p. 490, pl. 15, fig. 5 (1857).
Cherra Punji.
Genus CraspepiaA, Hiibn.
269. C. pallivittata (Moore), P. Z. S., 1867, p. 641.
Shillong and Cherra Punji.
270. C. arenosaria (Moore), Lep. Ceylon, ui., p. 445
a)
(1887)
Shillong.
271. CO. addictaria (Walker), xxii., p. 749 (1861).
Cherra Punji.
Genus RHopostropHiA, Hiibner.
Phyletis, Guén.
Delocharis, Butler.
272. R. stigmatica, Butler, Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. B. M., vii,
p- 110, pl. 1386, figs. 19, 20 (1889).
Shillong.
273. R. prasonaria (Swinh.), Trans. Ent. Soc., 1892,
p. 12.
Tanaotrichia trilineata, Warren, P. Z. 8., 1893, p. 361,
pl. 32, fig. 2.
Shillong.
274. R. pelloniaria (Guén.), Phal., ii., p. 169 (1857).
Shillong and Cherra Punji; common.
182 Colonel Charles Swinhoe on the
275 R. khasiana (Moore), Desc. Ind. Lep. Atk., iu.,
p. 264 (1887).
Cherra Punji; a very distinct species.
276. R. similata, Moore, Desc. Ind. Lep. Atk., 11., p. 264
(1887).
The type came from the Khasia Hills, not in my
collection.
This genus links the Acidulide with the Geometride,
vein 5 in both wings being emitted above the centre of
discocellulars.
‘Genus Hyrta, Steph.
277. H. ferruginaria (Moore), P. Z. 8., 1867, p. 654.
278. H. marginata, sp. n.
d. Rosy grey, minutely irrorated with rosy red atoms, fore-
wings with a black mark at the end of the cell, both wings crossed
by indistinct sinuous red lines, ante-medial, medial, and post-
medial, the first obsolete on hindwing, the last with brown points
on the veins, costa of forewings and marginal line on both wings
dark reddish brown, thick, and very prominent, cilia rosy. Ex-
panse of wings, ,’; inch.
Cherra Punji.
Genus Deroa, Swinh.
Lipomelia, Warren.
279. D. ustata, Swinh., Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xii., p. 151
(1893).
Inpomelia subusta, Warren, P. Z. 8., 18938, p. 360,
pl. 32, fig. 24. :
Shillong and Cherra Punji.
Genus Somatina, Guén.
280. S. rosacea, sp. n.
dg. Front white, collar and abdomen rosy, thorax white, abdo-
men with darker segmental bands; forewings greyish white with
the interior portions suffused with rosy, a black point at end of
Lepidoptera of the Khasia Hills. 185
cell, a patch of darker rosy grey in the disc, limited outwardly by
a pale whitish sinuated line which commences on the-hinder mar-
gin near the angle, and curves inwards round the top of the cell.
On the inner side of this line there is a brownish suffusion, a sub-
marginal grey band arising frem a small black patch near the hinder
angle, and curving inwards in to the centre where it is double,
leaving the apex white, marginal line black, slightly lunular ; hind-
Wings rosy, a more distinct black point at the end of cell, a sub-
marginal pale sinuous line, inwardly broadly edged with brownish ;
a marginal white band with the ground colour running into it in
parts, and a black marginal line as in forewings, cilia of both
wings white, interlined with rosy grey. Expanse of wings,
1,3, inch,
Cherra Punji; two examples.
Genus Runeca, Moore.
281. R. ferrilineata, Moore, Desc. Ind. Lep. Atk., iu.,
p. 202, pl. 8, ig. 13 (1887).
Cherra Punji.
Genus Prosiepsis, Led.
Argyris, Guén.
282. P. apollinaria (Guén.), Phal., ii., p. 13 (1857).
Shillong and Cherra Punji.
With the discal ocelli of forewings very large and
quite round.
283. P. delaria, Walker, xxiui., p. 808 (1861).
Shillong.
Very doubtfully distinct from apollinaria.
284, P. delphiaria, Guén., Phal., ii., p. 14 (1857).
P. vulgaris, Butler, Il. Typ. Lep. Het. B. M., vii.,
p. 43, pl. 125, fig. 2 (1889).
Shillong.
285. P. extrusaria, Walker, xxii., p. 637 (1861).
Cherra Punji.
184 Colonel Charles Swinhoe on the
Genus Atpx, Walker.
Orgalmia, Walker.
Gamoruna, Moore.
286. A. palparia (Walker), xxiii., p. 988 (1861).
A, nigrozonata, Walker, xxvi., p. 1754 (1862).
Gamoruna palparia, Moore, Descr. Ind. Lep. Atk., 11.,
p. 265 (1887).
Shillong and Cherra Punji; common.
Genus Groarapa, Nov.
Closely resembles Alex in appearance, but in the male
the antenne is serrate; in Alew it is bi-pectinate. The
cell is longer, vein 5 of hindwings is free; in Alex it is
stalked with 6,
287. G. helweola, n. sp.
gd. Olive-brown, without the red colour always to be found in
A, palparia, the transverse band and other markings very similar.
Sometimes there is a large blackish-brown spot on forewings near
the hinder angle, but this is often absent ; the underside, however,
is very distinctive ; the bands are more like lines, and well defined ;
the medial band is farther away from the base in the hindwings
than in Alex, and is well curved ; the sub-marginal band in a semi-
dentated line, not a diffuse band ; and on the forewings there is an
inwardly curved thin band inside the middle band, and rising from
its lower end, runs up towards the costa. Expanse of wings,
2 inches.
Shillong and Cherra Punji. Many examples, but not
nearly so common as Alex, the type female of which in
the B. M. has been carefully examined.
Genus T'rycopss, Guén.
288. T. divisaria, Walker, xxiii., p. 927 (1861).
Shillong and Cherra Punji.
Fam. LARENTIIDA.
Genus GonanticLea, Swinh.
289. G. aversa, Swinh., Trans. Ent. Soc., 1892, p. 4.
Shillong ; common.
Lepidoptera of the Khasia Hills. 185
290. G. occlusata (Felder), Reise Nov. Lep., pl. 182,
fig. 16 (1874).
Shillong and Cherra Punji.
Genus CoLix, Guén.
291. C. hypospitata, Guén., Phal., ii., p. 358 (1857).
Shillong.
292. C. ghosha,; Walker, xxiv., p. 249 (1862).
Shillong.
Genus Remopes, Guén.
293. R. abnormis, Moore, Descr. Ind. Lep. Atk., iii.
p. 2/1, pl Soll ese):
Cherra Punji.
294. R. decussata (Moore), P. Z.S., 1867, p. 655, pl. 33,
fio. 10.
Cherra Punji.
295. R. fasciata, Moore, l.c., p. 270.
The type came from Cherra Punji.
296. R. mterruptaria, Moore, l.c.
Recorded from the Khasia Hills.
297. R. lineosa, Moore, Deser. Ind. Lep. Atk., iii.,
p. 270, pl. 8610 (1887).
Shillong.
Genus Carice, Walker.
298. OC. rachiaria, Swinh., Trans. Ent. Soc. 1891, p. 492.
Shillong and Cherra Punji.
299. C. lunulineata, Moore, Descr. Ind. Lep. Atk., i.,
p. 263, pl. 8, fig. 26 (1887).
Cherra Punji.
300. C. zalska, sp. n.
d- Ochreous grey, striated with brown ; forewings with the
costa marked with black and pale spots, crossed by an inner in-
distinct and incomplete brownish band, a discal, sinuous brownish
line, double in parts, and with two or three square black spots in
patches on its outer side above the hinder angle, where there are
also some black and white striations marking the wing, and
186 Colonel Charles Swinhoe on the
extending in a band-like form up the outer margin ; hindwings
with the outer portion darkly and thickly striated with brown,
underside paler, with black striations and band on the outer por-
tions of both wings. Expanse of wings, ;5; inch.
Cherra Punji.
A very obscure-looking little insect, allied to nothing
I know of; received in great numbers.
Genus PuipaLapreryx, Steph.
301. P. plurilineata, Moore, Descer. Ind. Lep. Atk., 111.,
p. 273 (1887).
P. nigrovittata, Warren, P. Z. §., 1888, p. 327.
P. nigripunctata, Warren, l.c., p. 328.
Shillong. Identical with my Thundiani examples.
Genus ZrripAva, Walker.
302. Z. eylinearta, Walker, xxvi., p. 1550 (1862).
Menophra (?) rubridisca, Hampson, Ill. Typ. Lep. Het.
Be M., vin, p. £06, p)ito0; fie.3 (169):
Shillong ; common.
Genus Arponis, Moore.
303. A. chlorophilata (Walker), xxvi., p. 1768 (1862).
Shillong.
Genus KurirHecta, Curt.
304. H. felicata, Swinh., Trans. Ent. Soc. 1892, p. 1.
Shillong and Cherra Punji; many examples.
305. H. infestata, Swinh., P. Z. 8., 1889, p. 430.
Cherra Punji.
306. H. dentifascia, Hampson, Il. Typ. Lep. Het. B. M.,
vili., p. 172, pl. 152, fig, 12 (189),
Shillong.
807. H. rigida, Swinh., Trans, Ent. Soc. 1892, p. 2.
Shillong.
308. H. wmfestata, Swinh., P. Z. 8., 1889, p. 430.
Cherra Punji.
Lepidoptera of the Khasia Hills. 187
309. H. atroviridis, Warren, P. Z.S., 1893, p. 384, pl. 31,
fig. 19
Shillong. :
310. H. griseipennis, Moore, Descr. Ind. Lep. Atk.,
p. 269, pl. 1, fig. 28 (1887).
Cherra Punji.
dll. H. incurvata, Moore, l.c., p. 268.
The type came from the Khasias.
312. H. rufifascia, Hampson, Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. B. M.,
ix Pp: [ods pls iil, ties to (E693).
Cherra Punji.
Genus Lygranoa, Butler.
313. L. rectilineata, Moore, Descr. Ind. Lep. Atk., .,
p- 272 (1887).
The type came from the Khasia Hills.
Genus Barpanss, Moore.
314. B. plicata, Moore, Descr. Ind. Lep. Atk., i., p. 251,
pl. 8, fig. 22 (1887).
Shillong.
Genus Lozornora, Steph.
315. L. decorata, Moore, l.c., p. 272.
Shillong and Cherra Punji.
316. L. pulcherrima; Swinh., Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xu,
p. 224 (1893).
Shillong.
Genus DysretTuia, Warren.
317. D. ocyptaria (Swinh.), Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xii,
p. 157 (1893).
Shillong.
Genus Campoaia, Guén.
318. C. pulchella (Hampson), Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. B. M.,
vui., p. 124, pl. 158, fig. 22 (1891).
Cherra Bai
188 Colonel Charles Swinhoe on the
Genus LacintopzEs, Nov.
Antenne simple in both sexes ; palpi depressed, short, covered
with hairs; hindwing with the lower portion of cell much
extended, vein 3 emitted from the end, 2 at one third before end,
5a little above middle of disco-cellular, 6 and 7 forked at nearly
half the distance beyond upper end of cell ; forewing with vein 3
emitted a little before end of cell, 2at one third before end, 5 a
little above centre of disco-cellular, 6 and 7 at upper end of cell;
mid-tibia with one pair of terminal spurs ; hind-tibia with two
pairs.
319. L. plurilinearia (Moore), P. Z. 8., 1867, p. 645.
Shillong and Cherra Punji.
There are two forms of this insect, one being without
any of the usual dark markings on the wings.
Genus Piemyria, Hub.
9
320. P. catenaria (Moore), P. Z. 8., 1867, p. 655, pl. 33,
fig, 9.
Shillong.
Genus PonynzstA, Swinh.
321. P. truncapeax, Swinh., Trans. Ent. Soc. 1892, p. 5.
Shillong.
Genus Cryprotosa, Warren.
322. O. aerata (Moore), P. Z. S., 1867, p. 654.
Shillong.
Genus XanrHoRHOE, Hub.
Coremia, Guén.
323. X. conturbata (Walker), xxvi., p. 1703 (1862).
Shillong.
Genus Erirruor, Hib.
324. H. exliturata (Walker), xxiv., p. 1195 (1862).
Shillong.
Lepidoptera of the Khasia Hills. 189
Genus Crpartia, Treit.
325. CO. relata, Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), vi., p, 229
(1880),
Shillong.
326. C. aliena, Butler, l.c., p. 230.
Shillong.
327. O, fecunda, Swinh., Trans, Ent, Soc, 1891, p, 493,
Shillong and Cherra Punji,
328. C. scortea, Swinh,, l.c,
Shillong,
329, C, delecta, Butler, Aun. Mag. N. H. (5), vi., p. 229
(1880).
Shillong ; common.
330, OC. curewmata, Moore, Descr. Ind. Lep. Atk., iti,
p. 278 (1887).
Shillong and Cherra Punji.
33l, O. decurrens, Moore, Descr. Ind. Lep, Atk., iii,
p. 276 (1887).
Cherra Punji.
332. O. bareconia, sp. n.
¢ 2. Palpi, antenne, head and body black; forewings with
the basal half dark blackish-brown, with its outer edge somewhat
sinuous and bent slightly outwards above the middle, crossed in its
centre bya pale thin band which has a thin black line in it, is
sometimes indistinct and sometimes obsolete, a transverse brown
line close to the outer edge of the basal half followed by a
pale pinkish-grey band, and then a number of transverse lines
close together right up to the outer margin, where there is a black
patch near the hinder angle, another below the apex, and a third
in the costa near the apex ; sometimes the outer lines are obsolete,
and the outer portions of the wings grey with the black patches
showing more prominently ; hindwings dark brownish-grey, with
indistinct transverse grey bands, which however, are often
obsolete ; underside dark grey, crossed by indistinct central and
discal darker bands. Expanse of wings, ,°;—,° inch,
Cherra Punji; many examples,
190 Colonel Charles Swinhoe on the
333. C. suwbstituta, Walker, xxxv., p. 1691 (1866).
Shillong.
334. C. chalybearia, Moore, P. Z. 8., 1867, p. 663.
Shillong.
335. C. cervinaria, Moore, l.c., p. 664.
Shillong.
336. OC. nivicincta, Butler, Il. Typ. Lep. Het. B. M., vii.,
p. 119; pl: 137, fe 200839).
Shillong.
337. C. viridata, Moore, P. Z. 8., 1867, p. 661.
Shillong.
338. C. aurata, Moore, l.c., p. 664.
Shillong.
Genus ParaLopuiaA, Warren.
339. P. pustulata, Warren, P. Z.8., 1898, p. 371, pl. 30,
foe.
Cherra Punji.
Genus Eustroma, Hiibn.
340. E. dissecta, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, iii., p. 488, pl. 207,
he Oe (ser):
Shillong and Cherra Punji.
341. H. triangulifera, Moore, Descr. Ind. Lep. Atk., i.,
p. 275 (1887).
Shillong ; common. .
342, H. obscurata, Moore, P. Z. §., 1867, p. 633, pl. 33,
ieee
Shillong ; very common.
343. H. furva (Swinh.), Trans. Ent. Soc. 1891, p. 494.
Shillong and Cherra Punji.
344. H. dentifera, Moore, Descr. Ind. Lep. Atk., ii,,
p. 275 (1887).
The type came from Cherra Punji,
Lepidoptera of the Khasia Hills. 191
345, EE monana, Swinh., Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xii,
p. 224 (1893).° (PI. II, fig. 10.)
Shillong.
346. H. multifaria (Swinh.), P.Z. 8., 1889, p. 429, pl. 44,
fig. 9.
Cherra Punji.
347. H. aurigena (Butler), Ann. Mage. N. H. (5), vi.,
p. 280 (1880).
Cherra Punji.
Genus Scorosia, Steph.
348. S. sordidata, Moore, Descr. Ind. Lep. Atk., i1.,
p. 274 (1887).
Shillong and Cherra Punji.
Genus Ganparitis, Moore.
349, G. flavata, Moore, P. Z. 8., 1867, p. 660.
Cherra Punji.
Genus Psoroscorosta, Warren.
350. P. miniosata, Walker, xxv., p. 1354 (1862),
Shillong.
Genus ANTHyYRIA, Swinh,
301. A. grataria (Walker), xxii, p. 663 (1861).
Shillong.
302. A. ole, Swinh., Trans. Ent. Soc. 1892, p. 2.
Shillong.
303. A. lunulosa (Moore), Lep. Ceylon, i., p. 450,
pl. 200, figs. 5, 5a (1887).
Shillong and Cherra Punji.
Genus Pomasta, Guén.
354. P. moniliata, Warren, P. Z.8., 1893, p. 367, pl. 32,
fie. 9
Type, Khasia Hills, in coll. Elwes,
192 Colonel Charles Swinhoe on the
Genus AstHENna, Hiibn.
355. A. ochracea, Warren, P. Z. S., 1888, p. 231.
A. ochracea, Elwes, P. Z. 8., 1893, p. 264, pl. 32,
fic, 10 ¢.
Recorded from Shillong.
Genus PsitocAmpocia, Hampson.
356. P. rapistriaria (Swinh.), Trans. Ent. Soc. 1890,
p: 210, spl Gees
Shillong.
307. P. deviaria (Walker), xxu., p. 664 (1861).
Shillong.
Genus Raopomerra, Meyrick.
358. R. sacraria (Linn.), Nat. i., 2, 863, 220 (1766).
Cherra Punji.
Fam. BOARMIID/AA.
Section I. URAPTERYGIN Ai.
Genus Urapteryx, Leach.
309. U. multistrigaria, Walker, xxxy., p. 1535 (1866).
Shillong and Cherra Punji.
360. U. sciticaudaria, Walker, xxvi., p. 1480 (1862).
Shillong.
361. U. picticaudata, Walker, xx., p. 12 (1860).
Shillong and Cherra Punji.
This species, the type of which is in O.M. from Borneo,
is quite distinct from the yellow form; sciticaudaria is
uniformly much larger, and with different markings.
362. U. primularis, Butler, I]. Typ. Lep. Het. B. M., vi.,
p. 49, pl. 113, fig. 4 (1886),
Shillong.
Lepidoptera of the Khasia Hills. 193
Genus T'ainopreryx, Butler.
303. T. crocopterata (Kollar), Kasch von Hiigel, iv.,
p. 453 (1848).
Shillong and Cherra Punji; very common.
364. T. pretoraria (Felder), Reise Noy. Lep., pl. 122,
fig. 13, g (1893).
Shillong.
360. T. nebulosa, Butler, Journ, Linn. Soc., 1883, p. 203.
Shillong and Cherra Punji. Quite distinct from the
preceding. I have a fine series of both of them without
any intermediates.
Genus XEropreryx, Butler.
366. X. columbicola (Walker), xx., p. 11 (1860).
Shillong.
Genus Sremopreryx, Butler.
367. S. rufivinctata (Walker), xxvi., p. 1747 (1862).
Shillong and Cherra Punji; very common.
Section II, DEILINIINA.
Genus Barra, Steph.
368. B. margarita (Moore), P. Z. 8., 1867, p. 647.
Corycia alba, Moore, Descr. Ind. Lep. Atk., il., p. 261
(1887).
Shillong.
369. B. platylewcata (Walker), xxxv., p. 1628 (1866).
Cherra Punji.
370. B. indistincta (Moore), Descr. Ind. Lep. Atk., iii.,
p-. 261 (1887).
Shillong and Cherra Punji.
371. B.imamata (Walker), xxil., p. 755 (1861).
Shillong and Cherra Punji.
Genus Derninta, Hiibn.
372. D. luteifrons, sp. n. (PI. II., fig. 14.)
@. Pure white ; front luteous ; wings crossed by three indis-
tinct dentated grey lines ; ante-medial, medial, and discal at even
TRANS, ENT, SoC, LOND. 1894.—ParT I. (MARCH.) N
194, Colonel Charles Swinhoe on the
distances apart ; fore legs with ochreous tibie ; hind legs with
brown bands on the tarsi. Expanse of wings, 13 inch.
Cherra Punji. Two examples.
Genus Perera, Herr Schiiff.
378. P. medardaria, Herr Schiff, Exot. Schm., pl. 94,
fig. 534 (1856).
Shillong and Cherra Punji.
374, P.fasciata (Moore), P. Z. 8., 1867, p. 634, pl. 32, fig. 8.
Shillong.
5. P. riobearva (Walker), xx., p. 129 (1860).
Shillong and Cherra Punji; common.
376. P. capitata (Walker), xxiii., p. 1019 (1861).
Alana rubiginata, Walker, xxxv., p. 1568 (1866).
Cherra Punji.
377. P. albopunctata (Swinh.), Trans. Ent. Soc., 1891,
or
ol
p. 491
Shillong.
378. P. cervinaria Pa: Descr. Ind. Lep. Atk., i1.,
p. 233 (1887).
Cherra Punji.
Genus Tasta, Walker.
Dissophthalmus, Butler.
379. T. micaceata, Walker, xxvi., p. 1570 (1862).
Dissophthalmus iridis, Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5),
vi, p. 219 (1880).
Cherra Punji.
Genus Myrreta, Walker.
Orthocabera, Butler.
Microniodes, Hampson.
380. M. planaria, Walker, xxili., p. 831 (1861).
Shillong.
381. M. ocernaria (Swinh.), Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xii,
p. Lo2 (1693). (Plank, die.7s;)
Shillong,
Lepidoptera of the Khasia Hills. 195
882. M. brunneiceps (Warren), P. Z. S., 1893, p. 387,
pl. 31, fig. 23.
Shillong and Cherra Punji.
Genus CABrropEs, Guen.
383. C. achromaria, Guén., Phal.i., p. 136 (1857).
Shillong and Cherra Punji.
384. C. costalis (Moore), P. Z. 8., 1867, p. 616.
Shillong.
Genus Hererosrecant, Hampson.
385. H. subtessellata (Walker), xxvi., p. 1648 (1862).
Shillong, Cherra Punji.
386. H. lala (Swinh.), Trans. Ent. Soc., 1892, p. 13.
Shillong.
Genus Srecanra, Guén.
387. iS. latifasciata (Moore), Descr. Ind. Lep. Atk., iii,
p. 200 (1887).
Cherra Punji.
388. S. peralba, sp.n. (Pl. IL., fig. 5.)
g 2. Of a uniform white colour, tinged with grey. Above
there are very few markings. Costal line of forewings flesh colour,
marked with black; and on the hind wings the cell spot and black
band of the underside is slightly visible ; on the underside there is
a minute black dot at the end of cell on forewings ; and on the
hindwings the black spot and black discal band are very promi-
nent ; legs flesh-colour. Expanse of wings, ¢ 3%, 2 1, inch.
Cherra Punji; two males, one female.
Genus Micronissa, Swinh.
889. M. dephinaria, Swinh., Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xii,
p. 152 (1893).
Shillong.
Genus Piuropss, Guén.
390. P. flavescens, Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), vi,
p. 223 (1880).
Shillong ;.common.
196 Colonel Charles Swinhoe on the
391. P. exquisata, Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), vi,
p. 223 (1880).
Shillong ; a fine series,
392. P. subcaudata, Butler, l.c., p. 224.
Shillong; many examples.
393. P. prasina, Swinh., Trans. Ent. Soc., 1892, p. 13,
pl i, fe. 10:
Shillong and Cherra Punji.
394. P.costatus, Butler, Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. B. M., vi.,
p- 93, pl. 114, fig. 4 (1886).
P. triangularis, Warren, P. Z.8., 1893, p. 388.
Shillong and Cherra Punji; very common.
This is a variable species, and Mr. Warren could
not have had a sufficient number before him when de-
scribing triangularis; none of the points of difference
mentioned by him hold good. I have examples from
Solon, near Simla, and a long series from Shillong and
Cherra Punji. The costal band of forewimgs varies in
width, the triangular central tooth varies in size; in one
example it is continued in the form of a yellow bar right
across the wing to the hinder angle, and similarly the
antemedial transverse line in some examples runs into
the yellow band just before the first tooth, but in others
it runs into the tooth.
395. P. lamisca, sp. n.
¢. Bright ochreous yellow, thorax (except the collar) and
abdomen chocolate-brown ; wings patched and marked with the
same colour ; forewings with a patch at base extending also down
the abdominal margin of hindwings, as in all the species of the
Cyclaria group ; a large discal patch on forewings with dentated
margin all round, and joined to the basal patch by an irregular
band ; on hindwings two bands of small spots, discal and sub-
marginal, with a diffuse patch between them below the middle.
Expanse of wings, 1,3; inch.
Cherra Punji; three examples,
Lepidoptera of the Khasta Hills. 197
Section III. ENNOMINA.
Genus Dauima, Moore.
Panisala, Moore.
Metoxidia, Butler.
Hololoma, Warren.
396. D. intricata, Warren, P. Z. 8., 1893, p. 396.
Shillong.
397. D. patnaria, Felder, Reise Nov. Lep., pl. 122,
fir 12,4 (E873),
Shillong ; common.
398. D. truncataria (Moore), P. Z. 8., 1867, p. 620.
Cherra Punji.
399. D. patularia (Walker), xx., p. 247 (1860).
Shillong and Cherra Punji. A very variable species, I
have them in all colours, from dark purplish brown to
pale yellowish grey.
400. D. calaminia (Butler), Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), vi,
p. 121 (1880).
Shillong; many examples.
Genus Hypocurosis, Guén.
Omiza, Walker.
Marcala, Walker.
Celenna, Walker.
Phenix, Butler.
401. H. pachiaria (Walker), xx., p. 247 (1860).
Shillong and Cherra Punji.
402. H. hyadaria (Guén.), Phal. ii., p. 587 (1857).
Marcala ignivorata, Walker, xxvi., p. 1764 (1862).
Shillong and Cherra Punji.
403. H. venusa, sp. n.
$- Of a uniform dark pink brown, with a greenish tinge,
antenne black, forewings with the costal line ochreous, dotted
with brown, a dark pink upright line or thin band from the hinder
margin before the middle, which bifurcates at the end of the cell,
the outer branch outwardly elbowed before reaching the costa
hindwing with the costal space pale pinkish, underside pale
198 Colonel Charles Swinhoe on the
ochreous red, unmarked, darkest on forewings with the hinder
marginal space of that wing whitish. Expanse of wings, 1,%; inch.
Cherra Punji; one example.
The general colouration above is somewhat similar to
that of H. hyadaria, Guén.=ignivorata, Walk., but the
markings are different to any other species of this genus
yet recorded. I have very fine series of all the different
species of Hypochrosts mentioned in this paper; all the
females are more or less like each other, but can easily be
separated ; the males are very distinct, and I have never
seen any intermediates.
404. H. abstractaria (Walker), xxxv., p. 1559 (1866).
Marcala irrorata, Moore, Descr. Ind. Lep. Atk., ii1.,
p. 282 (1887).
Shillong and Cherra Punji; common. A somewhat
variable insect; many of the examples have black
patches on the hinder margin near the angle of various
sizes, some of them very large.
405, H. obliquaria (Moore), l.c.
Shillong and Cherra Punji; very common.
406. H. festivaria (Fabr.), Hnt. Syst., iii, 2, 152, 84
(1793).
Geometra saturataria, Walker, xxii., p. 519 (1861).
Cherra Punji.
407. H. iris (Butler), Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), yi., p. 122
(1880),
Cherra Punji.
Genus Acurosis, Gueén. |
408. A. quadraria, Warren, P. Z. 8., 1893, p. 409.
Cherra Punji.
Genus Prionia, Hiibner.
Osicerda, Walker.
Oclesdera, Walker.
Ismisca, Walker.
Zomia, Moore.
409. P. incitata (Walker), xxiv., p. 1085 (1862).
Zomia miscella, Swinh., Trans. Ent. Soc., 1891, p. 144.
Shillong and Cherra Punji.
Lepidoptera of the Khasia Hills. 199
410. P. squalidaria, Hiibner, Zutr., iv., p. 40, figs. 787,
788, 9 (1882).
P. squalidaria, Cotes and Swinh., Cat. Moths of India,
iv., No. 3691 (1888).
Ismisca cyclogonata, Walker, xxvi., p. 1765 (1862).
Shillong ; a fine series.
411. P. costimaculata (Moore), P. Z. 8., 1867, p. 650.
Shillong.
412. P. trinotaria (Moore), lc.
Cherra Punji; one example, much’smaller than usual.
413. P. intexta (Swinh.), Trans. Ent. Soc., 1892, p. 145,
; pl 3; fos ie.
Shillong.
Genus Herpromiza, Warren.
414. H. flava (Moore), Descr. Ind. Lep. Atk,, iii., p. 233,
Shillong. pl. 8, fig. 5 (1887).
415. H. sanguiflua (Moore), l.c., fig. 4.
Shillong.
416. H. cruentaria (Moore), P. Z. 8., 1867, p. 616.
Cherra Punji.
Genus Napacara, Walker.
417. N. inordinata, Walker, xxiv., p. 1094 (1862).
Shillong. The type from Sarawak isin the O.M. I
have received two males from Shillong which are
identical with Bornean and Maylayan specimens.
Genus Hinicrinra, Hubner.
418. E. flava (Moore), Descr. Ind. Lep. Atk., i1., p, 233,
pl. 8, fig. 2 (1887).
Shillong.
Genus SpitopeRA, Warren.
Hrinnis, Warren.
419. S. umbrata, Warren, P. Z.S., 1893, p. 403.
Cherra Punji.
Closely allied to S. gracilis, Butler, from Japan,
uniformly smaller, and differing in the disposition of the
bands.
200 Colonel Charles Swinhoe on the
420. S. hepaticata, sp. n.
¢. Chocolate-brown, wings smeared with whitish in parts, a
black dot at the end of each cell, forewings with a straight
transverse brown line one-third from base, an irregular sinuous
brown line from costa of forewings near apex to hinder margin,
one-fourth from the angle, continued on the hindwings, where
it is discal and curved, corresponding to the curves of the outer
margin, the portion of the wings outside this line is darker and
suffused towards the apex of forewings with a red tint, and there
is a white smear on the outer margin below the apex and another
smear in the disc below it. Underside paler, uniform in colour,
suffused with grey, the cell dots distinct and both wings crossed
by a discal sinuous chocolate line. Expanse of wings, 1,5; inch.
Cherra Punji; two examples.
421. S. combusta, Warren, P. Z.8., 1893, p. 415.
Cherra Punji.
422. 8. obliquilinea (Moore), Descr. Ind. Lep. Atk., iii.,
p. 229 (1887).
Leptomiza straminea, Warren, P. Z. S., 1898,
p. 407, 9.
Shillong and Cherra Punji.
The type of Warren’s genus Leptomiza is calcearia,
Wk. Of the three new species he describes in the
same paper all are from female types, and it is impossible
to tell what genus they really belong to until the males
are examined ; out of one hundred and seventy-four new
species described in this paper, no less than fifty-four
are erected on female types, and of many of them he
appears to have had only single specimens before him.
Genus Fascrentina, Walker.
423. F. chromotaria, Walker, xx., p. 215, ? (1860).
Geometra usta, Walker, xxxv., p. 1602, ¢ (1866).
Shillong and Cherra Punji; common.
424, F. plagiata (Walker), xxxv., p. 1601 (1866).
F. viridis, Moore, P. Z. 8., 1867, p. 79, pl. 7, fig. 4.
Shillong.
Lepidoptera of the Khasia Hills. 201
425. F. subsignata, Warren, P.Z.S., 1893, p. 399.
F. curtaca, Swinh., Ann. Mag. N. H. (6) xu, p. 220
(1893).
Shillong.
426. F. dacoda, Swinh., l.c., p. 221. (Pl. I1.,.fig. 7.)
Shillong and Cherra Punji.
427. F. cyanifera, sp.n. (Pl. IL, fig. 13.)
d ¢. Chocolate-brown suffused with ochreous, and smeared
and striated in parts with white ; forewings with two indistinct
brownish transverse straight bands, first one-third from base,
second in the middle ; a thin white line, edged with brown on both
sides, and more or less sinuous, extending from a white sub-
apical patch on costa of forewings to hinder margin, one-fifth from
the angle, and continued across the disc of the hindwings, where
it is bent at its centre ; inside this line on the hindwings is a broad
chocolate-brown band, and outside it on both wings are several
white smears ; on the underside the body, legs, and wings are
ochreous, wings striated with brown, suffused with white and yellow
on forewings, uniformly bright ochreous on hindwings; on the
forewings, a white line edged with brown runs from the costa of
forewings where it is deeply elbowed outwards, and. then nearly
straight down to the hinder angle, one-third from the angle, a broad
reddish-brown band on its innerside, narrowing downwards, and all
the wing outside the line of the same colour and smeared with white
in parts ; the hindwings are crossed by two discal brown lines, the
inner one bent in its middle. Expanse of wing, ¢ 1;4;, 2 1-5, inches.
Cherra Punji; one pair.
The female only differs from the male in having rounder
wings. |
Genus Oxsonozpa, Walker.
428. O. clelia (9) (Cram.),. Pap. Exot., iii, p. 172,
pl. 288, figs. B, c. (1780).
O. rajaca (¢), Walker, xx., p. 219 (1860).
O. pallida, Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), vi., p. 125 (1880),
Cherra Punji.
202 Colonel Charles Swinhoe on the
Genus Hyposipra, Guén.
Lagyra, Walker.
429. H. talaca (Walker), xx., p. 59, ¢ (1860).
Shillong.
430. H. aquilaria (Walker), xxvi., p. 1485 (1862).
Shillong.
431. H.umbrosa (Swinh.), Trans. Ent. Soc. 1890, p. 205,
pl. 7, fig. 4.
Macaria aquilaria (nom preoc.), Walker, xxvi.,
p. 1562 (1862).
Shillong.
Genus Hyatinetra, Nov.
¢. Differs from Hyposidra in having ciliated antenne,
not pectinated as in that genus; veins 3 and 6 of both
wings emitted from the ends of the cells, the cells being
closed by a hyaline mark bent outwards in the middle.
432. H. megaspila (Moore), P. Z. §., 1867, p. 616.
Shillong.
Genus Garmus, Moore.
3. G. discolor, Warren, P. Z.S., 1893, p. 400.
Genus Psyra, Walker.
434. P. cuneata, Walker, xxi., p. 485 (1860).
Shillong and Cherra Punji.
Genus CrocaLus, Treit.
Odontopera, Steph.
Corotia, Moore.
Niphonissa, Butler.
435. C. translineata (Walker), Char. Undescr. Lep. Het.,
p- 98 (1869).
Odontopera nemea, Swinh., Trans. Ent. Soc., 1891,
p. 485, pl. 19, fig. 5.
Shillong.
Walker’s type is in the Devon and Exeter Museum,
and Mr. Warren, who has seen it, says it is identical
with my type of nemea; Walker described his species as
a Deltoid of the Genus Selenis. ©
Lepidoptera of the Khasia Hills. 205
436. C. cervinaria (Moore), P. Z. 8., 1867, p. 625,
pl. 32, fig. 10.
Shillong.
437. C. decorata (Moore), l.c., p. 621, pl. 82, fig. 9.
Shillong.
438. C. codra (Swinh.), Trans. Ent. Soc., 1891, p. 486,
pl. 19) fig. 3.
Shillong.
439. C. murina (Swinh.), l.c., p. 487, pl. 19, fig. 13.
Shillong.
410. C. heydena, sp. nu.
S$. Dark ochreous grey, forewings densely irrorated with
minute dark greyish-brown atoms, a brown dot at the end of the
cell, indications of an inner brownish outwardly-curved band at
one-third from the base, a nearly straight blackish-brown thick line
from the costa near apex to the hinder margin one-fourth from the
angle, edged with whitish on the outer side,-this line slightly curves
inwards below its centre ; black points in the interspaces close to the
outer margin, cilia brown with pale tips, hindwings pale ochreous-
grey, unmarked except for a pale grey dot at end of cell. Under-
side pale ochreous-grey, a blackish spot at end of each cell, and the
discal line showing through the wing. Expanse of wings, 1,75 inch.
Shillong ; many examples.
Allied to C. bilineata, Swinh., which, however, is a
larger insect, has a discal band on hindwings and has
two teeth below its semi-falcated apex of forewing,
a character entirely wanting in all the specimens I have
yet seen of this species, the outer margin of the forewing
being produced above the middle and evenly concave
between that and the apex.
Genus Merrocampa, Latreille.
441. M. haliaria (Walker), xxii., p. 518 (1861).
Shillong and Cherra Punji.
Genus Herrronocua, Led.
442, H. patalata, Felder, Reise Nov. Lep., pl. 152, fig. 9
(1874).
Marcala varians, Swinh., Trans. Ent. Soc., 1891,
p: 487.
Shillong.
904 Colonel Charles Swinhoe on the
Genus Crocorta, Hiibn.
443. C.niguzaria, Walker, xx., p. 129 (1860).
Shillong; many examples.
Genus ANTHYPERYTHRA, Swinhoe.
444, A. hemearia, Swinh., Trans. Ent. Soc., 1891, p. 485,
pl. oy ges:
Shillong.
Genus Hypgeryruea, Guér.
445, H. lutea, Cram., Pap. Exot., iv., pl. 370 figs. c, D.
(1781). |
Common.
Genus PseuperyrHra, Nov.
Differs from Hyperythra in the absence of the sexual
patch of androconia on forewing, the cell being longer in
both sexes,
446. P. pheeniz (Swinh.), Trans. Ent. Soc., 1890, p. 489.
Shillong ; a long series.
447, P.khasiana (Swinh.), Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xi,
p. 221 (1898).
Shillong; many examples: the females of the above
two species are rather difficult to distinguish from the
females of Hyperythra lutea; they have, however, large
purplish spots all along the outer side of the discal band
on both wings, whereas in lutea these spots are duller
coloured and more restricted ; the cell also is shorter in
lutea : from each other they can be separated by the
difference in the colouration of the underside.
Genus ScarDAMIA, Guén.
448. S. metallarvia, Guén., Phal., i., p. 89 (1857).
Shillong and Cherra Panji.
Genus PreratoruyGa, Nov.
Antenne of male with paired ciliations to the tips ; of the female
with very minute ciliations ; palpi upturned, covered with hairs ;
hindwings with vein 4 curving downwards before end of cell, 2
emitted from middle of cell, 5 and 6 from the ends, forewing with
Lepidoptera of the Khasia Hills. 205
vein 3 from end of cell, 5 emitted from 6 beyond end of cell,
mid tibia with two terminal spurs, hind tibia with four.
449, P. xrata (Moore), P. Z. 8., 1867, p. 643.
Shillong,
Genus Hyruuia, Nov.
Q. Antenne dilate, palpi upturned, last joint short, depressed,
smooth ; hindwings with vein 3 emitted before end of cell, 6 at
the end, 2 beyond the middle ; forewing with vein 3 before end
of cell, 5 in the centre of discocellulars, 6 bent at its origin before
upper end; hind tibiz with two pairs spurs, one long and one short
in each pair.
450. S. dirempta (Walker), xxii., p. 595 (1861).
Shillong and Cherra Punji: I have this species from
several parts of India and from Singapore, all females,
and have never seen a male.
Genus PrricaLuia, Stephens.
451. P. gynopteridia (Butler), Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), vi.,
p. 123 (1880).
Shillong and Cherra Punji; many examples of both
sexes.
452. P. angulifascia (Moore), P. Z. 8., 1878, p. 851,
pl. os tie, ie
Shillong ; several males and one female: In this species
vein 6 of the hindwings is emitted a little further inwards
from the end of the cell then in gynopteridia, and the
antenne of the female has the pectinations very short and
invisible to the naked eye.
Genus Hprone, Dup.
453. H, adustata, Moore, l.c., pl. 8, fig. 20.
Type Khasia Hills in coll. Staudinger: not known
to me.
Genus Synzara, Guén.
Borbacha, Moore.
Parasynegia, Warren.
454. S. pardaria (Guén.), Phal., 1, p. 420 (1857).
Shillong,
206 Colonel Charles Swinhoe on the
455. S.camptogrammaria (Guén.), Phal., i., p. 420 (1857).
Caberodes infixaria, Walker, xxvi., p. 1513 (1862).
Shillong and Cherra Punji.
456. S. diffusaria (Moore), P. Z. 8., 1867, p. 641.
Anisodes punctifera, Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), vi.,
p. 220 (1880). 7
Cherra Punji.
457. S. pluristriaria (Walker), xxvi., p. 1581 (1862).
Shillong and Cherra Punji; common.
458, Synegia gopterana, sp. n.
gd. Ochreous, sparsely irrorated with red, thorax with a red
band in front ; abdomen with segmental bands, wings with a black
dot at the end of each cell, hindwings with a short basal red band,
and a corresponding thick red band near the base of the abdomen,
both wings crossed by a red band from the centre of the abdominal
margin of hindwings, where it is double, to the apex of forewings,
where it joins a band which curves from the apex to the costal
third ; on the forewings there is another curved band attached to
the upper half of the medial band and a red mark against the centre
of the outer margin, and on the hindwings there are some irregular
red lines in the disc and a straight red band from the apex to the
anal angle. Expanse of wings, 1,2; inch.
Cherra Punji; two examples.
Allied to S. lidderdalii, Butler.
Genus Coryaica, Walker.
459. C. arnearia, Walker, xx., p. 231 (1860).
Shillong.
460. C. caustolomaria, Moore, Descr. Ind. Lep. Atk.,
iii., p. 231 (1887).
Cherra Punji.
Section IV. MACARIIN i,
Genus Luxraria, Walker.
Bithia, Walker.
461. L. phyllosaria (Walker), xx., p. 82 (1860).
Li. alfenusaria, Walker, l.c., p. 232,
Shillong.
Lepidoptera of the Khasia Hills. 207
462. L. contigaria (Walker), xxii., p. 754 ¢ (1861).
Acidalia turpisaria, Walker, xxiii., p. 771 ¢ (1861).
A. tephrosaria, Moore, P. Z. S., 1867, p-. 643 ¢.
Very common.
463. L. subrasata (Walker), xxiii., p. 773 (1861).
Shillong and Cherra Punji; a fine series.
Forewings very narrow; underside ochreous-brown with the
usual markings brown, and with a white patch at apex of fore-
wing.
464, L. submonstrata (Walker), xxiu., p. 772 (1861).
Shillong and Cherra Punji; many examples
The smallest species of the genus, of a pale grey
colour.
465. L. fasciosa, Moore, Descr. Ind. Leap. Atk., iii.,
p. 254 (1887).
Shillong and Cherra Punji; common.
466. DL. exclusa (Walker), xxi., p. 320 (1860).
I. exclusa, Cotes and Swinh., Cat. Moths of India, iv.,
No. 4006 (1888).
Acidalia inewactata, Walker, xxxv., p. 1600 (1866).
Shillong.
467. L, obliquata, ee Descr. Ind. Lep. Atk. jell,
p. 254 (1887).
Shillong and Cherra Pani ; Many examples.
Genus Macartia, Curtis.
Acadra, Herr Schaff.
Hvarzia, Walker.
Azata, Walker.
Gubaria, Moore.
Gonodela, Boisd.
468. M. emersaria (Walker), xxiii., p. 925 (1861),
Shillong and Cherra Punji; common.
469. M. oliva, sp.n. (PI. IL, fig. 16.)
&. Olive grey, with slightly darker irrorations ; wings crossed
by olive brown lines, all bent in on to the costa of forewings, Ist
208 Colonel Charles Swinhoe on the
one third from base, on forewings only, 2nd medial, the bent
portions near costa only distinguishable, 3rd discal; medial on
hindwing, there is also a nearly straight line on hindwings, from
apex to‘anal angle ; a black quadrate patch divided by the veins
on discal line of forewings above the centre, with some black
markings near it, and three or four pure white spots below the
apex ; a brown smear like a transverse band on both wings before
the middle ; underside with irrorations and bands prominent and
black. Expanse of wings, 1%; inch.
Cherra Punji; many examples.
Allied to M. temeraria, Swinh. ‘The pattern above
somewhat resembles M. pryeri, Butler, from Japan.
470. M. temeraria (Swinh.), Trans. Ent. Soc., 1891,
p- 492.
Shillong and Cherra Punji; very common.
A71. M. postvittata Walker), xxiii., p. 759 (1861).
M, honoraria, Walker, l.c., p. 928.
M. permotaria, Walker, l.c., p. 929.
Shillong; three examples.
472. M. vasudeva, Walker, xxiu., p. 933 (1861).
Shillong.
473. M. khasiana, Moore, Descr. Ind. Lep. Ath., iii.,
p. 269 (1887).
Shillong and Cherra Punji; the common form of the
sufiata group in the Khasias, but I have never received
it from any other locality.
A474, M. azataria (Swinh.), Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xii.,
p. 154 (1893).
Shillong ; five males.
A475. M. apataria (Swinh.), l.c., p. 222.
Shillong and Cherra Punji; twelve males.
476. M. metagonaria (Walker), xxvi., p. 1518 (1862).
Common ; in the B. M. Coll. this is made a synonym of
S. elvirata, Guén., but elvirata belongs to the suflata
group. I have it from the Shan States; it is the largest
species of that group,
Lepidoptera of the Khasia Hills. 209
477, M. xanthonora, Walker, xxiii., p. 935 (1861),
Shillong ; many examples.
478. M. inchoata, Walker, xxiii., p. 931 (1861).
M. nora, Walker, l.c., p. 934.
M. neonora, Walker, l.c.
Very common ; neonora is from the Philippines, it has
the central white band very broad, but I have an
example from the Khasias identical with the type. The
type specimen of inchoata is a female ; some females of
this extreme form look very distinct, but among the many
hundreds in my museum, trom many localities, there are
all three forms with ali the gradations between them.
479. M. fasciata (Fabr.), Syst. Ent., p. 629 (1775).
Shillong; appears to be more rare in the Khasias than
any other species of this group, only three or four
examples having been received.
480. M. acutaria, Walker, Char. Undescr. Lep. Het.,
p. 100 (1869).
Shillong and Cherra Punji; many examples. There
are two distinct forms of this species, one much darker
than the other.
481. M. perspicuaria, Moore, P. Z. 8., 1867, p. 647.
Shillong and Cherra Punji; common.
482. M. odataria (Swinh.), Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xii,
p, tot, (0893). ((PlcH., fies 17.)
Shillong; five examples.
483. M. trilinearia (Moore), Descr. Ind. Lep. Atk., 111,
p. 263 (1887).
Shillong.
484. M. quadraria (Moore), Lep. Ceylon, it., p. 469,
pl. 205, fig. 1 (1887).
Azata ferruginata, Moore, l.c., p. 470, fig. 2.
Shillong; many examples.
485. M. subfasciata (Hampson), Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. B. M.,
vii., p. 112, pl. 151, fig. 20: (1891).
Shillong; nine examples.
TRANS. ENT. SOC, LOND. 1894,—PparT. I. (MARCH.) 0)
210 Colonel Charles Swinhoe on the
Genus T'epHRINA, Guén,
486. T. atmala, sp. n.
d. Dark slaty-brown, forewings with the costa tinged with
ochreous, a large black spot at the end of the cell, three transverse
black lines antemedial, medial, and discal, the first acutely bent
outwards below the costa, second curving outward from the costa
round the discal spot, third curving a little outwards from the
costa, sinuate, pale edged outwardly and continued across the mid-
dle of the hindwings ; underside paler, striated with whitish, with
medial and discal darker thin bands, which on the hindwings are
antemedial and medial. Expanse of wings, 1,2; inch,
Cherra Punji; one example.
Genus CassymA, Guén.
Huteea, Walker.
Nustidava, Walker.
487. C. heteronewrata, Guén., Phal. ii., p. 19 (1857).
Butea personaria, Walker, xx., p. 217 (1860).
Nustidava unilineata, Walker, xxvi., p. 1573 (1862).
Shillong and Cherra Punji. I have it also from Sikkim.
.
Genus Krananpa, Moore.
A488, K. semihyalina, Moore, P. Z. 8., 1867, p. 648.
Shillong; a fine series.
Genus ZaMARADA, Moore.
489. Z. translucida, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, ii, p. 432,
pl. 197, tie, 2 (be 7).
Cherra Punji.
490. Z. cosmiaria, Swinh., Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xii.,
p. Lbo (1893)5~ (Ply fies 3.)
Shillong and Cherra Punji.
491. Z. (2) marginata, Warren, P. Z. §., 1893, p. 388,
pl. 82, fig, 22.
Cherra Punji.
Genus ZrHEBA, Moore.
492. Z. marginata (Walker), xxxv., p. 1561, 9 (1866).
Hydata spectabilis, Butler, P. Z, 8., 1877, p. 474,
Lepidoptera of the Khasia Hills. 211
Z. aureata, Moore, Descr. Jud. Lep, Atk., iii., p. 263,
4 (1887).
Cherra Punji.
Section V. ABRAXIN AH.
Zerenine.
Genus Cistripia, Hiibner.
Halthia, Mén.
Obeidia, Walker.
493. C. nigripars (Swinh.), Trans. Ent. Soc., 1892, p. 16,
pl toes
Shillong; one example.
494, C. lucifera, sp. n.
d 2. Head and body ochreous, thorax with brown spots,
abdomen with brown segmental bands, wings white, with a broad
band on all the margins, the bands are ochreous, spotted with
brown in some examples, but in others the band is brown marked
with ochreous. In some examples, especially in the females, the
bands are macular, much as in the Chinese species, C. tigrata, Guén.
On the paieiias there is also a brown macular band. Expanse of
wings, ¢ 2%, 2 3 inches.
Types, India, ¢ 9 in O. M.
Shillong; one female. I have it also from Sikkim.
Differs from C. tigrata in its smaller size, and the colour —
of the wings being pure white instead of ochreous.
Genus ParicrEropEs, Warren.
495. P. tenebraria (Moore), P. Z. S., 1867, p. 653.
Shillong.
Genus Icrrropes, Butler.
496. I. hamiltonia (Swinh.), Trans. Ent. Soc., 1892, p. 17,
pl.) fel.
Shillong.
497. I. lapsariata (Walker), xxiv., p. 1121 (1862).
Cherra Punji.
498. I. fasciata, sp.n. (Fl. IL, fig. 1a 9.
3 @. Pevctus, palpi beneath and shafts of the antenne ochreous,
plumes and upper side of palpi black, abdomen ochreous with
black spots, wings white with broad grey transverse bands, one at
Ab? Colonel Charles Swinhoe on the
the base where there are some ochreous marks, an incomplete band
in the middle, obsolescent in the hindwings, followed by a broad
discal band across both wings, and an almost equally broad marginal
band with a white sinuous line running down itscentre. Body and
legs below ochreous. Expanse of wings, 2 inches.
Cherra Punji. I have it also from Kurseyone.
Genus CatcuLa, Moore.
499, C. exanthemata, Moore, Descr. Ind, Lep. Atk., iii.,
p. 266 (1887).
Shillong.
Genus Apraxas, Leach.
500. A. leopardina (Kollar), Hiig. Kasch., iv., p. 490
(1848).
A. martaria, Guén., Phal. ii., p. 205 (1857).
A, intermedia, Warren, P. Z. 8., 1888, p. 324.
Shillong and Cherra Punji; very common: it is im-
possible to separate the above three. Amongst the
hundreds [I have received from the Khasias there are
typical examples of all three, and very many intergrades ;
it 18 @ species very variable in both pattern and size.
501. A. khasiana, Swinh., Trans. Ent. Soc., 1892, p. 17.
Shillong; five examples.
Genus Perenia, Guén.
502. P, felinaria, Guén,, ‘Phal.j i. p.216, pl. 19; fet
(1857).
Common; I have two or three curious sports of this
species from Cherra Punji.
503. P. belluaria, Guén., l.c., p. 217.
Very common.
504. P. guttata, Felder, Reise Nov. Lep., pl. 180,
fig. 15 ¢ (1874).
P. submissa, Warren, P. Z. 8., 1893, p. 391.
Shillong ; three examples. I have it also from Simla
and Kurseyong, the antenne of the male is quite
different in this species to that in felinaria or bell-
waria, having well separated thick spine-like branches
densely ciliated.
Lepidoptera of the Khasia Hills. 213
005. P. coryneta, sp. n.
g. White, pectus, top of head and thorax ochreous ; abdomen
grey tinged with ochreous ; the two latter with black spots as in
Percnia ; forewings ochreous at the base, both wings with spots
much as in P. felniaria, but there are black streaks at the base of
veins 3, 4, 5 and 6 of the forewings, and the sub-marginal row of
spots are in pairs, except those in the 2nd and 8rd interspaces ;
and these spots being somewhat near the margin they leave a white
discal band between them, and the central duplex row ; in the hind-
wing the central band of spots are in pairs in the middle, being
near the origin of veins 3 and 4, and 6 and 7, these being emitted
from the lower and upper ends of the cell. Expanse of wings,
28. inch.
Fao)
Shillong; one example.
Genus Mition14, Walker.
506. M. pulchrinervis, Felder, Reise Nov. Lep., pl. 104,
fig. 6 9 (1868).
M. latwitta, Moore, P. Z. 8., 1872, p. 570.
Shillong.
Section VI. BOARMIIN/AK.
Genus Amratica, Moore.
507. A. recwrsaria (Walker), xxi., p. 374 2 (1860).
Boarmia ferrolavata, Walker, xxvi., p. 1536 ¢ (1862).
B. solivagaria, Walker, xxxv., p. 1586 ¢ (1866).
A. fortissima, Moore, Descr. Ind. Lep. Atk., iii,
p. 245 4 (1887).
Shillong; a fine series. ‘The above is a very good
instance of the futility of erecting types on female
examples in the Geometers: the above three females all
vary inter se, but are all undoubtedly one species, easily
proved by the examination of a long series of this
species.
Genus Eusysa, Hiibn.
Amphidaris, Treit.
508. H. regalis (Moore), Descr. Ind. Lep. Atk., iii,
p. 234 (1887).
Shillong.
214. Colonel Charles Swinhoe on the
Genus Cusi1ats, Moore.
509. CO. bengalaria (Guén.), Phal.,i., p. 210, pl. 4, fig. 2
(1857).
Shillong ; many examples of both sexes.
510. OC. contectaria (Walker), xxvi., p. 1529 (1862).
Shillong and Cherra Punji.
511. C. angulata (Hampson), Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. B. M.,
vill, p: LO7, pl. 150, fie, 7.1300),
Cherra Punji.
Genus Buzura, Walker.
512. B. swppressaria (Guén.), Phal., i., p. 210 (1857).
B. multipunctaria, Walker, xxvi., p. 1531 (1862).
B. strigaria, Moore, P. Z. 8., 1879, p. 416.
Shillong and Cherra Punji; common.
Genus CuHoropna, Walker.
613. C. erebusaria, Walker, xxi., p. 314 (1820).
Shillong and Cherra Punji.
514. C. metaphearia (Walker), xxvi., p. 1482 (18 62).
Hrebomorpha semiclusaria, Walker, l.c., p. 15:
#. pretextata, Felder, Reise Nov. Lep., pl. 196, fig. 16
(1874).
Shillong.
615. OC. testaceata (Moore), P. Z. S., 1867, p. 615.
Cherra Punji.
Genus Hresomorrua, Walker.
Vindusara, Moore.
616. EH. fulgurita, Walker, xxi., p. 495 (1860).
EH. xanthosoma, Felder, Reise Nov. Lep., pl. 126,
fig, 17 (1874).
Shillong ; many examples.
617. E. fulguraria, Walker, xxi, p. 495 (1860).
Shillong; seven examples.
Lepidoptera of the Khasia Hills. 215
518. E. compositata (Guén.), Phal. ii., p. 207 (1857).
Common.
Genus OprHaLMopns, Guén.
519. O. herbidaria, Guén., Phal., i., p. 283 (1857).
O. diwrnaria, Guén., Lc., p. 284.
Boarmia pertusaria, Felder, Reise Nov. Lep., pl. 125,
fig. 17 (1874).
Shillong and Cherra Punji.
520. O. infusaria, Walker, xxi., p. 448 (1860).
Shillong and Cherra Punji; very common.
521. O. pulsarva, Swinh., Trans. Ent. Soc., 1891, p. 489.
Shillong and Cherra Punji; many examples.
522. O. cordularia, Swinh., Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xi..,
p. 155 (1893). (PI. IT., fig. 4.)
Shillong and Cherra Punji.
Genus AmBiycHiA, Guén.
523. A. angeronaria, Guén., Phal., i., p. 215, pl. 4, fig. 9
(1857).
Shillong.
Genus Exeuxos, Guén.
524, H. hymenaria, Guén., Phal.,i., p. 285, pl. 16, fig. 4
(1857).
A. pardicelata, Walker, xxvi., p. 1544 (1862).
E. preumbrata, Warren, P. Z. 8., 1893, p. 433 9.
Shillong ; common. Warren’s species is erected on a
female from Perak: in the Oxford Museum and in
my own museum are examples from several parts of
India, Borneo, Sumatra and Singapore, with many vari-
ations of females bearing many of the characters
described by Warren.
525. EH. scolopaiea, Drury, Exot. Ins., ii, pl. 22 fig. 1,
App. ii. (1773), |
Shillong ; common. °
916 ' Colonel Charles Swinhoe on thé
Genus Boarmia, Treit.
526. B. admissaria, Guén., Phal. i., p. 239 (1857).
B. pleniferata, Walker, xxvi., p. 1538 (1862).
Aleis vicina, Moore, Descr. Ind. Lep. Atk., iii., p. 243
(1887).
Shillong. A splendid series of this very variable
species.
027. B. perspicuata, Moore, P. Z. 8., 1867, p. 630.
Shillong.
028. B. ahenaria, Walker, xxi., p. 370, ¢ (1860).
B. gelidaria, Walker, xxvi., p. 1537, ? (1862).
Chogada fraterna, Moore, Descr. Ind. Lep. Atk., iii.,
p. 245 (1887).
Shillong and Cherra Punji; very common; a very
widely distributed species: I have it from Sylhet,
Sikkim, Khasias, Andamans, Nilgiris, and Ceylon.
£29. B. propulsaria, Walker, xxi., p. 385 (1860).
B. contiquata, Moore, P. Z. 8., 1867, p. 631.
Shillong and Cherra Punji; common.
°
939, B. semiclarata (Walker), xxiv., p. 1029 (1862).
Shillong ; many examples.
531. B. semialba (Moore), Descr. Ind. Lep. Atk., i.,
p. 241 (1887).
Cherra Punji.
532. B. latifasciata, Warren, P. Z. 8., 1893, p. 427.
Cherra Punji.
084, B. ratotaria, sp.n. (PI. IL, fig. 18.)
¢. Brown; the colour caused by minute brown irrorations
densely packed on a grey ground; wings with a lunular-shaped
ringlet at the end of each cell, and crossed by several dark-brown
lines, 1st one-third from base, and indistinct ; 2nd medial, out-
wardly dentated, regularly curved on hindwing outside the ringlet,
Lepidoptera of the Khasia Hills. 217
double on forewing, the two lines gradually widening on to the
costa; 3rd discal somewhat close to the margin, more or less
outwardly dentated, and edged in places with whitish on its outer
side, marginal sinuous line dark brown; underside pale brown,
discal ringlets and central thick black transverse line prominent on
both wings. Expanse of wings, 1,°; inch.
Shillong and Cherra Punji; many examples. Allied
to B. gemmaria, Brahm., but differs in the absence of
the discal marks, evanescent bands above, and band on
hindwings more elbowed outwards.
Genus Racotis, Moore.
535. R. boarniaria (Guén.), Phal. i., p. 282 (1857).
Shillong and Cherra Punji. There are two forms, one
darker and smaller than the other. It is a very common
species in the Khasias.
Genus XanpramEs, Moore.
536. X. dholaria, Moore, P. Z. S., 1867, p. 634.
Shillong and Cherra Punji.
D837. X. latiferaria (Walker), xxi, p. 445 (1860).
Shillong. Six males. The type came from N. China,
but these specimens appear to be identical with the
type.
Genus Mepastna, Moore.
538. M. strivaria (Guén.), Phal. i., p. 217 (1857).
Shillong.
539. M. creataria (Guén.), l.c.
Shillong and Cherra Punji; common.
540. M. mawraria (Guén.), lc., p. 218.
Shillong and Cherra Punji. In Cotes and Swinhoe’s
“ Moths of India,” No. 3264, M. parisnatei (Walker) is
put as a synonym of the above. But this is not correct ;
parisnatet is uniformly much larger than mawraria, and
has a large pale-yellowish spot in the centre of the outer
margin of the forewings in both sexes, besides other differ-
ences. I have both sexes from the Chin Hills, and many
examples of both sexes of mauraria from the Khasias.
918 Colonel Charles Swinhoe on the
541. M. nigrovittata (Moore), P. Z. 8., 1867, p. 626.
Shillong and Cherra Punji.
Genus Catiocasra, Nov.
¢. Antennz bipectinated to the tips, pectinations densely
ciliated ; hindwing with vein 2 emitted from the centre, 3 from a
little before end of cell, vein 6 from the upper end ; forewing with
vein 2 from the centre, 3 from before the end of the cell, 6 bent
upwards beyond the upper end of the cell, emitting vein 5 at a
little distance beyond ; hind tibia with two pairs of spurs.
542. C. similis (Moore), Descr. Ind. Lep. Atk., 111,
p. 235 (1887).
Shillong.
543. C. basistrigaria (Moore), P. Z. 8., 1867, p. 626.
Shillong; one female.
Genus Psrupancurona, Moore.
d44. P. separata (Walker), xxi., p. 381 (1860).
Boarnia retractaria, Walker, I.c., p. 386.
B. intectaria, Walker, xxvi., p. 1535 (1862).
Shillong and Cherra Punji; many examples.
545. P. reparata (Walker), xxi., p. 380 (1860).
Shillong ; five examples.
546, P. lectularia (Swinh.), Trans. Ent. Soc., 1891,
p. 489, pl. 19, fig. 4.
Shillong; one example.
Genus Carascra, Hiibn.
547. C. eolaria (Guén.), Phal., i., p. 294 (1857).
Shillong and Cherra Punji; common.
648. C. ventraria (Guén.), Phal., lc.
Shillong and Cherra Punji; common.
Genus Caroria, Moore.
549, C. sublavaria (Guén.), Phal., i., p. 256 (1857),
Lepidoptera of the Khasia Hills. 219
CO. olivescens, Moore, Descr. Ind. Lep. Atk., ii.,
p. 244 (1887).
Shillong and Cherra Punji. A fine series; typical
examples of sublavaria and olivescens look very distinct,
but I have many intergrades.
Genus Darisa, Moore.
550. D. mucidaria (Walker), xxxv., p. 1581 (1866).
Shillong and Cherra Punji.
Genus Lassapa, Moore.
Hol. DL. albidaria (Walker), xxxv., p. 1582 (1866).
Shillong.
Genus Hemeropuira, Steph.
Menophra, Moore.
552. H. delineata (Walker), xxi., p. 387, 2 (1860).
H. canidorsata, Walker, xxxv., p. 1578 (1866).
Shillong.
553. H. retractaria, Moore, P. Z.8., 1867, p. 627, pl. 32,
a
fig.
Shillong.
504. H. humeraria, Moore, /.c., p. 627.
Shillong.
555. H. contubernalis (Moore), Descr. Ind. Lep. Atk., iii,
p. 238 (1887).
Shillong.
556. H. vialis (Moore), Descr. Ind. Lep. Atk., i., p. 238,
pl. 8, fig. 9 (18387).
Cherra Punji.
Genus Hrrasa, Moore.
557. H. scripturaria (Walker), xxxv., p. 1590 (1866).
Scotopteryx permuscosa, Warren, P. Z.8., 1893, p. 432.
Cherra Punji.
920 Colonel Charles Swinhoe on the
Genus RutreLLerona, Nov.
Antenne of male with short paired bristles ; hindwing with cell
open, vein 2 at less than one-third from end, rather close to 3 ;
forewing with veination normal, vein 5 in centre of disco-cellulars ;
mid tibia with one pair terminal spurs ; hind tibia with two pairs,
the inner pair the longer.
598. R. cessaria (Walker), xxi., p. 383, g¢ (1860).
Angerona preclaria, Walker, xxvi., p. 1499, ¢ (1862).
A. pallicostaria, Moore, P. Z. 8., 1867, p. 620.
Shillong and Cherra Punji; common.
099. R. figlina (Swinh.), Trans. Ent. Soc., 1890, p. 205,
pli 7, tig. 0:
Shillong and Cherra Punji.
Genus Gyaproma, Nov.
¢. Antenne fasciculate; palpi upturned, first two joints
covered with long hairs, last joint short and depressed ; wings long,
rather narrow ; forewing with costa slightly arched, outer margin
much rounded; hindwing with outer margin produced and
scalloped, both wings with veins 3 and 6 emitted before ends of
cells ; hind tibia thick, with two pairs of short stout spurs and
fringed with long hairs.
560. G. testacearia (Moore), P. Z. 8., 1867, p. 623.
Shillong and Cherra Punji; in great numbers.
Genus Smrraca, Moore.
d61. S. transcissa (Walker), xxi., p. 380 (1860).
Shillong and Cherra Punji.
Genus Astacupa, Moore.
562. A. cineracea, Moore, Descr. Ind. Lep. Atk., i.,
p. 244 (1887).
Shillong.
563. A. ampla, Moore, l.c.
Cherra Punji.
Lepidoptera of the Khasia Hills. 221
Genus Ecrropris, Hiibn.
564, H. dentilineata (Moore), P. Z. 8., 1867, p. 631.
Shillong and Cherra Punji.
565, EH. pallidaria (Moore), Descr. Ind. Lep. Atk., i,
> .p.237. (0880) > (RI fies 12.)
Pscudocoremia dendrellaria, Swinh., Ann. Mag. N. H,
(6), xi., p. 156 (1893).
Shillong.
566. E. pannosaria (Moore), P. Z. 8., 1867, p. 629.
Shillong.
567. EH. simplaria, sp. n.
¢d. Grey, irrorated with black atoms; abdomen with black
dorsal bands, the last two or three duplex ; wings crossed by black
sinuous and semi-dentate transverse lines, ante-medial, medial, and
post-medial, these lines more or less furnished with black points,
marginal lunules black; cilia yellowish-grey, with black streaks
opposite the veins. Expanse of wings, 1, inch.
Cherra Punji.
568. H. planaria, sp. n.
¢. Grey, striated with brown; the striations thick on the
apical portions of the forewings, making them much darker than
the rest of the wings ; a black lunule at the end of each cell; a
sinuated aute-medial transverse brown line more distinct on the
hindwings; another similar medial line, bent outwardly on fore-
wings before reaching the costa, an indistinct, pale, very sinuous
discal line and marginal black festoon ; cilia yellowish-grey, with
dark grey patches; underside grey, with the medial line very
distinct. Expanse of wings, 1,3; inch.
Cherra Punji and Shillong.
Allied to H. ochrifasciata, Moore, Lep. Atk., i.,
p. 240, but quite distinct.
Genus Ascotis, Hiibn.
569. A. selenaria (Schiff.), Wien. Verz., p. 101.
Boarmia reciprocaria, Walker, xxi., p. 366 (1860).
B. imparata, Walker, l.c., p. 372.
B. promptaria, Walker, l.c,, p. 379,
299 Colonel Charles Swinhoe on the
Ophthalmodes cretacea, Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H., ii.,
p. 373 (1879).
Shillong and Cherra Punji; common. A very widely-
spread species occurring in Africa, India, China and
Japan,
Genus Anonycata, Warren.
570. A. grisea, Butler, P. Z. S., 1883, p. 172.
Shillong and Cherra Punji.
Genus ARrIcHANNA, Moore.
571. A. tramesata, Moore, P. Z. 8., 1867, p. 658, pl. 33,
fig. 2.
Shillong.
5/72. A. marginata, Warren, P. Z. S., 1893, p. 423.
Shillong.
573. A. transfasciata, Warren, P. Z. S., 1892, p. 425.
Cherra Punji.
Genus Scoropreryx, Hiibn.
O74, 8S. albistellaria, Warren, P. Z. 8., 1893, p. 432.
Type Khasia Halls in collection Elwes,
Genus Orspasta, Nov.
Antenne of both sexes simple; hindwing with vein 4 much
bent upwards towards end of cell, 2 emitted beyond the middle, 3
before the end, 6 at the upper end ; forewing with vein 2 at one-
third before end, 3 before the end of the cell, 5 from just above
centre of disco-cellular, 6 before upper end of cell ; bind tibia with
one pair of stout terminal spurs.
575. O. spurcataria (Walker), xxvi., p. 1498 (1862).
Shillong ; one female.
Genus PsiLaucis, Warren.
576. P. breta, Swinh., P.-Z. 8., 1889, p. 426:
Shillong ; in Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. B. M., ixs:.p. 36;
Hampson makes breta a synonym of inceptaria, Walker,
the type of which isa unique and very much rubbed
Lepidoptera of the Khasia Hills. 228
female example from Flores, in the Oxford Museum.
This is mere conjecture; Flores is a long way from
India, and the type specimen is too much rubbed for
identification : it does not even resemble breta, and until
we can find a male we cannot be certain it even belongs
to the same genusas breta. On tuisrubbed female Warren
states he has erected his genus Psilalcis; but he has
erected his genus on a male, and as the male of tnceptaria
is not known, that species cannot stand as the type of
the genus,
EXPLANATION OF PratE II,
1. Ocinara cyproba, p. 154.
2. Eupterote axesta, p. 157.
3. Zamarada cosmiaria, p. 210,
4, Opthalmodes corduiaria, p. 215.
5. Stegania peralba, p. 195.
6. Absala dorcada, p. 170.
7. Fascellina dacoda, p. 201.
8. Myrteta ocernaria, p. 194.
9. Hpisothalma ocellata, p. 172.
10. Eustroma monana, p. 191.
11. Icterodes fasciata, p. 211.
12, Ectropis pallidaria, p, 221.
13. Lascellina cyanifera, p. 201.
14. Deilinia luteifrons, p. 193.
15. Tanaorhinus kina, p. 174.
16. Macaria oliva, p. 207.
17. Macaria odataria, p. 209.
18, Boarmia ratotaria, p. 216,
VII. An Entomological Excursion to Corsica. By
Gzorce C. Cuampion, F.Z.S.
[Read Feb. 28th, 1894.]
My friend, Mr. R. 8. Standen, having determined to
make an entomological expedition to the mountains cf
Corsica, I, at the last moment, decided to accompany
him, and, accordingly, we started together on May 28th
last, arriving at Ajaccio on the morning of May 30th,
and at the hotel at La Foce de Vizzavona, our proposed
head-quarters, the same evening. Here we remained
about a month, being joined later on by Mr. A. H. Jones,
Colonel Yerbury, R.A., Mr. Lemann, and others, Mr.
Raine of Hyéres having preceded us by some weeks.
Altogether, we were quite a large party, all, however, on
Lepidoptera intent, myself and Colonel Yerbury excepted.
Mr. Standen has already (Ent. 1893, pp. 236—238, and
pp. 259—263) given us an account of his experiences
with the Lepidoptera (Rhopalocera), for most of which we
appeared to be too early, the season in the mountains
being very backward compared to the semi-tropical coast
region. | devoted myself almost exclusively to the
Coleoptera and Hemiptera-Heteroptera; and it is
proposed here to give an account of the species met
with, adding to my list some others (chiefly Longicornia
and Buprestidz) subsequently obtained by Colonel Yer-
bury—who remained till August,—which he kindly
handed over to me on his return. The Hemiptera-
Heteroptera have been entirely determined by Mr. E.
Saunders. Our head-quarters at Vizzavona, on the
summit of the Col between Bocognano and 'Tattone, on
the main road between Ajaccio and Bastia, at an
elevation of about 4,000 feet, and commanding a splendid
view of the lofty Mont d’Oro, proved to be a capital
centre for collecting. In the immediate vicinity of the
hotel, though it is not visible till the summit of the Col
is reached, is a splendid forest, composed almost entirely
of beech and Corsican pines (Pinus laricio), some of the
trees being exceedingly lofty, the beech ascending
TRANS. ENT, SOC. LOND. 1894.—PART I. (MARCH.) P
226 Mr. George C. Champion on an
higher up the mountain slopes than the pines. The
beeches are more or less covered with moss, indicating a
humid climate, though the coast region is excessively dry
and arid at this season. The forest entirely fills the head
of the valley on the northern side of the Col, and in it
there was an abundance of fallen timber just ready for the
Coleopterist ; this being partly due to the fact that a
large number of trees had been felled for the purposes
of the new railway, which passes in a long tunnel right
under the forest. Lower down, on either side of the
Col, to Bocognano on the one side, and Tattone on the
other, there are plenty of magnificent chestnuts and
other trees, with green meadows and small patches of
cultivation. Below Bocognano, right down to Ajaccio,
the hill-sides are in many places covered with a
dense bush or “ macchie,” chiefly composed of arbor-
escent heath, arbutus, evergreen oak, myrtle, and Cistus,
with, in the opener places,.an abundance of aromatic
Labiateo and other plants. At Ajaccio itself there is the
usual semi-tropical vegetation of the Mediterranean
region, the abundance and thriving condition of the in-
troduced Opuntias, etc., recalling to my mind visions of
distant tropical climes. ‘he mountain slopes for some
distance above the limits of the forest are clothed in
many places with a dense, almost impenetrable, growth of
dwarf alder, such as I have seen nowhere else, the alders
coming into flower directly the snow melts, the ground
beneath them at this time being bright with crocuses,
though no gentians were scen. ‘The mountain summits
are more or less serrated, excessively rugged, and barren,
and it is not easy to find workable spots, nor, indeed, to
get about, many of the ridges being impassable without
along detour. There is also a scarcity of water; even
in some of the valleys the streams are small, the Gravone
itself being lost in the marsh and sand before reaching
the Bay of Ajaccio. In the forest at Vizzavona not
many flowering plants were to be seen, beyond foxgloves,
a beautiful Pancratium, an asphodel, a Cyclamen and a
Sambucus ; but lower down at T'attone, etc., there were
plenty of Umbelliferze, Orchidacez, Composite, etc.
Though Monte d’Oro and Monte Retondo were within
comparatively easy distance of Vizzavona, I did not
attempt an ascent of either of them, contenting myself
with working to the summit of the Col between the hotel
and Ghisoni, to an elevation of a little over 6,000 feet.
Entomological Hxecursion to Corsica. 227
From Vizzavona, excursions were made to Tattone,
Vivario, Corte, Bocognano, Tavera, Ajaccio, etc., the rail-
way helping a good deal for this purpose ; but most of the
time was spent in the mountains. At Corte, about half-
way between Vizzavona and Bastia, in the northern central
part of the island, to which we made a pleasant three
days’ excursion, the heat notwithstanding, there is more
water, the united streams, the Restonica and Tavignano,
forming a river of considerable size, the banks of which
were productive in small Coleoptera. Of the cork-oaks,
of which there are forests in some parts of the island,
we saw very few in any of the places visited. At
Bocognano we received a good deal of assistance and
kind hospitality from Dr. Trotter, this place producing
many of the species peculiar to the ‘“macchie” and to
the low country. Still, my list contains but a meagre
assortment of these latter, it being already much too
late in the season for most of them, everything being by
this time parched up near the coast. One thing struck
me as peculiar, viz., the scarcity of Cryptocephalus ; a
similar amount of work in the south of I'rance or Spain
would have produced many species.
Corsica contains a large number of Coleoptera
peculiar to itself, upwards of two hundred being given
in the last European Catalogue (v. Heyden, Reitter, and
Weise, 1891) from Corsica alone, the Staphylinidee and
the Rhynchophora each having over thirty peculiar
species ; and perhaps a still larger number of species are
common to Corsica and Sardinia, and which do not
extend on to the Italian mainland. One of the most
characteristic genera, and one most in evidence, is
Percus (a close ally of Plerostichus), which is represented
by several peculiar species, its other members inhabiting
Italy, Sardinia, Sicily, the Balearic Islands, and Spain.
One abundant insect in the island, Cetonia awrata,
affords an instance of the extraordinary amount of
variation possible within the same species, the different
varieties occurring together indiscriminately, and quite
irrespective of a varied geographical distribution, or of
a difference in altitude of the locality. Two very in-
teresting papers have already been published on the
Coleoptera .of the island: (1) ‘‘ Kin entomologischer
Ausflug in die Berge Siid-Corsica’s,” by G. Dieck (Berl.
ent. Zeitschr., 1870, pp. 397—404). This exceedingly
228 Mr. George C. Champion on an
successful collector paid special attention to the
Pselaphidee, Scydmzenidee, Dytiscids, etc.; he gives a
most interesting account of his entomological experi-
ences in the southern part of the island, where he made
excursions with M. Reveliére, a well-known Coleopterist
residing at that time in Corsica, and to whom we are
largely indebted for our knowledge of its insect-fauna.
It is to be hoped that some day Dieck’s paper will be
translated into English and published here, as has
already been done with his paper on Andalusia (¢f. Ent.
1888, pp. 38 e¢ seg.). (2), “Notes on some Corsican
Insects,” by the Rev. 'T. A. Marshall (Hnt. Monthly
Mag., vii., pp. 225—228). In this paper Mr. Marshall
gives a most accurate description of the general features
of the parts of the island he visited, with a list of all
the Coleoptera he had captured and been able to name;
but no Dytiscide or Staphylinidee are mentioned, nor
many of the smaller species. Amongst my captures are
many species not noticed by either Dieck or Marshall,
and I propose to give here a list of all the species I have
been able to identify, adding to my list, as I have stated
above, some others subsequently obtained by Colonel
Yerbury, chiefly at Tattone, where a saw-mill was started
soon after I left. MM. Fauvel and Bedel, the well-
known French Coleopterists, have kindly assisted me in
determining many of the more obscure species, the
former with the Staphylinide, the latter with the
Carabidee, Curculionids, etc. Representatives of about
510 species were obtained in all, including a good many
of the peculiar Corsican forms.
Before commencing my list, it is perhaps as well to
give a short account of the general run of species met
with in the different localities visited.
At Vizzavona, in the forest, under the bark of the
decaying beeches, were to be found Hndophlweus
spinulosus, Coxelus pictus, Brontes planatus, Bolitochara
lunulata, ete., in plenty; and Colydiwm elongatum,
[pidia quadrinotata, two species each of Paromalus and
Jerylon, Litargus bifasciatus, Orchesia undulata, Melan-
drya caraboides, Melasis buprestoides, Sipalia scabripennis,
Phleeocharis corsica, Placusa, sp. n. (?), etc., sparingly :
in the older trees, with looser bark, Pterostichus
ambiguus and Pristonychus carinatus, both commonly ;
and in those with plenty of moss and fungi on the bark,
' Entomological Excursion to Corsica. 939
Platyrrhinus latirostris, Peltis grossa, Diaperis boleti,
Triplax rufipes, ete., the first and last-named in numbers.
Under the bark of the dead pines, especially of those
still standing, Helops swperbus, a very fine species
peculiar to the island, and H. ceruleus, Menephilus
curvipes, Uloma culinaris and U. perroudi, Adelocera
carbonaria, Hlater preustus and EH. pomonx, and Brachy-
temnus porcatus, more or less commonly, and Tenebrioides
maroccanus, Nudobius collaris, ete., sparingly ; on the
bark of these trees Chalcophora mariana and Dictyoptera
sanguinea were sometimes to be met with. In recently
fallen pines Acanthocinus griseus, Pogonocherus perroudi,
Pissodes notatus, two species of Hrnobius, Salpingus
nitidus, Helops genei, etc., were to be found on the
branches ; and in or under the bark, in addition to plenty
of Scolytidx and the abundant Clerus formicarius, Platy-
soma oblonguwm, two species of Plegaderus, Nemosoma,
Aulonium bicolor, two species of Corticeus, Clerus
quadrimaculatus, Xylita revelicrer, etc. One specimen
of Lucanus tetraodon was found in a rotten pine stump
(numerous others were subsequently obtained by Colonel
Yerbury); and the gigantic larva or pupa of the large
Prionid, Ergates faber, sometimes occurred in similar
situations, or under the bark of the lofty standing dead
pines. ‘Three species of the characteristic Carabideous-
genus Percus were not uncommon under stones, logs,
ete., two of them also occurring on the barer mountain
sides ; a Telephorus (precox) frequented the foxgloves ;
and Morimus lugubris was abundant all over the place,
it being especially fond of a heap of cut beech logs near
the hotel. On the mountain sides a pretty little
Malacoderm, Malachius longicollis, frequented almost
every flower; an Asida, a Thylacites, some Harpalt,
etc., occurred beneath stones, and Meloe brevicollis was
occasionally found crawling on the grass. Higher up
in the mountains a Brachyderes (analis*) frequented the
growing pines; and still higher, on the Col between
Vizzavona and Ghisoni, Otiorrhynchus guttula swarmed
on the alder catkins on sunny calm days, and with it a
single specimen of the rare Ceuthorrhynchus duvalv was
obtained; under stones in these high places an Asida
was abundant, and a second Otiorrhynchus (corsicus), not
uncommon, also one of the species of Percus found lower
* Originally recorded from Ajaccio, but certainly in error,
930 Mr. George C. Champion on ait
down; and on the snow, an Omophlus. In a very
shallow mountain pool, supplied by the melting snow,
Hydroporus griseostriatus was plentiful, and on its banks
were two species of Bembidiwm, also in plenty.
Below Vizzavona, on the road to Bastia, at 'Tattone, in
the meadows, Cetonia awrata, showing extraordinary varla-
tion in colour—black, blue, green, coppery, green with
coppery thorax and scutellum, etc.,— abounded on flowers,
and with it were C. floricola and C. morio, T'r iehine
zonatus, Trichodes, Bostrychus capucinus, Leptura hastata
and L. fulva, Strangalia bifasciata, Stenopterus rufus,
Agapanthia cardwi, Clytus rhamni, Clytanthus massi-
liensis, Bhagonycha Corsica, Malachius sardous, various
Gidemer «, etc. In the roads, etc., were found a handsome
variety of Cicindela campestris, not uncommonly, and Calo-
soma sycophanta, occasionally ; also about stercore, Sisy-
phus, Ateuchus, Gymnopleurus, Oniticellus, Onthophagus
schrebert, Geotrupes ¢ geminatus—abundant everywhere,
even on the higher parts of the mountains where the cattle
are pastured in summer, —Hister imequalis, H. pustu-
losus, H. major, H. sinwats, ete.
By working downwards on the road to Ajaccio, from
Bocognano to Tavera, representatives of a good many
interesting species were obtained. In the “ macchie,”
by beating the arborescent heath, evergreen oak, etc.,
the rare Cleonus tabidus, Caulostrophus delarouzei,
two species of Nanophyes, Metallites parallelus—one of
the commonest weevils in the mountains—Simicronyx
corsicus, Pachybrachys scriptus, Stylosonvus depilis, two
or three species of Clythra, etc. By sweeping the
scattered flowering plants (most of which were very
aromatic) on the slopes and in the meadows lots of
Coleoptera came to light, as a Livus, two species of
Cardiophorus, in plenty, an Athous, a Xyletinus, two
species of Danacea and various other small Malacoderms,
Throscus corsicus, numerous species of Bruchus, Olibrus,
and Meligethes, Hadrotoma variegata, Silaria suturalis,
various CUsdemere, Gymnetron, Anthrenus, Omophlus,
Anthicus corsicus, Hispa atra, ete.
At Ajaccio, Pimelia sardoa was abundant all round the
sandy shores of the bay on both sides of the town,
though more dead than living examples were seen,
where also, Calathus, Pedinus, Colpotus, Crypticus,
Dendavus, Tentyria, Asida, Phaleria, Chrysomela, etc.,
were represented by one or more species; Ammoph-
Entomological Excursion to Corsica. 231
thorus rufus abounded at the roots of plants; Capnodis
tenebricosa flew about in the hot sun; Saprinus semi-
punctatus abounded in a dead horse, etc. Cetonia morio,
two species of Anthaxvia, an Acmexodera, Stenopterus
ater, Phytecia virescens, a Coptocephala, a fine large
Bruchus (longicornis), Troglops silo, Colotes, etc., oc-
curred on flowers ; Corebus rubi, commonly on bramble
bushes; Anthicws corsicus, swarming on a variety of
bushes and trees on the slopes at the back of the town ;
Pachypus cornutus (¢), on the wing in the town towards
evening; Bembidiwm kiistert rarely, and Cicindela
littoralis commonly, at Campoloro, on the sand at the
mouth of the Gravone, etc.
At Corte, at an elevation of about 1,500 feet, some
interesting small species were to be found on the banks
of the Tavignano, as Lionychus sturmi, Tachys apristoides,
Perileptus, the very minute Cryptohypnus meridionalis,
Anthicus longicollis, two small blue Philonthi, Lathro-
bium labile, Scopxus, Medon, etc. In the mountain
ravines, Sisyphus, Ateuchus, Akis punctata, etc., were
common about stercore on the roads ; and at a trickling
mossy waterfall two Steni (levigatus and strigosus)
occurred sparingly. In the meadows and about the
riverside near the town a good many species already
met with at Bocognano were to be had by working,
with the addition of Zonitis mutica and Larinus latus
on thistle-heads, Malachius rufus on Umbelliferous
flowers, etc.
List OF THE SPECIES MET WITH, 50 FAR AS AT PRESENT
DETERMINED.
[Those marked with a * are given from Corsica only in
the Catalogue of v. Heyden, Reitter, and Weise. }
Cicindela campestris, L., var. connata, Heer, not un-
commonly on the main road at Vizzavona, Corte, etc.; one
dark specimen, perhaps belonging to the var. funebris,
Sturm, Corte; C. littoralis, F., commonly, on the sandy
beach at the head of the Bay of Ajaccio, at the mouth of
the River Gravone.
Carabus morbillosus, F., on the beach at Ajaccio ;
C. genet, Thoms.,* fragments of a specimen found at
Vizzavona. Calosoma sycophanta, L., a few specimens,
Vizzavona. Leistus spinibarbis, F., Vizzavona. Bem-
332 Mr. George C. Champion on dn
bidium bipunctatum, Gyll., and B. agile, Duv.,* both
commonly, on the banks of a shallow pool in the
mountains, at about 5,500 feet elevation, on the Col
between Vizzavona and Ghisoni; B. rufescens, Guér.,
Vizzavona; B. kistert, Schaum, on the coast, Ajaccio ;
B. concinnum, Steph., river banks, Corte; B. nitidulum,
Marsh., Vizzavona; B. preustwm, Dej., and B. fasciola-
tum, Duftschm., Bocognano. Yachys apristoides, Rott.,
a few specimens beneath shingle on the banks of the
River Tavignano, at Corte. Tachyta nana, Gyll., rarely,
under bark, Vizzavona. Perileptus areolatus, Creutz, on
the banks of streams, Bocognano and Corte. Synuchus
nivalis, Panz., Vizzavona. Calathus circumseptus, Germ.,
sea-coast, Ajaccio. Pristonychus carinatus, Chaud.,*
commonly in the beech-forests at Vizzavona, beneath
loose bark. Pterostichus (Adelopterus) ambiquus,
Fairm.,* commonly, with the preceding. Percus reichei,
Kr.,* P. corsicus, Dej.,* and P. loricatus, Dej.,* under
stones, old logs, etc., in the beech-forests, also in bare
places on the mountains, Vizzavona, the first-named
commonly, the others more rarely ; P. ramburi, Lap.,*
under rotten Opuntias, Ajaccio. Amara ovata, I,
A. familiaris, Duftschm., and A. trivialis, Gyll., Vizza-
vona; A. striatopwnctata, Dej., on the mountains,
Vizzavona. Harpalus belliert, Reiche,* commonly, at
Vizzavona, in company with Percus; H. consentaneus,
Dej., H. distinguendus, Duftschm., H. rubripes, Duftschm.,
and H. honestus, Duftschm., Vizzavona. Ophonus pwmilio,
Dej., Ajaccio. Anisodactylus binotatus, F., Vizzavona.
Stenolophus tewtonus, Schr., Vizzavona. Chlenius
vestitus, Payk., Ajaccio. Lebia cyanocephala, L., Ajaccio.
Lionychus sturmi, Gené, rarely, beneath shingle, on the
banks of the Tavignano, Corte. Dromius meridionalis,
Dej., and D. quadrisignatus, Dej., Vizzavona, the latter
not uncommonly, under bark of beech. Brachinus
sclopeta, F'., Ajaccio, on the beach.
Hydroporus griseostriatus, Deg., commonly, and
H. planus, F., singly, in ashallow pond on the mountains,
supplied by the melting snow, on the Col between
Vizzavona and Ghisoni, at an elevation of about 5,500
feet; H. memnonius, Nicol, and H. corsicus, Wehncke ?*,
singly, in a slightly running stream, Vizzavona. Agabus
bipustulatus, L., Viazzavona; A. binotatus, Aubé, not
uncommon, in a small sluggish stream at Vizzavona ;
A. conspersus, Marsh., a single specimen, on the Col
Entomological Excursion to Corsica. 933
between Vizzavona and Ghisoni, not differing from
examples from the English coast. Gyrinws natator, L.,
Corte and Vizzavona.
Anacena globulus, Payk., Hemisphera infima, Pand.,
and Limnebius perparvulus, Rey (?), in shallow pools on
the sandy banks of streams, Bocognano; L. picinus,
Marsh. (?) and Laccobius, sp., Corte. Spheridium
scarabxoides, L., and S. marginatuwm, F., Vizzavona.
Cyclonotum orbiculare, ¥., Corte. Helophor us, two or
three species, Vizzavona. Hlmis oblongus, Kuw., Bocog-
nano. Parnus intermedius, Kuw., in plenty, on the banks
of a stream, Bocognano.
Ocalea castanea, Er. (?), Vizzavona. Aleochara spissi-
cornis, Er., Vizzavona; A. mesta, Grav., Corte. Ocyusa
picta, Rey,* Haploglossa pulla, Gyll., Homalota nigri-
cornis, 'Thoms., Oxypoda referens, Rey, and O. fusina,
Rey, ‘fortuitously, Vizzavona. O. alternans, Grav., in
fungus, Vizzavona. Phlewopora reptans, Care. WP He
sita, Rey, and P. corticalis, Grav., Ischnoglossa prolixa,
Grav., and J. corticina, Er., Leptusa fumida, Er., and
L. (Sipalia) scabripennis, Rey,* Placusa, sp. un. (2),
Homalota cuspidata, Hr., Conurus pubescens, Payk.,
sparingly, under bark of beech or pine, Vizzavona.
Homalota fragilis, Kr., on the banks of the Tavignano,
Corte. Bolitobius trimaculatus, var. kraatzi, Pand., i
plenty in cit on an old dead beech, Vizzavona.
Gyrophena sp. (?), G. manca, Er., and G. boleti, Linn.,
in fungus on beech, Vizzavona. Bolitochara obliqua,
Er., in plenty, and 'B. lunulata, Payk., rarely, under
bark of beech, Vizzavona. (wuedius impressus, Panz.,
Corte. Ocypus olens, Miill., and O. cyaneus, Payk., in
the road, Vizzavona. Philonthus alcyoneus, Er., and
P. luxurians, Er., beneath shingle on the sandy banks of
the 'Tavignano, Corte. P. nigritulus, Grav., Corte.
Actohius prolivus, Kr., banks of streams, Bocognano and
Corte. Lathrobiwm labile, Er., rarely, ag the Philonthi
at Corte, on the banks of the Tavignano. Xantholinus
fulgidus, Fabr., Corte. Nudobius collaris, Er., a few
specimens under beech-bark, Vizzavona. Medon nigri-
tulus, Kr., banks of streams, Bocognano. Scopeus
minutus, Hr., banks of the Tavignano, Corte. Stenus
levigatus, Rey, about running water, on mossy stones,
Vizzavona and Corte; S. strigosus, Fauv.,* in company
234 Mr. George C, Champion oi aii
with the preceding, Corte; S. ater, Mann., ean S.
asphaltinus, Er., Viezavona and Bocognano; S . fusci-
cornis, Hr., and WS. erichsoni, Rye, Wizzivona, Tr oqoph-
leus arcuatus, Steph., Bocognano; 7. corticinus, Grav.,
Ajaccio; J. pusillus, Grav., Vizzavona. Homalium
jlorale, Payk., H. fossulatwm, Kr., H. pusillum, Grav.,
and H. vile, Er., Vizzavona; H. concinnum, Marsh.,
Bocognano. Anthobium tempestivum, Myr., Vizzavona.
Phleocharis corsica, Fauv.,* under bark of beech, very
rare, Vizzavona.
Bryaxis revelierei, Saulcy (7), on the banks of streams,
Corte and Bocognano. Huplectus punctatus, Muls.,
under bark, Vizzavona. Neuraphes dubius, Reitt.,*
under bark, Vizzavona, very rare.
Silpha granulata, Thunb., in the road, Vizzavona.
Tnodes humeralis, Kug., in fungoid growth on beech,
Vizzavona. Arthrolips sp., Corte and Ajaccio. T'richo-
pteryx, sp., Vizzavona. Sphexrius acaroides, Waltl, on
the sandy banks of the Tavignano, Corte. Cybocephalus,
sp. (?), Corte. Phalacrus coruscus, Panz., Bocognano.
Olibrus stierlini, Flach, Ajaccio and Bocognano; O.
biplagiatus, Guill., Ajaccio; 0. afinis, Sturm, Bocog-
nano. T'riplax rufipes, F., in plenty, in fungus on beech,
Vizzavona. Hndomychus coccineus, L., under bark an
beech, Vizzavona. Cryptophagus dentatus, Herbst, C.
distinguendus, Sturm, and C. scanicus, L., Vicnevane:
Enicmus minutus, L., Vizzavona; H. testaceus, Steph.,
and H. hirtus, Gyll., one specimen of each under beech-
bark, Vizzavona; EH. transversus, Oliv., Corte. Lathri-
dius productus, Rosenh., Ajaccio, one specimen. Corti-
caria pubescens, Gyll., C. obscura, Bris. (?), and C,.
gibbosa, Herbst, Vizzavona. Litargus bifasciatus, F.,
under bark of beech, Vizzavona. Mycetophagus quadri-
pustulatus, L., including the var. bipustulatus, Schilsky,
in fungus on beech, Vizzavona. Ipidia quadrinotata,
I’., rarely, under bark of beech, Vizzavona. Meligethes
zneus, F'., and three other spp., Bocognano. Pityophagus
Jerrugineus, L., Rhizophagus depressus, F., and fh.
Jerrugineus, Payk., under bark of Pinus laricto, Vizza-
vona. Nemosoma elongatum, L., one specimen, on the
bark of a fallen pine, Vizzavona. Tenebrioides maroc-
canus, Reitt., not very rarely, under bark of pines,
Vizzavona. Peltis grossa, L., one specimen, in moss on
Entomological Hxcursion to Corsica. 235
the trunk of a dead beech, Vizzavona. Ooaelus pictus,
Sturm, abundant, Hndophleus spinulosus, Latr., rather
commonly, Colydiwm elongatum, F., rarely, Ditoma
crenata, F., rarely, and Brontes planatus, L., in plenty,
beneath the bark of decaying beeches, Vizzavona.
Aulonium bicolor, Herbst, commonly, in the burrows of
Scolytide, in the bark of pines, Vizzavona. Cerylon
histeroides, F., and Q. ferruginewm, Steph., under bark of
beech, Vizzavona. Lamophleus pusillus, Schonh., and
Silvanus unidentatus, Oliy., rarely, under bark, Vizza-
vona. Dermestes vulpinus, F., Ajaccio. Hadrotoma
variegata, Kust., on flowers, not rare, Ajaccio, Bocog-
nano, Vizzavona, ‘attone, Vivario. Anthrenus varius,
Pe, and, A. sp? ), common, on flowers, Ajaccio, Bocog-
nano, etc. Limnichus incanus, Kies., Corte.
Platysoma oblongum, F., Plegaderus saucius, Er., and
P. sanatus, Truqui, all three not uncommonly, beneath or
in the bark of pines, apparently preying on the larva of
Scolytidxe, Vizzavona. Hister major, L., H. inequalis,
Oliv., H. 4-maculatus, L., H. cadaverinus, Hoftm., H.
sinuatus, F., and H. purpurascens, Herbst, on the roads,
in dung, etc., Vizzavona; H. pustulosus, Gené, Bocog-
nano. Saprinus senupunctatus, F., commonly, and NV.
furvus, Hr., rarely, under a dead horse, on the beach,
Ajaccio; SS. chalcites, Ill., under dung in the road,
Ajaccio. Paromalus parallelopipedus, Herbst, and P.
flavicornis, Herbst, under bark of beech, Vizzavona.
Lucanus tetraodon, Thunb., a single ¢, found in a
rotten pine-stump, and another example seen on the
wing, flying about the top of a tree, June 27th, Vizza-
vona; subsequently found in some numbers by ‘Colonel
Yerbury. Dorcus parallelopipedus, L., in rotten beech,
etc., Vizzavona, not uncommon. Afeuchus pius, Il., in
the roads, Bocognano and 'attone; A. laticollis, L.,
abundant about dung, Corte, Apa Vizzavona,
Ajaccio, ete. Sisyphus schefferi, L., abundant, with the
preceding.” Gymnopleurus sturmi, Macl., Ajaccio; G.
mopsus, Pall., Vizzavona. Onthophagus amyntas, Oliy.,
O. tawrus, Schr., O. wuchicornis, L., O. fracticornis,
Preyssl, and O. schreberi, L., Oniticellus flavipes, F.,
Vizzavona, Corte, etc. Aphodius erraticus, L., A.
pusillus, Herbst, A. scrofa, F., A. hemorrhoidalis, L.,
Vizzayona. Greotrupes geninatus, Gené, abundant every-
236 Mr. George C. Champion on ait
where in the mountains, at an elevation of 2,500 feet
and upwards, Vizzavona; G. hypocrita, Serv., Ajaccio ;
G. stercorarius, Linn., Vizzavona. Oryctes yrypus, Ill.,
Ajaccio, one ¢. Pachypus cornutus, Oliv., one ¢, flying
in the town of Ajaccio, towards evening. Rhizotroqus
bellicrt, Reiche, four specimens, found by Colonel Yer-
bury in July, Vizzavona. Polyphylla fullo, L., Vizza-
vona. <Anomala junit, Duftschm., Ajaccio. Cetonia
aurata, L., very abundant on flowers at Tattone, Vizza-
vona, “eam. Corte, etc., and exceedingly variable,
green, blue, coppery, or black, often green with the
thorax and scutellum coppery ; C.jloricola, Herbst, rarely,
in company with the preceding ; C. opaca, Gory, and C.
morio, F., Ajaccio, the latter very abundant on thistle
flowers, and difficult to extract therefrom, also at Corte,
etc.; C.hirtella, L., and CO. stictica, L., Vivario, Vizza-
vona, Corte, ete. Trichius gallicus, Heer (abdominalis,
Dej.), Ajaccio, and 1’. zonatus, Germ., rarely, Bocognano
and Vizzavona.
Chalcophora mariana, Lap., a few specimens on the
trunks of pines, Vizzavona; subsequently found by
Colonel Yerbury in some numbers with various other
Buprestide at a new saw-mill at Tattone. Capnodis
tenebricosa, Herbst, not uncommonly on the coast at
Ajaccio, flying about in the hot sun. Aneylochira
rustica, L., A. flavomaculata, F., and <A. octoguttata, L.,
ut the saw mill, 'Tattone, Colonel Yerbury. Melanophila
appendiculata, F., and Phenops cyanea, F., rarely, pine
forests, Vizzavona. Anthavia inculta, Germ., and
A. grammica, Lap., not rarely, on flowers, Ajaccio ;
. millefolit, F., Ajaccio. Ptosima 9-maculata, F., on
bushes, Ajaccio. Acmexodera adspersula, Hl., not un-
commonly, <A. teniata, F., rarely, on flowers,
Ajaccio. SE lineata, ¥., Ajaccio. Chryso-
bothrys affinis, F., saw-mill, Tattone, Colonel voce
Corebus rubi, L., on bramble bushes, Ajaccio and Corte.
Agrilus viridis, L., Vizzavona; A. roscidus, Kies.,
Ajaccio; A. soliert, Gory (7), Corte and Ajaccio. Trachys
pygmexa, F., on flowers, Ajaccio. Throscus carinifrons,
De Bony., not rarely, by sweeping bracken towards
evening, in the pine forests, Vizzavona; J. corsicus,
Reitt.,* three examples by sweeping, Bocognano and
Vizzavona. Melasis buprestoides, L., in dead beech,
Vizzavona. Adelocera carbonaria, Schrank, commonly,
Entomological Excursion to Corsica. 237
under bark of dead pines, especially where charred by
fire, Vizzavona. later preustus, F., commonly, under
bark of pines, Vizzavona, varying greatly in the amount
of black at the apex of ‘the elytra; H. pomonx, Steph.,
four specimens, with the preceding, inseparable from
others from England (from the New Forest). Orypto-
hypnus meridionalis, Lap., rarely (and very difficult to
secure), on the banks of the Tavignano, Corte. Cuardio-
phorus ulcerosus, Gené, and OC. eleonore, Gené, com-
monly, by sweeping, Bocognano, Athous rhombeus,
Oliv., one specimen, Vizzavona; A. depressifrons,
Desbr. (?),* a few examples, by Pweepine: Corte
and Vizzavona; A. corsicus, Desbr. (?), one specimen,
Corte.
Helodes genei, Guér., damp places, Corte, Vizzavona,
Bocognano. fydrocyphon deflexicollis, Miill., Corte.
Cyphon, sp. (?), Vizzavona. Dictyoptera sanguinea, Scop.,
pine forest, Vizzavona, rarely. Telephorus precoz,
Gené,* not uncommon, on flowers of foxglove, forest
of Vizzavona. Rhagonycha corsica, Reiche, on flowers
of Umbelliferze, etc., Vizzavona, Bocognano, Vivario,
Corte. Malthodes, 3 spp. (?), Vizzavona. Troglops silo,
Kr., three specimens, on the coast at Ajaccio. Charopus
concolor, F., by sweeping, Bocognano. Oolotes macu-
latus, Lap., on flowers, Corte and Ajaccio; C. punctatus,
Hr., rarely, on the sandy beach at Ajaccio. Sphinginus
apicalis, Perr., a few specimens on flowers, Vizzavona.
Attalus (Antholinus) sericans, Hr., and sp. (?), Corte and
Bocognano. Malachius rufus, Oliv., Corte; M. sardous,
Kr., Bocognano; M. bipustulatus, L., Vizzavona and
Corte ; M. (Oogynes) longicollis, Kr., commonly, on the
flowers of low plants on the mountains, between
2,000-5,000 feet, Bocognano and Vizzavona; M. cyani-
pennis, Kr., Corte. Dasytes tibialis, Muls., rarely, in
flowers, pine forest, Vizzavona; D. “fusculus, Iil., and
D. plumbeus, Miill., commonly, Vizzavona, Ajaccio, ete. ;
D. pilicornis, Kies. (?), one specimen, Bocognano.
Dolichosoma nobile, Kies., common, on the coast at
Ajaccio. Haploenemus impressus, Marsh., on flowers,
Bocognano and Vizzavona; H. wxanthopus, Kies.,*
Vizzavona; H. cribricollis, Muls.* (?), Corte and Ajaccio.
Danacexa picicornis, Kiist., and sp. (?), commonly, on
flowers, Vivario, Vizzavona, Bocognano and Ajaccio.
Clerus ‘formicarius, lig abundant on cut pines, Vizza-
238 Mr. George C. Champion on an
vona; CU. 4-maculatus, Schall., one specimen, on a fallen
pine, Vizzavona. 'richodes alvearius, F., Vivario and
Vizzavona. Plinus fur, L., in the Hotel Dependance at
Vizzavona; P. dubius, Sturm, Vizzavona; LP. lichenum,
Marsh., Vivario and Corte. Dryophilus densipilis, Ab.,
four specimens, by eeceping , Corte. Hrnobius parens,
Mals., and Hrnobius, sp. (?), by beating dead pine tops,
Vizzavona. Xestobium rufovillosum, Deg., Vizzavona.
Xyletinus laticollis, Duftschm., rarely, by sweeping,
Bocognano. Metholeus cylindricus, Germ., Ajaccio.
Lasioderma bubalus, Fairm., Corte.
Bostrychus capucinus, L., fortuitously, Vivario and
Vizzavona. Cis boleti, pi C. setiger, Mell., C. hispidus,
Gyll, and /C. sp. (?), Vizzavona,
Pachychila servillet, Sol., and Tentyria ramburi, Sol.,
on the sandy shores of the Bay of Ajaccio. Akis
punctata, Thunb., on the roads, not rarely, near Corte.
Asida carinata, Sol., abundant on the Col between
Vizzavona and Ghisoni, at about 6,000 feet, under stones,
also occasionally on the lower slopes, and on the roads
about La Foce; A. corsica, Lap., two specimens, on the
coast at Ajaccio. Pimelia sardoa, Sol., crawling about
Siete along the shore of the Bay of Ajaccio.
Crypticus gibbulus, Quens., common, under stones,
Ajaccio. Dendarus tristis, Rossi, Ajaccio, Vivario, and
Vizzavona. Pedinus meridianus, Muls., Ajaccio and
Corte. Colpotus godarti, Muls. (one ¢), Ajaccio, under
stones. Opatrum pusillum, F., and O. rusticum, Ol.,
Ajaccio. Ammophthorus rufus, Luc., abundantly, Pha-
laria oblonga, Kiist., commonly, and P. cadaverina, F.,
rarely, along the shores of the Bay of Ajaccio. Diaperis
boleti, i., one specimen, in fungus on beech, Vizzavona.
Corticeus castaneus, F., and C. pini, Panz. (?), under
bark of pines, common, forest of Vizzavona; C. bicolor,
Oliv., under bark of beech, Vizzavona. Uloma culinaris,
Linn., rarely, and U. perroudi, Muls., and Menephilus
curvipes, ¥'., more or less commonly, under the bark of
pines, Vizzavona. Helops superbus, Muls., one of the
finest species of the genus, and apparently confined to
the mountain-forests of Corsica, and H. ceruleus, L.,
both common, beneath the loose bark of pine stumps,
or of dead standing pines, Vizzavona; H. genei, Allard,
four specimens, beaten from branches of a fallen pine,
Vizzavona. ILsomira corsica, Muls., Bocognano; J.
Entomological Excursion to Corsica, 239
murina, L., Vizzavona. Omophlus lepturoides, F.,
Ajaccio and Corte; O. picipes, F., Ajaccio and Vizza-
vona. Lagria hirta, L., Vizzavona. Orchesia undulata,
Kr., in fungus on beech, Vizzavona. Xylita revelieret,
Muls., four examples, in the crevices of the bark of a
fallen pine, Vizzavona. Melandrya caraboides, L., not un-
common, under bark of beech, etc., these specimens have
the elytra bluer in colour than ‘those from England.
Salpingus nitidus, Chevr. (= reyt, or exsanguis, Abeille),
four specimens, by beating dead pine branches, Vizza-
vona ; originally recorded from Algeria. Rhinosimus
plamirostris, Vizzavona. Notoxus cornutus, F., Bocog-
nano. Anthicus longicollis, Schmidt, on the sandy banks
of streams, beneath stones, Corte and Bocognano; A.
fenestratus, Schmidt, Corte; A. corsicus, Lap., swarming
on bushes (including olive) on the hill-sides near Ajaccio,
also at Bocognano. Mordella aculeata, L., M. fasciata,
Fabr., and M. bipunctata, Germ., Ajaccio and Corte.
Mordellistena pumila, Gyll., Ajaccio, Anaspis thoracica,
L., A. pulicaria, Costa, and A. spp., Vizzavona, eee
ete. Silaria suturalis, Em., Corte, Vivario, Bocognano,
and Vizzavona. Meloe brevicollis, Panz., two specimens,
on the mountain slopes above Vizzavona, at about
4,500 feet elevation. Zonitis mutica, Scriba, abund-
ant, on thistle-heads, Corte. Cidemera podagrarix, L.,
O. barbara, F., O. flavipes, F., O. nobilis, Scop., and
O. lwrida, Marsh., Ajaccio, Bocognano, Corte, etc.
Stenostoma rostratum, #., on the beach, Ajaccio.
Otiorrhynchus guttula,* Fairm., swarming on the
catkins of the alder, on the summit of the Col between
Vizzavona and Ghisoni, occasionally found lower down ;
O. intrusus,* Reiche, Bocognano; O. corsicus,* Fairm.,
a few specimens under stones, in the same locality as
O. guttula. Peritelus parvulus,* Seidl., one specimen,
Vizzavona ; P. (Meira) lutiscrobs,* Desbr., two specimens,
by sweeping bracken in the pine-forest of Vizzavona.
Phyllobius pellitus, Boh., swarming on alders, Vizza-
vona. Metallites parallelus,* Chevr., commonly, by
beating arborescent heath, pines, and other trees, Bocog-
nano, Vizzavona, etc. Polydrusus leucaspis, Boh., Corte.
Strophosomus coryli, F., Vizzavona. Caulostrophus
delarouzet, Fairm., by beating various trees, Bocognano
and Vizzavona. Brachyderes analis, Desbr.,* in plenty
on pines at the upper limit of their growth on the
mountain slopes above Vizzavona. Thylacites fritillum,
240 Mr. George C. Champion on an
Panz., Ajaccio, and 7’. lapidarius, Gyll., Bocognano and
Vizzavona, under stones. Cleonus (Plagiographus)
tabidus, Oliv. (pelleti, Fairm.), one specimen, beaten
from arborescent heath, Bocognano. Livxus scolopax,
Boh., not rare, Ajaccio and Bocognano ; L. cribricollis,
Boh., Vizzavona. Larinus latus, Herbst, on thistles,
Corte ; L. genei, Boh., Corte, Bocognano, and Ajaccio;
L. turbinatus, Gyll., Corte. Hypera pedestris, Payk.,
Bocognano; H. trilineata, Marsh., Corte. Pissodes
notatus, F., commonly on pines, Vizzavona. Smicronyx
corsicus,* Fairm., not uncommonly, by beating arbores-
cent heath, Bocognano and Tattone. Anoplus roboris,
Suffr., Vizzavona. Brachytemnus porcatus, Germ
common, under pine-bark, Vizzavona. Acalles setuli-
pennis,* Desbr., and A. henont, Bedel, Vizzavona; the
latter hitherto only known from Algeria. COwliodes
exiguus, Oliv., Ajaccio. Ceuthorrhynchus echit, By
Ajaccio and Bocognano; OC. duvali, Bris., one specimen,
beaten from alder-catkins, on the summit of the Col
between Vizzavona and Ghisoni; OC. smaragdinus, Bris.,
Corte; CO. cyanipennis, Germ., Corte and Ajaccio.
Ceuthorrhynchidius troglodytes, F'., Bocognano. Baris
imsularis, Desbr.,* one specimen, Ajaccio ; B. cerulescens,
Scop., Corte. Balaninus elephas, Gyll., Vizzavona ; B.
turbatus, Gyll., and B. glandiwm, Marsh., Bocognano.
Sibinia arenarix, Steph., Ajaccio; S. attalica, Gyll., not
uncommonly, Bocognano. Miccotrogus suturatus, Per-
ris (?),* one specimen, Bocognano. Orchestes erythropus,
Germ., var. tricolor, Kies., ‘and OQ. fag, L., Vizzavona.
Mecinus circulatus, Marsh., Bocognano ; M. pyraster,
Herbst, Corte. Gymnetron pascuorwm, Gyll., Bocog-
nano; G. tetrum, F., on Verbascum, Vizzavona; G.
lanigerum, Bris. (?), Bocognano. Miarus campan ule, ies
Vizzavona. OCtonus hortulanus, Marsh., Ajaccio, Bocog-
nano, Corte. Nanophyes niger, Waltl, Bocognano and
Vizzavona; N. nitidulus, Gyll., Bocognano. Apion
flavofemoratum, Herbst, A. viciw, Payk., Ajaccio; A.
frumentarwm, 1a, Al eneum, Woe Al inalies, Tede
levicolle, Kirby, A. brevirostre, Herbst, and other
species, Corte; A. nigritarse, Kirby, and A. violaceum,
Kirby, Vizzavona; A. tubiferum, Gyll., and A. subparal-
lelum, Desbr. (2), Bocognano. Attelabus cuwrculionoides,
L., Bocognano, Vizzavona, Corte. Platyrrhinus latiros-
tris, ., not uncommon in fungus on old decaying beech-
co)
trees, forest of Vizzayona. Scolytus rugulosus, Ratz.,
Entomological Hxcursion to Corsica. 241
Ajaccio. Myelophilus minor, Hart., in pine-bark, Vizza-
vona; these specimens are unusually large, and have
strongly tuberculate elytra. Hylastes ater, Payk., and
H, attenuatus, Er., on the pines, Vizzavona. Cryphalus
numidicus, Hichh., Tomicus sexdentatus, Boern., T.
suturalis, Gyll., T. longicollis, Gyll., and T. proximus,
Hichh., Pityophthorus glabratus, Hichh., and Pityogenes
bistridentatws, Hichh. (?), in or under bark of Pinus
laricio, Vizzavona. Orypturgus cinereus, Herbst, in the
small branches of the same trees, Vizzavona. Xyleborus
sawesent, Ratz., rarely, and Taphrorychus bicolor, Herbst,
commonly, on beech-logs, Vizzavona.
Bruchus longicornis, Germ., common, Ajaccio and
Vivario; B. atomarius, L. (?), Corte; B. dispar, Germ.,
Bocognano; and various other species of the genus.
Spermophagus cardut, Boh., Corte.
Spondylis buprestoides, L., saw-mill at Tattone, Colonel
Yerbury, three examples. Hrgates faber, L., fragments of
dead specimens only, in the rotten pine-trees at Vizza-
vona, in June; one male bred from a pupa after return
to England ; female subsequently obtained in numbers
at Tattone by Colonel Yerbury; the enormous ¢ larve
sometimes found under bark of dead standing pines.
Leptura rubra, L., L. fulva, Deg., L. scutellata, F.,
and J. hastata, Sulz., Vizzavona. Strangalia auru-
lenta, F., S. maculata, Poda, Vizzavona; S. bifasciata,
Mill., Corte and Ajaccio. Stenopterus rufus, L., Vizza-
vona, and S. ater, L., Vivario, Corte, and Ajaccio, on
Umbelliferous flowers. Cerambyx scopolvi, Fuessly,
Criocephalus rusticus, L., Hylotrupes bajulus, L., Vizza-
vona and T'attone, also found by Colonel Yerbury.
Clytus arietis, L., and C. rhamn, Germ., Vizzavona
and Corte. Xylotrechus arvicola, Oliv., Vizzavona.
Clytanthus massiliensis, L., common on flowers, Ajaccio,
Bocognano, Vivario, Corte. Morimus lugubris, F.,
common, in the beech-forest at Vizzavona, about logs,
ete. Acanthocinus griseus, F., about twenty specimens,
on a fallen pine, Vizzavona. Pogonocherus perroudi,
Muls., a few specimens, in company with the preceding, in
the pine-forest at Vizzayona. <Anzsthetis testacea, L.,
one specimen, Vizzavona. Agapanthia cardw, L., Vizza-
vona. Phytecia virescens, F., Ajaccio, Bocognano, and
Corte; P. ephippium, F., Ajaccio.
TRANS. ENT. SOC, LOND. 1891.—PART I. (MARCE.) Q
242 Mr. G. C. Champion on an Excursion to Corsica.
Labidostomis taxicornis, F., and L. centromaculata,
Gené, not uncommon, Ajaccio, Bocognano, and Corte.
Lachnea sexpunctata, Scop., abundant, on bushes, in the
hot sun, Ajaccio, Bocognano, Vizzavona, Corte, etc.
Clythra leviuscula, Ratz., Corte. Titwhaa biguttata, Oliv.,
var. dispar, Luc., Corte. Coptocephala scopolina, L., com-
mon, flying in the hottest sun, Ajaccio. Cryptocephalus
pygmeus, F., Ajaccio, Bocognano, and Vizzavona; C.
morext, L., and C. ocellatus, Drap., Vizzavona, rarely.
Pachybrachys scriptus, H.-S., and Stylosomus depilis, Ab.
(nec minutissimus, Germ.), not uncommon, by beating
arborescent heath, etc., Bocognano. Colaspidea oblonga,
Blanch., Ajaccio. Chrysomela banksi, F., and C. hemo-
ptera, L., Ajaccio; C. quadrigemina, Suffr., Bocognano.
Lina populi, L., Vivario. Prasocwris (Hydrothassa)
pumila, Reiche, Vizzavona. Lwperus flavipes, L., Vizza-
vona. Galeruca corsica, Joann.,* Vizzavona. Galerucella
luteola, Mull., Corte. Podagrica intermedia, Kutsch.,
Corte. Crepidodera rubicunda,* Perris, Corte. Haltica
sp., Longitarsus spp., Bocognano. Psylliodes sp., Corte.
Hispa atra, L., Bocognano. Cassida equestris, F.,
Vizzavona; C. hemispherica, Herbst, Bocognano.
Epilachna chrysomelina, F., Ajaccio. Coccinella oblon-
goguttata, L., and C. 18 guttata, L., on the pines, Vizza-
vona; C. 11-notata, Schneid., Bocognano and Corte; C.
revelierit, Muls., Corte; C. conglobata, L., Vizzavona;
C. 7-punctata, L., C. 22-punctata, L., Ajaccio, ete.; C.
bipunctata, L., C. variabilis, Il., and C. 14-punctata, L.,
Vizzavona, ete. Chilocorus bipustulatus, L., Ajaccio.
Heochomus 4-pustulatus, L., Vizzavona, Bocognano, ete.
Platynaspis villosa, Fourcr., Bocognano. Scymnus fas-
ciatus, Fourcr., S. damryi, Weise,* and spp., Bocognano,
Vizzavona, etc.
VIII. A list of the Hemiptera-Heteroptera collected by
Mr. Champion in Corsica in June, 1893, with a
description of one new species. By Hpwarp
SaunpErs, F.L.S8.
[Read Feb. 28th, 1894.]
Odontoscelis fuliginosa, Linn., Ajaccio.
Odontotarsus grammicus, Linn., Vivario and Vizza-
vona. (2500—4000 ft.)
Lurygaster maura, Linn., Vizzavona.
Ancyrosoma albolineatum, Fab., Ajaccio, Vizzavona.
Graphrosoma lineatum, Linn., Ajaccio, Vizzavona.
Brachypelta aterrima, Foerst., Corte.
Sciocoris sulcatus, Fieb., Corte, Bocognano.
Dryoderes marginatus, Fab., Corte.
Aflia acuminata, Linn., Vizzavona, Vivario.
Peribalus vernalis, Wolff, Corte.
Carpocoris fuscispinus, Boh., Vizzavona, Ajaccio.
Palomena vir idissima, Pod: Wassepona!
Pentaloma 3 juniperina, Linn., Bocognano.
Piezodorus incarnatus, Germ. » Bocognano and
Vizzayona.
Rhaphigaster grisea, Fab., Ajaccio.
Hurydema ornatum, L., Corte.
< decoratum, H.-S., Corte, Vizzavona, Ajaccio.
pictum, H.-8., Ajaccio.
- oleraceum, Linn., Vizzavona.
Hlasmostethus interstinctus, Linn., Vizzavona.
Spathocera lobata, H.-S., Bocognano, Vizzavona.
Centrocoris spiniger, Fab., Bocognano, Vizzavona.
Syromastes marginatus, Linn., Corte, Vizzavona.
Verlusia rhombea, Linn., Ajaccio, Bocognano,
Vizzavona.
ra sulcicornis, Fab., Bocognano.
Gonocerus insidiator, Fab., Bocognano.
Ceraleptus squalidus, Costa, Vizzavona.
Loxocnemis dentator, Fab., Vivario.
Coreus affinis, H.-S., Bocognano, Corte, Vizzavona.
» denticulatus, Scop., Corte, Vizzavona.
Strobilotoma typhecornis, Fab., Corte and Vizzavona.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1894.—PaRT I. (MARCH.)
244 Mr. H. Saunders on Hemiptera- Heteroptera
Campiopus lateralis, Germ., Vizzavona, Ajaccio.
Therapha hyoscyami, Linn., Bocognano, Vizzavona.
Corizus crassicornis, Linn., * :
Vivario.
capitatus, Fab., Vizzavona.
parumpunctatus, Schil., Vizzavona and Bo-
cognano.
2)
2)
Megalomerium meridionale, Costa, Ajaccio.
Lyxus militaris, Fab., Ajaccio, Corte, Bocognano,
Vizzavona.
:, equestris, Linn., Vizzavona.
ois
ae savatilis, Scop., es
. apuanus, Rossi, ra
Lygxosoma reticulatum, H.-8., Vizzavona, Vivario.
Nysius thymi, Wolff, Bocognano.
Cymus melanocephalus, Fieb., Ajaccio, Vizzavona.
Ischnorhynchus geminatus, Fieb., Vizzavona.
Geocoris lineola, Ramb., Ajaccio.
Heterogaster affinis, H.-S., Vizzavona.
Microplax interrupta, Fieb., Vizzavona.
sy albofasciata, Costa, ,,
Metopoplax ditomoides, Costa, Vizzavona.
Macroplax fasciata, H.-S., Bocognano, Ajaccio, Vizza-
vona, Vivario.
Rhyparochromus pretextatus, H.-8., Vizzavona.
Stygnus pedestris, Fall., Corte.
Peritrechus geniculatus, Hahn, Vizzavona.
Trapezonotus agrestis, Fall., Vizzavona, Vivario.
Calyptonotus rolandri, Linn., Ajaccio.
Aphanus inarimensis, Costa, Bocognano, Vizzavona.
» douglasi, Fieb., Vizzavona.*
collected in Corsica by Mr. Champion. 245
Beosus erythropterus, Brullé, Vizzavona, Corte.
»» luscus, Fab., Corte.
Eremocoris fraternus, Horv. (?), Vizzavona.
Scolopostethus cognatus, Fieb., Vizzavona and Bocog-
nano.
Gastrodes ferrugineus, Linn., Vizzavona.
Pyrrhocoris apterus, Linn. , Ajaccio.
Serenthia leta, Fall., Wien one
Monanthia cardui, Linn., Ajaccio, Corte, Vizzavona.
og Pe var. cognata, Fieb., Vivario.*
y 5; awriculata, Costa, var. (?), Vizzavona,
Corte.
angustata, H.-S., Bocognano.
wolfit, Fieb., Bocognano, Ajaccio, Corte.
nassata, Put. , Ajaccio.
PP)
39
33
Aradus cinnamomeus, Panz., Vizzavona, Bocognano.
kruepert, Reut., Vizzavona.
varius, Fab., Vizzavona.
depressus, Fab., Vizzavona.
bP)
3)
3)
Gerris najas, De Geer, Vizzavona.
», thoracica, Schum., Vizzavona.
» gibbifera, Schum., Corte.
Harpactor erythropus, Linn., Ajaccio, Corte, Vivario,
Vizzavona.
33 wracundus, Poda, Corte.
Coranus xgyptius, F., Ajaccio.
Nabis lativentris, Boh., Corte, Vizzavona.
rugosus, Linn., Vizzavona.
ferus, Linn., Vizzavona.
9
3)
Salda cocksii, Curt., var. geminata, Corte.
Piezostethus obliquus, Cost., Ajaccio.
Scoloposcelis angusta, Reut., Vizzavona.
Elatophilus nigricornis, Zett., "
Anthocoris confusus, Reut., a
Triphleps nigra, Wolff, Ajaccio.
horvathi, Reut. (?), Corte.
2)
246 Mr. H. Saunders on Hemiptera-Heteroptera
Miris levigatus, Linn., Vizzavona.
Lopus lineolatus, Brullé, Vizzavona.
»» mat, Rossi, Vizzavona.
Phytocoris femoralis, Fieb., Bocognano.
Calocoris vandalicus, Rossi, Corte. .
we sewpunctatus, Fab., Ajaccio, Vizzavona,
Corte.
6 bipunctatus, Fab., Bocognano, Vizzavona,
Corte.
re trivialis, Cost., Bocognano.
a ventralis, Reut., Corte.
Lygus pratensis, Fab., Vizzavona.
& pastinace, Fall., Vizzavona, Ajaccio.
» cervinus, H.-S.,
Poeciloscytus g yllenhali, Fall, Corte.
Camptobrochis punctulata, Fall. , Vizzavona, Bocognano.
Capsus laniarius, Linn., Corte.
Pilophorus cinnamopterus, Kb., Bocognano, Ajaccio.
Strongylocoris obscwrus, Ramb., Bocognano.
Orthocephalus champroni, Saund.*
(See description at the end of the list.)
Dicyphus hyalinipennis, Klug, Ajaccio.
“2 geniculatus, Fieb., Bocognano.
Globiceps sphegiformis, Rossi, Corte.
Heterotoma diversipes, Put., Corte, Ajaccio.
Placochilus seladonicus, Fall., Ajaccio.
Pachyxyphus lineellus, M. & R., Corte, Vizzavona.
Macrotylus longirostris, Fieb., Bocognano.
Psallus mollis, M. & R., Vizzavona, Bocognano.
» anchorifer, Fieb., Bocognano, Ajaccio.
Criocoris crassicornis, Hahn, Corte.
Ooriaa semistriata, Fieb., Vizzavona.
collected in Corsica by Mr. Champion. 247
Orthocephalus championt, sp. n.
Piceo-niger nitidiusculus, levis, pilis nigris, pilisque squami-
formibus albis, facillime divellendis, vestitus ; capite transverso,
oculis rotundatis, prominulis, vertice inter eos quam oculo ( ¢) fere
duplo, (2) duplo et dimidio latiore, postice acute carinato, autennis
pilosulis, articulis primo et secundo incrassatis, testaceis, hoc versus
apicem piceo nigro, duobus sequentibus simul sumptis longiore,
maris lateribus subparallelis, femine fusiforme ; tertio quartoque
filiformibus, tertio basi testaceo, quarto duplo longiore ; prothorace
levi, trapezoidale, planiusculo, angulis anticis rotundatis, lateribus
rectis, callis discretis ; scutello Jeevi ; hemielytris (¢) corio interne
plus minus late pallido-testaceo, membrana infumata, venis nigro-
piceis, basi areolisque pallidis, (? brach.) abdomine brevioribus,
apicibus oblique truncatis, corio margine interno basi arcte pallido ;
pedibus testaceis, femoribus piceo nebulosis, tibiis nigro punctatis,
setis spiniformibus ornatis ; subtus nigropilosus et albo squamiger,
Long.: ¢ 44 mm., 9 4mm.
Hab. Bocognano, Corsica, on aromatic plants.
This is a beautiful addition to the Huropean fauna,
which I have pleasure in naming after its discoverer.
I have sent examples of it to Dr. Reuter, who has kindly
examined them, and agrees in considering them as
belonging to an undescribed species allied to bivittatus,
Fieb., though at once distinguishable by the form, etc.,
of the antenne,
gia ton sat
OM, e Oe ;
© ay
alee
a.
le Pts,
( 249 )
IX. On the Phylogeny of the Pierine, as illustrated by
their Wing-markings and Geographical Distri-
bution. By Freverick A. Drxey, M.A., M.D.,
F.ELS., Fellow of Wadham College, Oxford.
[Read February 7th, 1894.]
Pruares, IT, LV.) Vic
TABLE OF CoNTENTS.
Page
I. INTRODUCTORY . : : p : : . 249
II. Tot WING-MARKINGS f . 202
1. The submarginal series of dark oe . 252
2. The dark marginal area or spots . . 262
3. The light series between 1 and 2 : = 269
4, The discoidal spots. : 269
5. The markings on the underside of tite
hindwing : : ars)
a. The yellow meee Aree f Be ris:
b. The pinkish basal patch . ‘ ey
c. The red basal areas . , ‘ = 290
III. PHYLOGENETIC CONCLUSIONS . 4 : zoo
1. The evidence of the Wing-markings . . 289
2. The evidence of Distribution . : Bees 4
IV. INDEX OF SPECIES MENTIONED . ; ‘ . 330
I. Inrropuctory.
In the present paper my object has been to apply to
the study of the subfamily Pierinz the methods which I
used in investigating the phylogenetic relations of another
group of Lepidoptera, as recorded in a former communi-
cation to this Society.* I have in the first place
endeavoured to work out the homology of the various
* “On the Phylogenetic Significance of the Wing-markings in
certain genera of the Nymphalide,” Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1890.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1894.—PartT U1. (JUNE). R
250 Dr. Frederick A. Dixey on the
markings to be found throughout the group, and have
then attempted to state the phylogenetic conclusions to
which this evidence appears to lead. Though my
principal aim has been the elucidation of the Pierine
wing-markings, which so far as | am aware have never
before been systematically studied from this point of
view, I have not ignored those other features that are
usually known as “ structural” ; and I have also tried to
estimate the bearing upon phylogenetic questions of the
facts relating to the present distribution of the Pierine
in space. ‘lhe serious limitations under which anyone
who wishes to construct a phylogeny for such a group as
this must necessarily labour have been elsewhere acknow-
ledged; it is of course manifest that little or no help
can be expected from embryological or palzontological
sources. There are, however, many compensating features
to be reckoned on the other side; and in view of certain
comments that have at times been passed on previous
work of this kind, I may perhaps be allowed to quote a
few sentences from the writings of one of our leading
naturalists, which seem to me to state the special ad-
vantages afforded by these and similar researches with
a force and cogency that it would not be easy to gainsay.
After pointing out the pre-eminent value of the Diurnal
Lepidoptera to the student of distribution and variation,
the writer I refer to proceeds as follows—‘‘ But besides
their abundance, their universal distribution, and the great
attention that has been paid to them, these insects have
other qualities that especially adapt them to elucidate the
branches of inquiry already alluded to. These are the
immense development and peculiar structure of the wings,
which not only vary in form more than those of any other
insects, but offer on both surfaces an endless variety of
pattern, colouring, and texture. . . . This delicately
painted surface acts as a register of the minutest differ-
ences of organization,—a shade of colour, an additional
streak or spot, a slight modification of outline continually
recurring with the greatest regularity and fixity, while the
body and all its other members exhibit no appreciable
change. The wings of butterflies, as Mr. Bates has well
put it,* ‘serve as a tablet on which Nature writes the
* See “ The Naturalist on the Amazons,” 2nd edit., p. 412.
Phylogeny of the Pierinee. 251
story of the modifications of species’; they enable us to
perceive changes that would otherwise be uncertain and
difficult of observation, and exhibit to us on an enlarged
scale the effects of the climatal and other physical con-
ditions which influence more or less profoundly the
organization of every living thing.”* Whether any par-
ticular investigator is or is not competent to undertake
this kind of research may be open to question, but I think
that the study itself needs no further vindication than
these words of Mr. Wallace.
In treating of the details of the wing-markings I have
tried to be intelligible and explicit, even at the cost of
being somewhat lengthy. I have, however, been obliged
to content myself with selected examples; a complete
treatment would run to a vast length, and in most cases
the lines here laid down may be easily applied to the
insects not mentioned in this paper. Some of the iden-
tifications of markings may at first sight seem startling ;
for instance, that of the straight orange-coloured line
crossing the disc of the wings in Dercas with the series of
black spots in the females of Ganoris ; but I believe that
in every such case it will be found that the homology can
be certainly traced, step by step. It is hardly necessary
to point out the importance of being on one’s guard
against the misleading suggestions of merely superficial
resemblances, and also of giving due weight to the
disturbing influence of mimicry. The details of this
latter process, when minutely examined in a favour-
able group such as the Pierinx, are seen to be of so
complicated and interesting a character, that I may
hope to be excused for having treated of some of
these details with considerable fulness, and even for
having ventured to introduce a new term in order to
distinguish a special case of the phenomenon known as
“ Convergence.” t
The generic names employed in this paper are those
of Mr. Butler in his well-known “ Revision” (Cistula
Entomologica, vol. i., 1870, p. 88), supplemented by sub-
sequent memoirs from the hand of the same author, and
® “On the Papilionide of the Malayan Region,” Trans. Linn.
Soc., xxv., p. 1 (1866).
+ See page 298.
252 Dr. Frederick A. Dixey on the
by the arrangement at present adopted in the National
Collection under his charge. I confess that { am not
always in agreement with this arrangement, but the
importance of a definite and accessible standard is obvious,
and no better one could be found for my purpose. Hven
if the genera are not in every instance distinguished by
characters of real ‘‘ generic value,” they are usually
natural groups, and in most cases of great convenience in
practice. The list of genera and species which I have
appended may be found useful as indicating the exact
insects which are mentioned in the course of the paper,
and also as giving an idea of the scope and contents of
those genera whose names may still be somewhat un-
familiar. A paper of this kind is not the place in which
to introduce changes of nomenclature or to discuss
questions of synonymy ; and as regards classification I
have done no more than throw out a few suggestions
which, perhaps, may one day be taken up.
II. Tae WinG-MARKINGS.
1, The submarginal series of dark spots.
Comparing together the three species of the subfamily
Pierine that are commonest in this country, viz., Ganoris
brassice, G. rapx, and G. napi, we find that the females
of all three resemble one another in the possession of a
series of black spots on the upper surface of the forewing.
One of these spots (Fig. 16, 8 8) occurs between the
second and third median nervules ; another (ibid., S 10),
between the first median nervule and the submedian
nervure ; and the third (ibid., S 11) between the
submedian nervure and the inner margin of the wing.
The latter spot, which varies considerably in the amount
of its development, takes the form of a streak nearly
parallel with the inner margin. In the males, this series
of spots is evanescent. The whole series is normally
absent in G. brassice ¢, and in some specimens of
G. rapes, and G. napi 3; the males of the two latter
species, however, generally have the spot between the
second and third median nervule more or less developed,
though the other two are not present. Turning to the
underside of the wing in these species, we find the first
two spots usually present in both males and females;
Phylogeny of the Pierinee. 253
the third is but faintly visible in the female, and in the
male not visible at all. These three spots are all that
can be seen in ordinary specimens of G. brassicx, rape,
and napi ; but in some specimens of G. napi, and less
distinctly in some of G. rapx, the series is continued
towards the anterior border of the wing by a fourth spot
placed just behind the junction of the third and fourth
subcostal nervules, and traversed by the first discoidal.
The spots that have now been referred to can be seen in a
very well-marked form in G. gliciria.
These indications of a submarginal series of black
markings become more pronounced in Synchloe daplidice.
Here, in the female, a submarginal row exists in easily
recognisable form, three of the constituent spots of
which are clearly homologous with those already des-
cribed in G. napi, rape, and brassice (Fig. 15).
In this region of the wing nearly every interspace be-
tween nervules contains a spot; the spots tending to
become confluent, especially towards the costal margin.
There is generally no spot between the first and second
median nervules, and often none between the submedian
nervure and the inner margin of the wing. In the male,
the anterior portion of the series is distinct enough, the
large spot, however, between the submedian nervure and
first median nervule is absent from the upper surface,
though regularly present beneath. The female S. daplidice
also shows a continuation of the same series on the
hindwing, well-marked at the costa, but usually becoming
less plain as the anal angle is approached. In the male
SS. daplidice, one term of the series is generally all that is
present in the hindwing; and turning back to G. brassice,
rape, and napi, we find the same spot invariably
present on the upper, and often on the lower surface of
the costa in the hindwing of both sexes (Figs. 15, 16,
S 14—18).
Other species of the genus Synchloe present the same
submarginal series in greater completeness. S. callidice? ,
for instance, has the whole series well developed on the
forewing, and in most specimens on the hindwing also.
A comparison with S. daplidice will show that the series
is really homologous in the two cases, and will, moreover,
demonstrate that in S. callidice the smallest spot of the
series belongs to the interspace between the first and
second median nervules, which in S. daplidice is usually
254 Dr. Frederick A. Dixey on the
not furnished with a spot at all; and that the largest and
best-marked member of the group, namely that between
the second and third median nervules, corresponds with
the spot which we saw to be most persistent in the males
of G. brassice, rape, and napi. This spot, moreover, as
well as the next most persistent (that between the
first median and submedian), is usually picked out with
black on the underside of both S. callidice and S. daplidice,
where the markings corresponding to those of the upper
surface are, as a rule, chiefly composed of green or yellow
scales with but small admixture of black. The hindwing
of WS. callidice 2 shows a continuation of the series;
though here the markings as they approach the inner
margin tend to assume the appearance of chevrons rather
than of spots, which tendency is still more marked on the
underside.
The South American genus TYatochila presents the
same series on both fore and hindwings, the females as a
rule most completely (as in 7. autodice). The male of 7’.
theodice, however, exhibits the whole series quite plainly ;
and in both of these species the markings in question
tend to assume the form of a line of chevrons, the apices
of which point towards the margin of the wing, instead of
towards the base, as in SN. callidice.
I propose to distinguish this series of spots as 8
(for Submarginal), numbering the constituent markings
according to the interspaces they respectively occupy.
In all the forms as yet mentioned the full number of
marginal interspaces, from the costal nervure to the anal
angle, is in the forewing 11, in the hindwing 8. Another
space may be reckoned in the hindwing, that, namely,
between the costal margin and the costal nervure. The
corresponding space in the forewing is exceedingly narrow,
and never carries a separate spot. We may take then
the number of spaces potentially containing spots as 11
and 9 in the fore and hindwing respectively, and may
designate all possible terms of the series as 8S 1—20,
beginning at the costa of the forewing. None of the
species above referred to exhibits the whole range of spots
from | to 20 in a discrete condition, sone being generally
absent and others fused ; the series may, however, be seen
complete on the upper surface of the forewing and lower
surface of the hindwing in many specimens of Callidryas
philea and C. thalestris 2 (Fig. 22,5 1—11).
Phyloyeny of the Pierinee. 255
In certain genera (Hronia, Huchloe, etc.), the presence
of a fifth subcostal nervule gives rise to an additional
interspace in the forewing; this, however, causes no
difficulty, inasmuch as the extra interspace so formed is
never occupied by a distinct spot. If necessary, the
additional subcostal interspace may be referred to as
5a; by which plan we shall avoid throwing the number-
ing out of correspondence with that adopted in the other
genera (see Fig. 23). In those genera (Pereute, Delias,
etc.) which possess only three subcostal nervules in the
forewing, I shall for convenience consider S 4 as
absent.
Having identified the series S in the species named,
we shall find no difficulty with the remaining members of
the genera Synchloe and Tatochila, all of which possess it
in a condition of greater or less development. In all these
cases, if the sexes differ, the female invariably presents
the series in greater completeness ; though such of the
spots as are present in the male are sometimes more
distinct. ‘Thus in SV. hellica ?, the whole range occurs
with the exception of S 9 (this being also the spot
which is regularly small or absent in SV. callidice and
S. daplidice 2), and the spots show a great tendency to
fuse into a submarginal band, especially towards the
costa of the forewing. In the male, however, all are
absent from the hindwing, and S$ 9—11 also from the
forewing; § 8 is distinct; S 7 hardly visible; and S 2—5
are fused into a single spot which is more distinct than the
corresponding patch in the female.
The same submarginal series can be traced with equal
certainty in the genus Belenois. Here again the series
is as a rule more complete in the females, while the
individual spots are more distinct m the males. This can
be well seen for example in B. mesentina (Fig. 15), where
the males show a submarginal band on the forewing which
can without difficulty be resolved into a series of five spots,
representing § 2—3,5,6, 7and 8. On the upper surface
of the females the spots show a greater tendency to fuse
with one another, and with the dark area of the apex and
hindmargin ; they are nevertheless in most specimens
recognizable on the upper surface, and nearly always
fairly distinct beneath. Much the same is the case with
the submarginal series on the hindwing; this is constantly
present in a distinct form on the under surface of both
256 Dr. Frederick A. Dixey on the
sexes, and also to a variable extent on the upper surface
of the male. The whole range (except the last member,
S 20) occurs constantly on the upper surface in the
female, but shows a strong tendency to fuse with the
dark marginal band of the wing. In both male and
female of this species the conspicuous and persistent spot
S 8 occupies a prominent position, being pushed back as
it were towards the centre of the wing, and so causing an
indentation in the submarginal row. In B. severina the
series is generally less well-marked than in B. mesentina,
being to a great extent fused with the dark marginal
band; S8 10 and 11, however, which are absent in the
latter insect, are mostly visible in B. severina @.
B. calypso is noticeable as having the present series
particularly well-marked on the underside of the hind-
wing ; in the female it is also well in view on the upper
surface. Pinacopterya larima, again, has the series well
developed on the hindwing, and recalls some species of
Synchloe and Ganoris by the prominence given to § 8, 10,
and 11. In several species of Belenois, as for instance
B. teutonia 2 and B. coronea, the fusion of the spots of
series S with one another and with the dark apical and
marginal area is almost or quite complete. (See B.
peristhene, Fig. 14).
The genera Appias, Catophaga, and Hiposeritia pre-
sent us in many of their members with the same series,
more or less developed. In H. ‘lalage, for instance, S
1—9 are fairly well marked on the forewing (most
distinctly on the underside); while some spots of the
series are also in most cases visible on the hindwing.
In the greater number of species, however, the series
is so fused with the dark apical and marginal area as
to be hardly distinguishable (as in C. zamboanga® ), or is
altogether obsolete (as in most specimens of A. nero).
It is noticeable that the spot S 8, to which I have before
drawn attention, is usually the last to disappear from the
forewing; and that in many cases where S no longer
exists as a separately recognizable series, the place of S
8 is indicated by a prominent projection inwards of the
fused marginal area (Figs. 9,10, 11). The underside of
the hindwing often retains traces of the submarginal
series when the upper surface of one or both wings has
entirely lost them (C. lankapura ? and some specimens of
A. nero).
Phylogeny of the Pierinee. 257
In the genus Delias the same assemblage of spots
meets us again, though scarcely in a very definite form.
The well known D. ewcharis (Fig. 5) shows the series on
both surfaces of each wing, the spots being to a great
extent merged with one another; the band formed by
their fusion is nevertheless quite distinct, and its in-
dentations correspond with the usual disposition of the
spots on the wing in those species where they exist in a
more discrete condition. ‘The series is also visible in D.
hyparete (underside) ; and the same range of markings is
present as a sinuous band in the Australian D. aganippe
(best seen in the female, and on the underside); in less
distinct form in D. harpalyce, and still recognizable,
though now almost completely merged, in the closely
allied D. nigrina. A comparison of the upper surface of
the wings of the last named insects with those of other
species of the genus Delias, such as D. belladonna (Fig. 4),
D. pasithoe, and D. thisbe, serves to suggest the manner
in which the submarginal series (in common with other
features) may have arisen—namely, as a survival of an
original dark ground-colour, which has become broken
up, first into irregular bands and finally into spots, by
the appearance and gradual enlargement of touches of
a lighter colour in the spaces between the nervules.
Further reference will be made to this point when other
markings, whose history appears to be similar to that of
the present series, come under consideration.
Metaporia agathon (Fig. 7) presents the series in
much the same condition as D. ewcharis, the band is,
however, somewhat thicker and less defined. It is easy
to trace the same feature through many species of the
genera Pontia and Huphina; thus in P. soracta it is met
with in the hindwing as a series of faintly-developed
acute-augled chevrons, pointing outwards (as in Tato-
chila). In the forewing, 8 3, 5—9 are easily visible. It
is noticeable that S 8 is in this insect exceptionally
small ; it retains, however, its usual tendency to break the
line of the series by advancing further than the others
towards the centre of the wing. In Pontia crategi the
whole series has vanished ; but in Huphina coronis, H.
phryne (Fig. 8) and others, it is well marked; the most
persistent spots being, as in other genera, S 6, 8 and 10;
and the same general differences between the sexes, in
relation to the series, being observable here as in Synchloe
258 Dr. Frederick A. Dixey on the
and Ganoris. Indications of the series, more or less pro-
nounced, can also be seen in H. timnatha, H. aspasia,
H. judith, H. nama, and other species.
The strong resemblance to WDelias belladonna borne
by Prioneris thestylis is very probably due to mimicry,
as suggested by Wallace (“ Pieridze of the Indian and
Australian Regions,” Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 3rd series,
iv., pp. 309, 383). But from the presence of traces of the
submarginal series in other species of Prionerts (as in P.
autothisbe and P. clemanthe), it seems likely that it is
rather the retention than the origin of the submarginal
series in P. thestylis that is attributable to this cause.
Material for the production of a likeness of D. belladonna
was no doubt already to hand in the existence of an
homologous series of markings in both insects. Other
species of Prioneris, not having the same reason for
keeping close to the original design, have strayed away
more or less widely from it.
Mr. Wallace has also pointed out the agreement in
some respects between Delias and the South American
genus Huterpe (ibid., p. 344). If, with Mr. Butler, we
divide Swainson’s genus Huterpe into Pereute, Leodonta,
Catasticta and Huterpe proper, we shall find that while
all the normally coloured species of the group are
demonstrably linked with one another and with Delias
by their general system of marking and scheme of
coloration, two of the genera (Perewte and Leodonta)
further suggest a near relationship with Delias by the
peculiarities of their neuration; there being in these
instances only three instead of four subcostal nervules
in the forewing (Butler, ‘‘ Revision of the Genera of
the Subfamily Pierine,” Cistula Hntomologica, vol. 1.,
1870, pp. 39, 40, etc.). The appearance of several
species of this group of genera (notably Huterpe tereas)
has been profoundly altered by mimicry; but putting
aside such forms as these, we shall find no difficulty
in tracing a common pattern throughout most of the
remaining members of the group. ‘his pattern is not
dissimilar from that which characterizes those species of
Delias which we have seen to be probably the older
(e.g., D. belladonna, D. pasithoe and D. thisbe). To this
part of the subject I shall return later, at present it will
be sufficient to point out the distinct presence of the
submarginal series S in such examples as Catasticta
Phylogeny of the Pierine. 259
nimbice, C. anattis, C. bithys, and to a less degree in
Leodonta dysoni and LL. tellane, ‘The close resemblance
between the remarkable Pierine Hucheira socialis and
C. bithys, in respect of the marking of the upper
surface, may warrant us in identifying the corresponding
portion of the wing in the former insect with the sub-
marginal row S undoubtedly present in the latter
(Migsyt, 2).
The series § having now been traced through several
genera, until it, so to speak, loses itself in such gene-
ralised, and apparently primitive forms as those pre-
sented by Delias belladonna, Catasticta bithys and Hu-
cheira socialis, it will be advisable to return to the genus
Synchloe, and seek thereabouts for a new starting-point
from which to pursue the same series through its
developments in a fresh assemblage of genera which
have not at present been noticed. Such a starting-
point may be found in a comparison of S. daplidice 9
with the female of almost any species of the genus
Colias. A short examination will show that the same
submarginal series exists in the latter genus. A good
species for the purpose is C. hyale (Fig. 2), im which
both sexes exhibit the series distinctly. The consti-
tuent spots broaden out towards the costa and tend to
become fused with one another and with the black patch
at the apex. ‘This tendency is carried further in many
species of Colias, particularly in the males, where, as in
C. edusa, marginal and submarginal markings are fused
together into a deep dark border. The females, how-
ever, preserve the spots of the submarginal series in a
more discrete condition. In most species of Colias 8 is
well developed on the under surface, the component
spots being usually black on the forewing, and on the
hindwing orange or pinkish. In a few species, such as
C. phicomone and C. paleno, the series is obscured or
absent. Meganostoma, which resembles Colias so closely
in other respects, shows also the submarginal series on
the under surface; usually as a row of somewhat faint
pinkish dots, which are clearly identical with S in
Colias.
Through Meganostoma the passage is easy to Gonep-
teryx and Amynthia. In G. rhamni and G*. cleopatra no
vestige of S is to be seen on the upper surface; on the
lower surface, however, of many of the males and most
260 Dr. Frederick A. Dixey on the
of the females, it is visible in the hindwing, and near
the apex of the forewing, as a series of minute brownish
dots; similar to, but as a rule even smaller than, those
of Meganostoma. Rhodocera leachiana and Amynthia
morula show exactly the same feature, the spots being
dark brown or black, and a vestige of the series
is present in A. clorinde. In the closely-allied genus
Dercas, 8 is curiously modified into a brown or orange
streak passing in an almost straight direction from the
apex of the forewing to the anal angle of the hindwing.
In D. wallichii, 8 8 is large and prominent; but the
remainder of the series is scarcely visible on the upper
surface, though easily recognisable below.
In the genera Callidryas, Catopsilia, and their allies,
the extent to which § is developed varies within wide
limits. Callidryas philea > has already been noticed as
presenting, on the upper surface of the forewing, in many
specimens, a complete set from’S 1 to 8 11 (Fig. 22). In
this, as in other species of the genera named, it is usually
S 7 and not S 8 that breaks the line by advancing towards
the centre of the wing. The series is not usually continued
on the upper surface of the hindwing, but both wings show
it tolerably well below. S is well developed on the upper
surface of Catopsilia flava % (Fig. 21), and is visible to
a variable extent on both surfaces (except the upper
surface of the male) in C. catilla, Aphrissa godartiana,
and others. In some of these insects S on the under
surface forms part of the characteristic brown or pink-
ish mottling of the wing; in others, as the male of C.
phlegeus, it is almost or quite reduced to the condition
of minute pink spots, like those of the genus Gonepterya.
It is worth noticing that on the underside of Phebis
trite, S takes in the forewing the form of a straight
streak, not unlike that in Dercas lycorias, leading diago-
nally across the wing. On the hindwing a similar streak
appears, which, however, dces not represent 5 as the
apparently corresponding streak in Dercas undoubtedly
does, but is at least partly developed from another
system of spots which will be noticed later. Attentive
examination will disclose the existence of traces of the
true S between the streak in question and the hind
border of the wing.
In Hebomoia the series is always at least partly visible
on the forewings, and often on the hindwings as well.
Phylogeny of the Pierine. 261
The component spots are usually large and distinct, as
may be especially well seen in H. glaucippe ? (Fig. 19).
The same insect also shows the series tolerably well on
the under surface, where it is in other members of the
genus, as a rule, somewhat lost in the general mottling
of the wing.
S is often well seen on the underside of species be-
longing to the genus Jvias, where it assumes a condition
very like that which obtains in Colias. In I. marianne
it is especially well developed, and the component spots
on the hindwing are often furnished with pale centres.
Some members of the series are frequently also visible
on the upper surface, as in J. marianne 9, where S 6—9
are conspicuous (Hig. 18).
The genera Teracolus, Swains., Idmais, Boisd., and
Callosune, Doubl., are united by Mr. Butler as Teracolus.
In most of the species included under this head, the
series now being discussed is distinctly visible, especially
in the female and on the under surface. Good examples
of the series are furnished by 7. danae and YT. etrida.
In T. eucharis 3 it has mostly vanished from the upper
surface; S 8, however, remains, aS in so many other
instances, and is, moreover, in this insect often reinforced
by the presence of S 13 and 14, which spots have been
also seen to persist in our common species of Ganoris.
The female of 7. regina possesses S in a well-developed
condition on both surfaces, S 10 being especially con-
spicuous. ‘he same series is visible to a less degree in
the female of 7. cone. The males of both species show
indications of S on the lower surface, but none on the
upper. ‘The series may also be seen in a well-developed
state in 7. hewitsonii and T. amata (Fig. 17).
In Huchloe the series has almost disappeared. A relic,
however, persists near the apex of the forewing in some
species, best seen, perhaps, in H. tagis, H. ausonia, and
EH. hyantis ; while H. reakirtit @ shows § on the upper
side of the forewing very distinctly; S 8 indenting the
line as in the genus Synchloe. A comparison of the
under surface of the hindwing in H. cardamines and
H. ewpheno with the somewhat similar system of marking
in S. daplidice suggests also the probability that part of
the green mottling in Huchloe represents the submarginal
series. ‘Ihe same series is certainly visible on the upper
surface of the hindwing in some specimens of H. lweilla 9.
262 Dr. Frederick A. Dixey on the
Certain species of Nepheronia—for example, N. jobcea
? and N. valeria 2—show the series S in a form that
strongly recalls the condition of the same series in
Metaporia agathon. In both Nepheronia and Hronia,
however, S is very apt to be merged, especially on the
upper surface, with the dark marginal area. The female
of H. leda (Fig. 23) shows the first few spots of the
series on the upper side of the forewing in a condition
resembling that in some species of Callidryas, which
resemblance applies also to the lower surface, where S
occurs in a modified form on both wings, traces of the
same series being likewise visible in the male.
Summary.—Most of the members of the subfamily
Pierine possess, in a greater or less state of develop-
ment, a submarginal series of dark spots. The genera
Synchloe, Belenois, Tatochila, and some species of Colias,
amongst others, present the series in a fair state of
completeness. In other members of Colias, and in
several genera such as [vias, Hebomoia, and Teracolus, the
series is often less distinguishable, owing either to fusion
of its constituent spots with each other and with the
dark marginal area, or to suppression of some of their
number. Relics of the series remain in Ganoris, Huchloe,
and other genera, being especially persistent in the
female sex; in Gonepteryx, Dercas, Callidryas, Pheebis,
Catopsilia, and other allied genera, the series often
undergoes curious modifications. The aspect of the
series in such genera as Pontia, Huphina, Metaporia, and
Nepheronia, suggests its development from portions of
the original ground-colour left (by the formation and sub-
sequent fusion of lighter patches in a dark or dusky area)
as a dark band following the contour of the wing; and,
finally, by an extension of the process, as a submarginal
chain of spots. The possibility of such a mode of origin
is well illustrated by the condition of the wings in many
species of the Eastern genera Prioneris and Delias, and
the Western Leodonta, Catasticta, and Huchevra.
2. The dark marginal area or spots.
In nearly all our common Pierine we find a dark
patch at the apex of the forewing; better marked, as a
rule, in the females than in the males. In G. brassice
Phylogeny of the Pierinee. 263
it is large and crescent-shaped, extending for some
distance along both costa and outer margin of the wing.
In G. rape 2 it is not as a rule prolonged very far on
the outer margin, but it still reaches some way along the
costa. In the male of the same insect it is generally
small, and confined to the actual region of the tip. In
neither of these species is there much indication of
resolution, except that in most specimens of G. brassice,
especially in the females, the hinder arm of the dark
crescent shows an irregularity due to the massing of
black scales about the marginal terminations of the
nervules. But in G.napi (Fig. 16) resolution is generally
well marked; and it becomes evident that the dark
crescentic or triangular area of the tip is really formed
by the fusion of the anterior members of the series §,
which we have just been considering, with another
series, which may be called M, occupying the actual
margin of the wing, and consisting, in its fully resolved
condition, of a row of dark spots, each of which is
traversed by the peripheral portion of one of the ner-
vules. It is noticeable that in this species the black
marginal spots are often found extended, especially in
the female, in the form of a powdering of dark scales
along the course of the nervules towards the base of
the wing.
Turning to S. daplidice (Fig. 15), we find the consti-
tuent elements of the apical patch still better shown
than in G. nap. The marginal and submarginal series
are always distinct, being separated from one another by
portions of the general white colour of the wing, which
take the form of a row of white spots on the dark apex,
usually four in number. Hither of these two species
serves well to illustrate an important difference between
the spots of the two series, S and M. The spots of the
former series occupy, as we have seen, the interspaces
between nervules; and when fusion between adjacent
members of the series takes place, it does so by an
extension of dark scales across a nervule. On the other
hand, each of the spots of the latter series is centred,
not in an interspace, but around the peripheral portion
of a nervule or nervure. ‘Thus the spots of the two
series tend to alternate with one another, though this
effect is to some extent interfered with by the frequent
fusion of some of the spots with others of the same
264 Dr. Frederick A. Dixey on the
series. It is further noticeable that in both of these
insects the marginal series M is usually continued in the
form of a row of dots smaller than those helping to
constitute the apical patch, but still distinct, along the
outer border of both fore and hindwing. In S. daplidice
? (Fig. 15), the submarginal series being also distinctly
present on the hindwing, the alternate arrangement of
the two series is in this situation very apparent. The
constituent spots of series M may be numbered for con-
venience, in the forewing 1—11, in the hindwing 12—20,
one being counted for each nervure or nervule that
reaches the margin; and the same allowance may be
made as was suggested in the case of S for the occa-
sional suppression of a fourth or addition of a fifth
subcostal nervule (see p. 255).
Many examples of the occurrence of this marginal
series can be found among the near allies of the species
just named, and in all of them there is a tendency
towards the formation of a dark apical patch by the
union near the tip of the forewing with the anterior
members of the submarginal group 8S. In G. gliciria
many members of the series are usually present, often
tending in the females to form by fusion a broad mar-
ginal band in both fore and hindwing. Other species of
the genus Synchloe besides S, daplidice present M in a
fairly well-developed condition. It is usually conspicu-
ous in the female S. callidice, S. protodice and S. hellica,
and to a less extent in the males of the same insects ;
where it clings longest, as in the common species of
Ganoris, to the region of the tip. Tatochila autodice and
T'. theodice show M in very nearly the same condition as
the species of Synchloe last named.
Turning to the genus Oolias, we find that the mar-
ginal series has undergone some modification. In the
males it is often completely fused with the submarginal
series, the two together forming a broad outer band to
the wing, as in U. edusa 6. The same may also take
place in the female, as in C. paleno; but in most cases
the two series, S and M, are in the female more or less
distinct, being marked off from one another by areas of
ground colour which take the form of a row of light-
coloured spots, not unlike those present in many species
of Synchloe (see p. 263). In some instances, as in
J. hyale and C. phicomone, this description applies also
Phylogeny of the Pierinee. 265
to the males. Most species show a strong tendency for
the spots 8 8 and M 8—9, and, in a less degree, 8 10
and M 10—11, to become fused with one another by the
obliteration of the separating patches of pale ground
colour. ‘The individual members of series M are usually
more distinct from one another on the hind than on the
forewing. Not infrequently they are fused into a com-
plete band in both. On the lower surface M is in this
genus rarely if ever visible; thus offermg a strong con-
trast to 8.
In Meganostoma the fusion of M with S is usually
complete on the forewing; the females, however, of some
species show traces of a separation; a few patches of the
yellow ground-colour, like those in the females of many
species of Colias, appearing in the midst of the dark
border. In some forms, as M. philippa 9, these light
patches become much enlarged, and the two series S and
M are as distinct from one another as in any species of
Colias. M. cesonia usually shows the spots well on the
upper surface of the hindwing; and in most species of
this genus, M is often visible beneath as a row of minute
pinkish dots on the terminations of the nervules at the
margin.
In Gonepteryx, Rhodocera, Amynthia, and Dercas, the
series is not as a rule strongly developed. G. rhamni
usually shows on both surfaces a row of marginal dots,
dark red or brown above and pinker beneath, at the
outer extremities of the nervules, which are undoubtedly
relics of M. These are best marked at the tip of tho
forewing, where they often tend to run into a thin con-
tinuous marginal line, and are generally more apparent
in the female. The apical band is more strongly accen-
tuated in Rhodocera leachiana, especially in the female,
in which sex also M is often found on the hindwing in a
fairly developed condition. ‘Traces only of the series are
visible in the species of Amynthia; but in Dercas M is
reinforced by the anterior portion of §S, and helps with it
to form a conspicuous dark area at the region of
the tip.
The condition of M in Hebomoia needs no special
remark, except that on the under surface its separate
existence appears to be sacrificed to the exigencies of
the protective pattern.
In Callidryas, Metura, Phebis, Aphrissa, and Catop-
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1894,—PaRT II, (JUNE.) S
266 Dr. Frederick A. Dixey on the
stlia, the development of M varies. Most of the species,
however, show the usual tendency of M to expand into
an apical patch, either with or without reinforcement
from S. The members of the series are generally
reduced on the lower surface of the hindwing to a row
of marginal dots; and the great characteristic of the
present series, namely that it belongs to the nervules,
and not, like the former one, to the interspaces, is kept
up throughout. On the upper surface of Catopsilia
flava 2? (Fig. 21), M and S are both well developed, and
their relation to one another closely resembles that
which obtains in Colvas.
The same series is often present in the genera [vias
and Teracolus ; beg, as usual, most constant in the
females, and most prominent on the upper surface. It
appears occasionally as a chain of spots, as in the hind-
wing of many specimens of 1’. one 9, and some of
T’. regina, but more often as a simple marginal band, as
in J. marianne (Fig. 18). This band may be com-
pletely fused with S, as in the hindwing of T. phisadia,
or partially so, as in 7. amata. A plain marginal band,
in the forewing expanding at the tip and more or less
indented opposite the branching of the median nervure,
in the hindwing sometimes breaking into a chain of
spots, is also the usual condition of M in the genus
Terias.
In Nepheronia and Hronia M is generally present as
a well-developed marginal band sometimes more or less
fused with S, and often sending dark prolongations
inwards along the course of the nervules. In some
species, however, as N. thalassina and EH. leda, it is
mostly confined to the apical region; in the latter
indeed it is absent from the hindwing of the male
altogether, and barely visible on that of the female
(Fig. 28). The series in Huchloe is generally recogniz-
able as a row of dots, sometimes fused at the apex with
the anterior members of 8; but often, as in H. tagis and
HE. ausonia, preserving its independent existence.
The condition of M in the genera Metaporia and
Huphina recalls that in Nepheronia; the constituent spots
being generally fused into a marginal band from which
dark offshoots run inwards, accompanying the course of
the nervules. A similar description will apply to Pontia,
though in this genus the dark markings are often greatly
Phylogeny of the Pierines. 267
reduced. P. soracta, however, shows M with sufficient
distinctness; and even in P. crategi M itself is in some
instances visible, while the dark prolongations along the
course of the nervules is a well-known and conspicuous
feature.
Delias and Prioneris help to show us what is in all
probability the earliest condition of the present as well
as of the former series. ‘The upper surface of both fore
and hindwing in the female of D. eucharis presents once
more the familiar pattern of Metaporia agathon and
Nepheronia gea ?. ILthas already been pointed out that
there is an easy passage from this system of marking
to that which we find in D. belladonna, D. pasithoe, and
several other species; while the same features are un-
doubtedly visible with but slight modification in the
American genera Huterpe, Catasticta, Leodonta, and
Eucheira (see p. 258). A comparison of the insects just
named, to which may be added Prioneris thestylis and
other species of the same genus, can hardly fail to suggest
the probability of the origin of both M and S as portions
of the original dark ground-colour marked off from one
another with gradually increasing distinctness by the ap-
pearance, enlargement, and confluence of whitish patches
in the interspaces between nervules. ‘The alternate
character of the two series S and M, when broken
up into spots, is seen to be a consequence of the shape
and position of the original dusky white touches that
first bring them into view. These touches may be seen
for example in D. belladonna (Fig. 4) to be divisible into
two sets, which we may call marginal and basal, both
occupying the central areas of the interspaces. Between
the two sets is included the portion of ground colour cor-
responding to 8, the constituent spots of which, when iso-
lated, will necessarily have their centres in the interspaces.
But the marginal set of light marks tends to reach by
tapering extremities to the edge of the wing (see Fig. 5) ;
so that the interposed marginal patches of unaltered
ground colour, forming the first beginnings of M, are of
necessity focussed round points in the nervules and not
in the interspaces, And when in consequence of the
further development and fusion of the white or pale
markings, the marginal relics of dark ground colour
become reduced to a row of isolated dark spots, these
spots are, as we have already seen in S. daplidice (p. 263)
268 Dr. Frederick A. Dixey on the
and other cases, always traversed by the peripheral
portion of a nervule or nervure. ‘This fact is well
exemplified by M. agathina, M. poppea, and several
other species of Mylothris (Fig. 12).
The invasion of white, which is already considerable in
D. eucharis 2, becomes still more predominant in the
male of the same insect, where, however, the original
ground-colour still persists, not only in the series S and
M, but also in the form of the dark streaks accompanying
the nervures and nervules, a feature which we have seen
_ to be common in many other genera, especially Pontia,
Huphina, Metaporia, and Nepheronia.
Without leaving the genus Delias we can find several
examples where the intrusive white has ousted the whole
of the original ground-colour, except at the margins and
apex. This is the case for instance in D. descombesvid,
D. agostina &, D. coeneus $,and D. momea. In most of
these species the dark marginal area is plainly composed
of S and M inamore or less complete state of fusion,
and it is noticeable here as elsewhere that the female
almost invariably retains a larger proportion of the
original ground-colour than the male.
Many species of Belenois resemble the last mentioned
species of Delias in the tendency towards fusion of the
marginal and submarginal series. LD. peristhene (Vig. 14)
is exceedingly like D. momea in this respect, and in B.
teutonia 2? and B. coronea the fusion is still more com-
plete. But in very many species of Belenois and
Pinacopteryx, S and M are plainly distinguishable from
one another; and in some, as in B. calypso (as also in
Pinacopteryx capricornus), the resolution of both into a row
of dots is complete. The formation of a series of rings
along the margin of the hindwing (as in Synchloe calli-
dice 2, S. protodice 2, etc.), by the union of the horns
of the crescents or chevrons belonging to series 8 with
the spots of series M, is a noticeable feature on both
surfaces of many specimens of B. mesentina $ (see
Fig, 138); and the identity of the whole arrangement of
the submarginal and marginal series in Belenois with that
in Synchloe becomes perfectly evident on a comparison of
B. mesentina with S. johnstonw or 8. hellica.
In Appias the two series when present are not sharply
marked off from one another. In some species, however,
S has almost or quite disappeared, and M may persist
Phylogeny of the Pierinee. 269
alone as a marginal band, showing more or less ten-
dency towards resolution (Appias lyncida $, A. celes-
tina 6, etc.).
Summary.—The present, like the preceding series, is
thus seen to be a relic of the original dark ground-colour.
It is intercepted between the margin of the wing and
a series of pale touches (best seen in certain species of
Delias and Catasticta) that making their appearance in
the submarginal region of the interspaces, more or less
isolate, indent and divide up the dark marginal area. It
may eventually disappear altogether (as in some speci-
mens of G. rape 3), but usually persists on the forewing,
at least, in the region of the apex. When present, it
shows great variation in the extent to which it is resolved
into separate spots, and also in the amount of fusion it
undergoes with the neighbouring series 8. As a general
rule it is, like the last-named series, more constantly
present in the female sex, and more completely resolved
in the male.
3. The light series between 1 and 2.
The region of pale ground-colour included between
the two dark-coloured series S and M, becomes of
necessity more sharply defined and circumscribed as the
constituents of each dark series become fused together
into bands instead of remaining as rows of spots. The
tendency so often seen of the two dark series to become
partially fused with one another, by the extension
between them of dark lines following the course of the
nervules, leads, when carried far enough, to the splitting
up of the included pale area into a series of pale spots,
which sometimes attain a very distinct and definite
character, especially at the apex of the forewing. These
pale spots have already been incidentally noticed during
the discussion of the two series between which they lie ;
it will not be necessary to do more in this place than to
suggest that, for the purpose of separate reference, the
letter I should be taken to represent the whole series,
the possible constituents being numbered {—20, in corre-
spondence with the dark spots of series S which bound
them on the inner aspect. (See Figs. 1, 2, 5, 21, etc.)
4, The discoidal spots.
In none of our three common species of Ganoris does
270 Dr. Frederick A. Dixey on the
there exist a true discoidal spot. The nearest approach
is to be found in G. napi, where the disco-cellulars of the
forewing, together with the other nervules, are in many
specimens accompanied by a sprinkling of black scales ;
which in some instances are sufficiently numerous in this
particular region to give almost the appearance of a
black discoidal spot or patch. This may be best seen in
specimens of G. bryonix, but dusky specimens of the
ordinary G. napi will sometimes show the tendency
almost equally well. The same tendency is carried a
hittle further in Tatochila autodice, while JT’. theodice
shows the corresponding marks in a condition of strong
development, with a slight indication of a similar feature
on the hindwing as well. Passing to the genus Synchloe,
we find the discoidal spot invariably present, at least in
the forewing; and in most species large and distinct,
especially in the females. SS. daplidice (Fig. 15) has the
spot well developed on both surfaces; on the lower sur-
face it is more or less shaded with green. The same is
the case with the somewhat smaller discoidal spot in
S. callidice. Another example of a large and conspicuous
discoidal spot is furnished by S. hellica.
In Colias, a discoidal spot is nearly always present on
each surface of both fore and hindwings. On the upper
surface of the latter it is sometimes independently
present and sometimes only shows through from
beneath ; but it is seldom absent altogether. The spot
on the forewing is in this genus, as in Synchloe, usually
dark brown or black. It may be ringed or pupilled with
orange; in the former case the orange is of a deeper
shade than the general ground-colour. Hxamples of
this may be seen in C. meadit, C. cunninghamii, and
others. In C. fieldii and C. edusina the discoidal spot in
the forewing is unusually large; in no species of Colias,
however, does it overpass the boundaries of the sub-
costal nervure in front and the third median nervule
behind. It may be very small, as in C. barbara; or
entirely absent, as in some specimens of OC. paleno and
C. pelidne. On the lower surface it is often centred with
white or silver. On the upper surface of the hindwing,
the spot when present is not dark, but varies in different
species from the palest yellow to a full orange. It is
distinguished from the general surface of the wing either
by its different shade of yellow or orange (as in C. hyale)
Phylogeny of the Pierinee. 271
or by its freedom from admixture with the darker scales
that often give the hindwing in this genus a compara-
tively dusky appearance (as in some specimens of C.
edusa). In many species a small companion is visible
in the interspace between the second subcostal and dis-
coidal nervure. On the under surface the discoidal spot
is much more distinct. Its centre is silvery white, and
it is usually encircled with a brown or orange ring,
which in some species is sharply marked off both
internally and externally by thin marginal lines of a
darker colour. The companion reproduces the discoidal
spot on a smaller scale. It always occupies an inter-
space, whereas the chief discoidal spot is situated upon
the second disco-cellular nervule. (Fig. 20, D 4.)
No doubt is likely to arise as to the identity of the
discoidal spot in Synchloe with that in Colias so far as
the forewing is concerned. The chief difference between
them is that in the former genus the spot is less sharply
defined and less regular in outline ; moreover in Synchloe
it frequently reaches forward to the costa, and it may
extend backward to the space between the first and
second median nervule; whereas in Colias, as we have
seen, it does not pass the limits set by the subcostal
nervure and the third median nervule. But there can be
no reasonable question that the spots are homologous in
the two cases; and a comparison of the two genera
further suggests the probability that in Synchloe we
have an older, in Colias a newer and more specialised
form of the marking. ‘This conclusion accords with
what has been already said about the marginal and sub-
marginal series of markings, which in Colvas, especially
in the males, have departed somewhat further from the
original type than in Synchloe; and it will be seen to
receive further confirmation from what is to follow.
With regard to the discoidal spot on the hindwing,
although it is perhaps not at first sight clear that the
markings in the two genera are really homologous, it is
nevertheless quite possible, on an attentive examination
of allied forms, to trace the steps by which the passage
from one to the other is effected. In the hindwing of
many species of Synchloe there is no indication of a
discoidal spot at all; in others, however, a definite
aggregation of black scales is visible about the disco-
cellular nervules. In some species, such as S. protodice 9,
272 Dr. Frederick A. Dixey on the
the nervules, though surrounded with black scales, are
themselves covered with white, or (on the underside) pale
yellow scales; a light-coloured centre being thus provided
for the dark discoidal patch. In the genus Vatochila
this light-coloured centre acquires greater importance.
On the under surface of 7’. autodice the white scales are
seen not only covering the disco-cellular nervules, but
also intruding some way upon the yellow of the general
surface; in this species, however, the pale patch thus
formed has no dark border. But there can be little
doubt, on a comparison of 7’. autodice with Colias palzno,
that the whitish area surrounding the second disco-
cellular nervule in the one is homologous with the silvery .
patch in the corresponding region of the other; while
the identity of the discoidal marks in Tatochila with
those in Synchloe, and of the same marks in C. paleno
with those in other species of Oolias, is a matter of
certainty. ‘The brown ring surrounding the silvery
pupil on the under surface of most species of Colias is
indicated in C. paleno, where its general appearance
points to the probability of its origin from the dark
scales that have already been noticed as gathering about
the region of the disco-cellular nervules in Synchloe.
In C. palzno itself, however, the central pale patch (as in
Tatochila) becomes far more prominent than the sur-
rounding dark border. An examination of the discoidal
spot on the underside of the hindwing in Gonepteryx
rhamnt 9 and Amynthia merula will disclose the same
general arrangement of a pale area traversed by the
second disco-cellular nervule, and surrounded by a ring of
darker scales, that we have already seen to be character-
istic of the spot in other genera. In these insects, how-
ever, as in I¢thodocera leachiana, the spots, though clearly
identical with those in Colias, are in a lower state of
development and specialization. ‘Turning again to the
discoidal spots on the forewing, we may at first sight
hesitate to identify the bright orange spots in G. rhamnt
or G. cleopatra with the black spots or patches in
Synchloe and Colias. But in Amynthia clorinde we have
what is unmistakably an intermediate form of the spot, in
which the vivid orange of the one closely encircles the
deep brown or black of the other, and from which either
the Gonepteryx or Colias type of spot might be easily
derived. Much the same is the.case with /’. leachiana;
Phylogeny of the Pierinee. 273
but in this insect the black markedly predominates.
The discoidal spot in the forewing of R. leachiana is also
noticeable as having a small companion, of similar
character but with a greater proportion of orange,
the root of the interspace between the subcostal and the
first discoidal nervure.
The discoidal spots in Dercas, when present, corre-
spond closely with those in the genera just named. The
spot on the forewing of D. lycorias is like that in
G. rhamni; it is, however, less compact, and surrounds
both disco-cellular nervules instead of the second only,
as in the latter insect. The spot on the upper surface of
the hindwing is scarcely visible, but those on both wings
beneath nearly resemble the corresponding marks in
R. leachiana. On the underside of D. wallichit the
_ marks are of the same character, but reduced in size ;
from the upper surface they are almost or quite
absent.
In Meganostoma the discoidal spots, both above and
beneath, so closely correspond with those in Colias as to
call for no special remark. In Callidryas, Metwra, Pheebis,
Aphrissa, and Catopsilia, they present also the same
general appearance. On the upper surface of the hind-
wing, the discoidal spot is seen as a rule faintly or not at
all; but on the forewing there is often a well-marked
dark patch, enclosing either the second disco-cellular,
as usually in Catopsilia thauruma and C. catilla ¢,
or both disco-cellulars, as in Aphrissa godartiana 2. On
the underside the form of a silvery circular patch,
surrounded by a pinkish or brownish ring, is almost
universally kept up. There ig in some species (as in
Callidryas philea) a tendency for the discoidal spot in
the forewing to divide into two parts, one for each disco-
cellular nervule ; while in the hindwing the small com-
panion which has been already noticed in Colias is nearly
always present in the interspace between the discoidal
and subcostal nervures. One or two species (as C.
jlorella 2) possess a second companion within the cell.
The present series, when fully resolved, seems thus to
consist of five spots, two belonging to the two disco-
cellular nervules in the forewing, the third belonging to
the interspace between the subcostal and _ discoidal
nervures in the hindwing, the fourth to the second
disco-cellular nervule, and the fifth to the discoidal cell,
274 Dr. Frederick A. Dixey on the
also in the hindwing. I propose to designate the system
as D 1—5.*
The last-named genera exhibit a good deal of varia-
tion in the size of the constituent spots of D, and
also in the breadth of the encircling darker ring. In
C. catilla $, the latter, spreading widely out from the
silver centres, and being reinforced in the hindwing
by a similar development from certain of the spots of
series S, forms a conspicuous dark red patch on the
under surface of both primaries and secondaries. A
similar tendency is seen in many specimens of Callidryas
thalestris and other members of that genus. In all these
cases the border of the discoidal spots on the under
surface is assimilated in colour to the general character
of the darker mottlings that form the prevailing feature
of the wing-pattern. It is interesting to observe, in the
case of Phebis trite, that the straight diagonal streak
already referred to (p. 260) as crossing the under surface
of the hindwing is made up of elements belonging to
both series S and D, as follows: The part between the
two subcostal nervules is S 14; that between the sub-
costal and discoidal is D3; the next, where the streak
intersects the second disco-cellular, is D 4; it then skips
a space, and reappears between the median and sub-
median nervures as § 19. That the homology of the
different parts of this line has been correctly stated will
be evident from a comparison of P. trite with C. eubule
and C, thalestris, in which species the elements of the
streak are visible in a separate condition. It is in P.
trite particularly worthy of note that in those interspaces
where D 3 and 4 form part of the streak, the corre-
sponding members of §, viz., S 15, 16, and 17 (which
are not wanted for this purpose), are visible well to the
outer side of the streak; whereas in the other inter-
spaces there are no marks between the streak and the
margin, the members of S having been, so to speak,
used up for another purpose, and having thus caused an
apparent interruption of the usual submarginal pattern.
In the interspace between the first and second median
“ This use of D is open to the objection that the same letter
has also been used for an entirely different set of markings in the
Nymphalidz (see Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1890, p. 91). But I do
not think that this circumstance is likely to give rise to any
practical difficulty.
Phylogeny of the Pierine. 275
nervules, S 18 appears as a submarginal spot of the usual
kind. Now, inasmuch as no member of series D ever
occupies this interspace, there is no material at hand for
continuing the streak ; and, carrying the eye up to the
apex of the interspace, where the streak should cross,
we find it, in fact, deficient at that place.* This may
seem a small point, but it is of interest as illustrating
the absence of anything that might be called violent or
arbitrary in the evolution of these various patterns, in
which, indeed, the closer the examination the more
difficult it is to find anything effected per saltwm.
In Jzias the condition is again much the same as in
Colias ; the discoidal spot of the forewing, however, is
often united on the upper surface with a dark band
running across the wing from the costa to the anal
angle. A similar feature occurs in Hebomoia glaucippe
(Fig. 19) and other species of the same genus. On the lower
surface the discoidal spot varies considerably in size, and
in a few cases (as sometimes in I. marianne) may be
absent altogether. When it is large, as in other
specimens of I. marianne, it is frequently centred with
white. In the hindwing the series is absent from the
upper surface, and represented below only by D 4, which
may also be white-centred, or may exist as a simple
black dot of varying size.
In Teracolus, D is usually well marked. In some
species, such as 7’. vesta, T’. hewitsonii, and T’. puellaris,
it occurs on the forewing as a conspicuous black patch
covering both disco-cellular nervules, and usually merged
anteriorly in a dark or dusky band which extends along
the costal border. In other species, as 7’. evanthe, T’. ione,
T. regina, etc., it takes the form of a circumscribed black
spot, sometimes minute or absent. On the lower surface,
the scales on and surrounding the disco-cellular nervules
are often whitish, thus giving Da pale centre. D in the
hindwing, when present, is usually small; on the under-
side of some species, as 7. danae, T. evippe, and 1".
omphale, it is centred or shaded with orange ;—this
tint belonging primarily to the disco-cellular nervules,
and spreading more or less widely from them.
* As above noted (p. 260), the corresponding streak in the fore-
wing of P. trite, and the somewhat similar feature on both wings
of Dercas lycorias, are entirely formed out of series 8.
276 Dr. Frederick A. Dixey on the
In Terias and Sphxenogona, D is constantly absent
from the upper surface, but is usually visible below,
where it may appear as a small black dot or pair of dots
in each wing (7. lisa), or as a group of more or less
regular narrow-bordered rings (7. hecabe and T. floricola),
or in various intermediate forms (7’. deva and S. gratiosa).
The transition from the condition of D in Colias to that
in Terias is well indicated by Xanthidia nicippe, most
specimens of which correspond pretty closely in the
markings of the lower surface with the latter genus ;
while the upper surface of the forewing bears a discoidal
spot much like that in some species of Colias. In the
closely allied genus Pyrisitia, D has altogether disap-
peared (see P. proterpia).
The genus Huchloe shows the discoidal spot on the
forewing in a well-marked condition (Fig. 24). It may
exist as a distinct spot, as in H. cardamines, usually
larger in the female; or as a more or less quadrangular
patch reaching up to the costa, as in H. lucilla. On the
underside it is often white-centred, as in H. belemia and
others. On the hindwing, D is in many species of Huchloe
not visible at all. In some, however, it appears as a
small, at times very minute, patch of black scales sur-
rounding the second disco-cellular nervule (some speci-
mens of H. genutia and H. cardamines); in others, as
i. charlonia and EH. lucilla, it takes the form, on the
under surface, of a pale circular patch, closely resembling
D 4 of Colias paleno in the same situation.
D in Belenois is usually well marked on the forewing,
as a rule enclosing both disco-cellulars, and often
prolonged anteriorly to join the outer extremity of a dark
costal band ; this is especially the case in the female, and
on the under surface in the male, as in B. mesentina, B.
teutonia, B. calypso, etc. The spot is sometimes small
and quite distinct, as in B. creona, D 1 being absent ;
sometimes, on the other hand, it is large and almost or
quite merged in the general dark field of the outer
portion of the wing, as in B. coronea. In the hindwing
there may be no discoidal mark at all, asin B. creona;
or all the nervures may be covered with dark scales
(as generally on the under surface of B. mesentina),
the disco-cellular nervules not being specially dis-
tinguished; or there may be a definite discoidal spot,
composed of D4, as in B. mesentina 9, upper surface ;
Phylogeny of the Pierine. PY A
and in B. calypso, under surface of both sexes and upper
surface of female.
In Appias and OCatophaga a discoidal spot can scarcely
be said to exist; but in Hiposcritia and Pieris various
members of the series D are often well marked. H.
lalage ¢ (Fig. 11) has a conspicuous discoidal spot on
both surfaces of the forewing, formed by D 2; and on
the under surface of the hindwing there appears a minute
representative of D4. In H. pandione, D 1 and 2 com-
pose a large spot which joins the dark costal band; while
on the under surface of the hindwing, D 4 is sometimes
indicated by a paling of the first disco-cellular nervule
and the immediately surrounding area. In Pieris the
forewing often shows a conspicuous discoidal spot, formed
by D 1 and 2 or by D 2 alone; the hindwing as a rule
possessing only a small dark representative of D 4 on the
under surface, which in P. buni merely touches the
second disco-cellular, but in P. pylotis encloses it.
In Pontia and Huphina (Fig. 8), D in the forewing
appears generally as a mere darkening of the wing in the
region of the disco-cellular nervules, more pronounced
than the darkening of other nervures which is common
in these genera, but not forming a defimite spot. In the
hindwing it is much less distinguishable or even absent
(P. crategi, P. soracta, H. phryne, H. timnatha, etc.).
In Metaporia agathon (Fig. 7) the same darkening of the
disco-cellular area occurs, which in M. phryxe takes the
form of a definite and conspicuous patch. A like condition
is seen in JN. gcea, and other species of Nepheronia.
The correspondence in pattern of the genera Delias and
Prioneris with those just discussed, already referred to on
p. 267, applies to the present as well as to other features
in the marking. JDelias, moreover, shows in many
species that paling of the disco-cellular nervules them-
selves, and sometimes of the immediately surrounding
area in the midst of the dark discoidal patch, which we
have seen to occur in Synchloe and other genera, and
which in Colias, Ivias, and their allies leads to remarkable
modifications in the general appearance of the discoidal
spots (see Delias aganippe, D. descombesi, D. crithoe,
etc.). In D. belisama ¢, the nervules remain dark,
though there is a surrounding pale area.
Nothing special needs to be said about the genera
Euterpe, Catasticta, Leodonta, and Euchetra. Their
278 Dr. Frederick A. Dixey on the
general correspondence in pattern with the old-world
genera last named, which has been already referred to,
involves a similar condition of the present series D. In
none of them does any member of D assume the condition
of a definite circumscribed spot; but in nearly all, the
series exists as a portion of the original dark ground
colour between the touches of intrusive white or yellow.
In C. toca, D on the underside of the hindwing consists
of an irregular dark ring with a yellow centre traversed
by the disco-cellular nervules, this representing an early
condition of the homologous ocellus in Oolias.
Summary.—This series also, like those already treated
of, represents a local survival of the original dark ground-
colour. Appearing in the first place as an ill-defined
accumulation of dark scales around the disco-cellular
nervules, it takes the form of definite spots as the in-
vasion of white or other pale ground tint progresses. As
in the case of the other series, resolution is generally best
marked in the males; the females showing a greater
tendency to adhere to the ancestral condition. When
fully resolved, the series consists of five spots, two for
the disco-cellular nervules in the forewing, and one for
the second disco-cellular in the hindwing, with two extra
spots, also in the hindwing. In many instances the
disco-cellular nervules, with a varying amount of neigh-
bouring ground-substance, may appear as pale streaks or
patches in the midst of the primitive agglomeration of
dark scales; and in the further development of the
pattern it may happen that either the pale or the dark
markings alone persist; or both may be retained and
worked up as in species of Colias, Callidryas, Ivias, etc.,
into a system of more or less elaborate ocelli.
5. The markings on the underside of the hindwing.
a. The yellow precostal streak.—A. constant feature in
our common species of whites is a deep yellow or orange
streak which occupies the margin of the precostal space
on the underside of the hindwing, and is clearly dis-
tinguishable from the pale yellow of the general ground-
colour. This yellow precostal streak is conspicuous in
other species of Ganoris, as G. gliciria, and may also be
seen in S. daplidice, S. hellica, and many other members
of the genus Synchloe. It is, I believe, never found in
Pontia crategi; in the closely allied P. hippia and P.
Phylogeny of the Pierinee. 279
soracta, however, it is well marked. Metaporia agathon
and M. phryze, which resemble the last-named species
in other respects, also show a deep yellow mark in the
same situation; but in this instance it occurs only as a
spot bounded outwardly by the precostal nervure, and is
not prolonged as a streak along the costa.* Many
genera present this mark in much the same condition as
the species of Ganoris first referred to; of which good
examples may be seen in Nepheronia thalassina, N. argia,
the curious Herpenia eriphia, Pinacopteryx pigea and P.
capricornus, Mylothris chloris and M. agathina (deep
orange in these), T'atochila theodice, Glutophrissa mar-
garita, Appias zelmira, Phrissura sylvia, Daptonura
lycimnia, Teracolus ione, T'. regina, T. eris, etc.
Looking back to Synchloe hellica, we find that the
yellow precostal streak forms in that insect only one of a
series of yellow marks, one or two of which partially
occupy each interspace. A similar condition obtains in
many species of Belenois; see for instance B. mesentina
and B. tewtonia. On the underside of the hindwing in
these species, the dark lines following the course of the
nervures, and the dark markings belonging to the various
series above described, are laid down upon a ground
colour which is usually white or pale yellow, but which in
many specimens is relieved here and there by streaks and
touches of a deeper yellow or orange. One of these
streaks occupies the costa, and is plainly identical with
the yellow precostal streak in Synchloe, Ganoris, and the
other genera named. Although in the species of Belenois
just referred to, as in several others, this streak is easily
seen to form but one member of a series, it is never-
theless more constant and persistent than any of its
companions. ‘This is evident in those not uncommon
specimens of B. mesentinat in which the general
ground colour on the underside of the hindwing
takes on so deep a yellow tinge as to approach that of
the yellow streaks and touches. In these cases all or
some of the latter set of markings may cease to be
separately recognizable; the precostal streak, however,
is always the last to disappear. In certain species of the
* A specimen of MW. agathon in Coll. Brit. Mus. has, however, a
few orange scales in the outer division of the precostal space.
+ I.e., the form known as B. auriginea.
280 Dr. Frederick A. Dixey on the
present genus, as B. gidica, the ground colour remains
pale ; but the precostal streak is the only member of its
series present. In others‘again, as Bb. coronea, the black
spots of S exist in a state of enlargement and fusion,
while the orange touches occupy nearly the whole of
the spaces that are left. ‘The light spcts of series I (see
p- 269) between S and M, which in B. teutonia are only
touched with orange, are entirely of that colour in most
specimens of B. coronea. In B. peristhene the amount
of light ground colour is smaller still, but the orange
costal streak and orange series I are present as in B.
coronea. Both of these insects, B. peristhene in especial,
suggest at once a comparison with certain members of
the genus Velias, particularly D.nysa and D. momea. In
these two species the yellow precostal streak and the
yellow or orange series I are unmistakably present. In
D. nysa, as in B. peristhene, these constitute the only
relief to the general dark colour of the wing; while in
D. momea § is partially defined by the presence of pale
touches on its inner aspect in addition to the spots of
series I along its outer margin.
While the species named suggest a passage in respect
of this pattern of the underside of the hindwing between
Belenois and Delias, there is not wanting evidence of
the same import in the case of other species in which the
blackening of the hindwing is a less conspicuous feature.
On the underside of D. belladonna we cannot fail to
recognize the counterpart of such a hindwing as that of
B. teutonia ; the dark and light areas occupy with slight
modification the same relative positions, and the same
spaces of pale ground-colour that are in B. teutonia
touched up with deep yellow, are wholly or partially of
the like colour in D. belladonna ; among these, of course,
being the precostal margin. ‘I'he basal portion of the
hindwing in such species as D. ewcharis and D. hyparete
shows a more general yellow tinge than in D. belladonna ;
but in both of these, as in other allied species, the
deeper-coloured precostal streak is perfectly recognizable.
In very many species of Delias we meet with a new
feature, much of the ordinary yellow being displaced by
a brilliant red; but the former colour still displays a
tendency to cling to the region of the precostal space, as
may be seen in D. thisbe ; where, however, the precostal
yellow hardly reaches further outwards than the pre-
Phylogeny of the Pierinee. 281
costal nervure. In the very similar D. pasithoe it has
been driven even from this position.
Prioneris exhibits a condition very similar to that of
Delias. The underside of P. thestylis closely corre-
sponds with that of D. belladonna, and the resemblance
applies to the precostal streak no less than to other
features. In some species of Prioneris, as C. clemanthe
and P. autothisbe, the precostal yellow is again ap-
proached, and sometimes dislodged, by a greater or less
amount of bright red, as in D. pasithoe, D. thisbe,
D. crithoe, and other members of the former genus.
Leaving the red patches and other features of the
pattern of this region in Delias and Prioneris for dis-
cussion at a later stage, we may pass on to the
American genera Huterpe, Pereute, Leodonta, and Catas-
ticta. In the two last-named the arrangement of light
and dark markings corresponds generally with that in
Delias and Belenois, and similar touches of deep yellow
are mostly present in the same relative positions. One
of these, usually to be seen on the costal margin, is
clearly homologous with the precostal streak in the
insects already referred to; in many specimens of C.
mimbice, C. semiramis, C. toca, and others, it bears very
much the same appearance as in the old-world genera
above mentioned. It may be noticed in passing that
in many instances, such as L. zenobia, L. dysoni, and
C. anaitis, the yellow precostal streak is found sharing
the precostal space with a greater or smaller amount of
brilliant red, as we have seen to be often the case in
Delias and Prioneris. The same struggle between
yellow and red is visible in the genera Huterpe and
Pereute. In H. tereas the space is shared, the red keeping
to the inner, and the yellow, when present, to the outer
side of the precostal nervure. In P. charops the space is
usually all yellow; in P. auwtodice and P. leucodrosvme it
is all red. In these two genera the other yellow marks
are reduced in number or completely abolished; P.
charops, however, generally has a conspicuous yellow
patch between the costal and subcostal nervures which
undoubtedly belongs to the series.
In the genus Pieris, which is also American, some
species, such as P. locusta and P. habra, show on the
under surface of the hindwing a pattern which is
evidently only slightly modified from that seem in many
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND, 1894.—PART II. (JUNE.) a
282 Dr. Frederick A. Dixey on the
species of Catasticta ; and in these also the red or orange
of the costa is a prominent feature. In other species of
Pieris a farther alteration has taken place, and the
markings have been swept from the basal portion of the
wing (as in P. demophile), or away altogether (P. bumiz).
In most, however, if not all of these cases, the precostal
streak persists, again taking a yellow rather than red or
orange colour; and, in the absence of other yellow or
well-defined dark marks on the wing, it comes to
resemble very closely the corresponding feature in so
many species of Synchloe and Ganoris.
Summary.—The facts adduced in the course of the
foregoing remarks seem so far to allow of little doubt
as to the history of the yellow precostal streak. It is
evidently a survival of a series of yellow or orange marks
which is found, in many genera of both eastern and
western Pierinze, on the underside of the hindwing,
partially or wholly oceupying the paler areas left between
the relics of the original dark ground colour. The
greater number of these marks may disappear with a
general lightening of the wing, or the whole wing may
become so yellow as to render them almost or quite
indistinguishable ; but the particular yellow streak that
occupies the margin of the precostal space is more per-
sistent than any of the others, and may remain, as in our
common species of Ganoris, after every other character-
istic of the ancestral marking has departed. It will be
seen later that this account of the precostal streak,
though no doubt correct as far as it goes, in all pro-
bability needs supplementing.
b. The red basal patch.—In both British species of
Ooclias, there occurs at the base of the hindwing, on the
under-surface, a pinkish patch, which occupying the
apices of the cell and of the median and submedian
interspace, and also in most cases asmall area at the root
of the precostal space, is often prolonged for a short
distance along the middle of the cell. This patch, which
is almost always present throughout the genus Colias, is
found in most if not all species of Meganostoma, and
also very commonly in Catopsilia, Callidryas, Phebis,
Aphrissa, and Metura. It is present, too, in Dercas,
Gonepteryx, Rhoducera, and Amynthia; in these, however,
it does not as a rule extend far from the body itself.
Beyond the limits of these closely-allied genera this
Phylogeny of the Pierinee. 283
special feature does not often occur in a very clearly-
marked condition; it is, however, present in Xanthidia
nicippe, and in several species of Terias and Sphcnogona,
as 7’. agave and WS. mexicana; it may also be seen
occasionally in Teracolus, as in T’. antevippe, T. ewpompe,
and (sometimes) 1’. erts, assuming in this genus a some-
what diffuse appearance. In some species of Appias, as
A. hombroni (occasionally), and A. lyncida, as also in
Herpexnia eriphia, there are deep yellow marks near the
root of the wing, which are probably homologous with
part of the patch now under discussion; and in the
genera Belenois and Tatochila touches of deep yellow
often occur at the base of the median space, though not
in the cell, which appear to correspond with the marks
just referred to in Appias and Herpxnia (see B. mesentina
and J’. autodice). ‘These yellow touches in Belenois are
undoubtedly members of the series spoken of on p. 279,
and so far it would seem that the well-marked pink patch
at the root of the cell in Colias, Gonepteryzx, etc., is at
least in part developed from a portion of that series, of
which another member has given rise to the yellow
precostal streak. It is certain, however, that other
factors besides the series now indicated are chiefly,
though probably not entirely, answerable for the com-
position of the pink basal patch in Colias; and it is at
least possible, as will presently be seen, that the pre-
costal streak itself owes something to their assistance.
These other factors are the red basal areas to which
reference has already been made, and which will now be
examined in greater detail.
c. The red basal areas. ‘To begin with the under-
side of Delias pasithoe, we find the base of the hind-
wings occupied by a bright red patch forming about
a quarter of a circle on each wing, the body itself and the
immediately surrounding area of the wings being black.
The spaces affected by the red patch are six ; namely, the
precostal, costal, subcostal (or cell), median, submedian,
and internal—all those in fact whose apices reach to the
base of the wing. In D. thisbe there occurs a similar
red patch, occupying nearly the same spaces. In this
insect, however, there is no red in the precostal space,
which is occupied (as above noticed, p. 280) by the ordinary
yellow precostal streak ; while the red patch, which in this
butterfly is visible on the upper as well as the underside
284. Dr. Frederick A. Dixey on the
of the wing, includes thé apex of the space between the
first and second subcostal nervules in addition to those
above enumerated. D. egialea shows the same condition
as D. pasithoe; but in D. crithoe, otherwise similar, the
precostal space is black. In D. descombesi and D. belisama
the red is confined to the costal interspace (7.e. the space
between the costal and subcostal nervures); while in
D. coeneus a submarginal set of roughly-defined red spots
or dashes continues round to the anal angle the series
begun by a red mark in the costal interspace, corres- —
ponding with that in the two preceding species, ‘The
submarginal series which, so to speak, becomes infected
by the red coloration, is undoubtedly that spoken of above
as series I (see p. 269). ‘This latter feature of the Pierid
pattern, somewhat indefinite in D. ccenews, becomes much
more distinct in such species as D. nigrina, D. harpalyce,
D. aganippe, D. eucharis, and D. argenthona. The latter
of these has another well-marked red spot surrounding
the second disco-cellular nervule, which represents a
diffused reddish areain D. duris, and amore circumscribed
patch in the same situation in D. cceneus. In D. hyparete
S is going from the underside of the hindwing; in
D. hierte it is gone ; but in both cases the red spots of I
remain in their full development. D. mysis, D. isse,
D. echo, and other species exhibit the same feature in a
more or less conspicuous manner.
The same red coloration is visible, as we have seen, on
the underside of many species of Prioneris in the form of
a basal patch ; and in one species (P. sita) it spreads to
the submarginal spots of series I, exactly as in UD.
eucharis. In P. autothisbe the red is found in the costal
and subcostal interspaces ; in P. clemanthe and P. vollen-
hovit only in the inner division of the precostal space,
whence it spreads inwards upon the body.
In the American genera Huterpe, Pereute, Leodonta,
and Catasticta, the red is usually present; but as in
Prioneris and the pasithoe group of Delias, it is mostly
confined to the basal portion of the wing.* In H.
* An exception to this rule is furnished by Muterpe tereas and
FE. critias, in which species the area of light ground colour
immediately internal to that region of the wing which corresponds
to the submarginal series 8, is on both surfaces more or less
deeply tinged with the same red colour as that of the basal
patches. ‘his feature is due to mimicry, the two species named
Phylogeny of the Pierinee. 285
tereas, Hi. critias, C. bithys, and C. anaitis, it most com-
monly occurs in the inner division of the precostal and
the internal space; in Leodonta zenobia and L. dysont, in
the precostal and costal. In L. tellane, besides the bright
red patches of the precostal and costal spaces, scales of
the same colour occur in the apices of the subcostal,
submedian, and internal spaces—of all, in fact, except
the median. Pereute leucodrosime has the precostal and
costal red patches; so also has P. swainsonii; but in
P. charops these spaces are occupied by yellow streaks
with no accompaniment of red.
Even in the genus Dismorphia, profoundly altered as
it has been by mimicry, the same marks occur. D. melia
has a conspicuous red spot in the inner division of the
precostal space; while D. astyocha, D. prawinoe, and
others possess a very clear representative of the same
spot, with another one in the median interspace. ‘The
colour in these latter species is seldom so bright as in
the first-named ; it displays, in fact, a tendency to become
assimilated to the chestnut tinge of other portions of the
wing ; the spots are nevertheless quite recognizable, and
undoubtedly correspond with those in the former genera.
In some species, such as D. nemesis, there is no red, but an
indication of the yellow precostal streak is plainly visible.
offering a very close resemblance to the females of Papilio poly-
metus and some of its allies, in bringing about which resemblance
the red areas of the hindwing take a considerable share. It is
interesting to observe that good as is the general effect of the
imitation by these Pierines of the Papilio pattern, the imitative
process has its limitations, and is seen on a strict examination to
fail in more than one particular. Thus, (1) the Pierine is able to
produce an excellent representation of the Papilionine reds and
yellows, but apparently it never reproduces the metallic blues and
greens, of which touches are found in the males of several of the
mimicked species; (2) the costal and submedian spaces in the
Pierine invariably retain their yellow patches on the underside ;
these are never yellow in the Papilio ; (3) the red basal patches
on the underside of the Pierine give just the same general effect as
similar patches on the Papilio ; but a close scrutiny will reveal the
curious fact that the patches of the Pierine belong always to the
wing, and those of the Papilio, in almost every instance, to the
body. The wide distribution of the red basal patches among the
Pierine forbids us to suppose that they were evolved for the pur-
pose of mimicry in these few species ; but it is worth noting that
their presence affords material ready to hand for a sufficiently
deceptive though not absolutely exact copy of a conspicuous
Papilionine feature. See also note on p. 298.
286 Dr. Frederick A. Dixey on the
In those species of Pieris (such as P. habra and
P. locusta) which present on the underside of the hind-
wing a pattern only slightly modified from that of
Leodonta and Catasticta, the red basal marks are clearly
to be distinguished. A bright red patch characterises
the inner division of the precostal space, and in most
specimens is also prolonged into the outer division, while
the apices of the median and internal spaces are likewise
provided with conspicuous red touches. Comparing
the underside of P. locusta with that of any of the
American mimetic forms of Mylothris, we cannot well
resist the conclusion that the central horizontal red or
chestnut band in the latter species represents the touches
of red in the median and internal spaces of P. locusta.
The relation is best traced in the case of M. lypera, in
which insect the part played by the yellow streak of the
costal interspace in the production of the mimetic
pattern is also clearly to be seen; but other species, such
as M. lorena and M. pyrrha, whose mimicry of Heli-
conine forms is further advanced than that of M. lypera,
still show the origin of the central red band almost
equally well. In Hesperocharis hirlanda a somewhat
similar effect is produced by slightly different means.
The basal red is here confined to the precostal and
internal spaces, not being found (as in Pieris) in the
median. The horizontal red band is therefore not
central but costal, its mnermost extremity being con-
stituted not (as in Mylothris) by the red patch of the
internal space, but by that of the mner division of the
precostal. The whole of the precostal red, which is
absent in the three species of Mylothris just referred to,
is prominent in H. hirlanda. Although these differences
involve a change in the relative position of the horizontal
bands of red and pale yellow in the latter species, yet
the general resemblance of the underside to that of
M. pyrrha ¢ is considerable, and is probably quite
enough to tell perceptibly in the insect’s favour. Other
species of Hesperocharis, which are unaffected by
mimicry, show the basal marks in the same position,
but, as a rule, not very definitely, except at or near the
root of the precostal space. Here there generally
occurs an orange spot which partly represents the red
precostal patch in H. hirlanda (see H. nereis, H. mar-
chalii, and H.anguitia), but which in some species (as
Phylogeny of the Pierine. 287
H. erota) can be distinctly seen to belong to the apex of
the median interspace as well as to the root of the pre-
costal.* A similiar orange spot is visible in_ several
species of Pieris, such as P. buniw and P. thaloe; and
of Leptophobia, as L. elodia and L. elewsis. In the last-
named insect again it can generally be made out that
the orange spot does not belong entirely to the root of
the precostal space, but is furnished with a constituent
from the apex of the median interspace as well. ‘This
double character of the spot is much more evident in
DL. tovaria; and on referring once more to almost any
species of Colias, the conviction forces itself strongly
upon us that in these basal marks in Leptophobia,
Hesperocharis, and Pieris, and so in Huterpe, Leodonta,
Catasticta, and consequently even in JDelias and
Prioneris, we see represented the chief material out of
which the pink basal patch in Colias, Gonepteryx, Catop-
silia, and their allies is constructed. It is probable that,
as above suggested, another element may enter into the
composition of the basal patch in these genera, namely
one or more members of the series of yellow streaks; a
conclusion which seems to be somewhat favoured by the
condition in Belenois, Herpxiia, and Appias; but the
two series are distinct enough from one another in such
genera as Catasticta and Leodonta; and an unnamed
species of Hesperocharis in the British Museum shows, still
more plainly than those above mentioned, the co-existence
of a relic of the basal red in the situation of the pink
patch in Colias, with a series of yellow streaks in the
interspaces like those of Catasticta and Belenois.
Summary.—Witk regard to the whole assemblage of
red and yellow marks on the underside of the hind-
wing, the following appear to be the most probable
conclusions :—
The yellow precostal streak so commonly seen in
butterflies of this group, including our common British
species of Ganoris, as also the pinkish patch at the apex
* In order to avoid a possible ambiguity, I may here mention
that I regard the “apices” of the interspaces as pointing towards
the “base” of the wing. When a precostal nervule is present, I
speak of an “outer” and “ inner” division of the precostal space,
the nervule forming the line of demarcation. By the “ raot” of
the precostal space, I mean the part immediately adjoining the
body.
288 Dr. Frederick A. Dixey on the
of the cell, of which our native species of Colias and
Gonepteryx present good instances, are relics of a more
elaborate system of marking seen in a high condition of
development in various exotic genera. This system
consists essentially of a series of red and yellow markings
occupying more or less completely the pale spaces in-
cluded between the radially disposed dark lines that
coincide with the nervures on the one hand, and the
concentrically arranged dark spots or bars of the marginal
and submarginal series on the other. That this system
of markings is a very primitive one is rendered probable
by the fact (1) that it is represented by vestiges in so
many genera of both hemispheres; and (2) that it occurs
in a well-developed condition in genera so widely
separated in a geographical sense as the South American
Leodonta and Catasticta, and the Australian and Indian
Delias and Prioneris. Asa general rule, the spaces at
the base of the wing tend to be occupied with red, and
those on the dise and at the periphery with yellow; but
in some cases, as has been seen, the red may encroach
upon the submarginal yellow (as in Delias ceneus,
D. eucharis, D. argenthona, etc.), or may be prolonged
from the base in various directions across the wing
(Hesperocharis hirlanda, M. lypera, M. pyrrha, and other
American species of Mylothris). In the first-named
genera, which exhibit the system in its full state of
development, the distinction between the red and yellow
markings is a perfectly easy one; but in such genera as
Pieris, Leptophobia, Hesperocharis, Belenois, Ganoris,
Synchloe, and Colias, whose markings are no doubt
ultimately derived from the Catasticta and Delias pattern,
it is not always easy to say to which part of the original
system the relics that are present belong. On an in-
spection of all the forms, it would, however, seem to be
the case that those members of the yellow part of the
system most often persist which are capable of being
reinforced, as it were, by a neighbouring red patch
towards the base of the wing. For instance, the most
persistent marking of all is, as we have seen, the yellow
precostal streak. ‘This is in most species of Leodonta
and Catasticta closely bordered on by a bright red spot
in the inner division of the precostal space ; and on tracing
the condition of that space from these more ancestral
genera downwards, through Pieris, Leptophobia, and
Phylogeny of the Pierinee. 289
Hesperocharis, we find it become tolerably evident
that the dark yellow vestige which at last alone
remains is the result of a kind of convergence both in
colour and position of the yellow and red markings that
at first lie simply side by side and are clearly dis-
tinguishable the one from the other.* A further instance
of possible convergence is supplied by the basal pinkish
patch, found in the group of genera headed by Colias,
which we have seen reason to identify with original
markings of both the red and yellow kinds.+ In other
cases, the persistence of various members of the present
system is determined by the exigencies of a mimetic
pattern, as in the species of Mylothris and Hesperocharis
above referred to (p. 286).
III. Pasytogenetic ConcLusions.
1. The evidence of the Wing-markings.
We are now in a position to consider as a whole the
various sets of facts that have been above recounted,
and to endeavour to construct, from the evidence at
hand, a theory of the phylogenetic history of the entire
group. This, of course, is only attempted under the
* This, it is true, applies only or mainly to the New World
forms ; the similar basal red patch that partly occupies the pre-
costal space in certain species of Delias and Prioneris not seeming
to have left any traces in those Old World genera (Belenois and
T'eracolus), which appear to stand in much the same relation to
Delias and Prioneris as Pieris and Hesperocharis do to Leodontu
and Catasticta. 'The deep orange, however, of the precostal streak
in some Old World species of Mylothris (as M. chloris and M.
agathina), and in some species of Belenots (as B. helcida) which
resemble them, may perhaps be derived wholly or in part from the
precostal red ; but if so, it does not bear in itself a plain record of
its origin as does the like feature in the corresponding genera from
America.
+ Again, in Pieris pylotis the only marking to be seen on the
under surface of the hindwing (besides the basal spot) is a short and
narrow orange streak near the apex of the median interspace—
an interspace that in more primitive forms, such as P. locusta,
Mylothris lypera, and others, is provided with an apical red patch.
It is also worthy of notice that in many species of Belenois the
spots of series I are apt to retain or assume an unusually deep yellow
or orange colouring like that of the precostal streak—this series
being in some species of Delias, and at least one of Prioneris, a
sharer in the bright red of the basal patches (see p. 284).
290 Dr. Frederick A. Dixey on the
limitations above referred to, and is not to be taken
as more than a connected statement of the probable
import of the facts derivable from one _ particular
source—those facts, namely, which relate to the colours
and markings. I need hardly say that I recognise to
the full that any phylogenetic conclusions founded on
these data must of necessity be open to checking and
correction in the light of information arrived at in other
ways.
The evidence that has now been examined seems to
indicate that the wings in the earliest form of Pierine
were uniformly overspread with a dark neutral tint.*
The first variation from this condition appears to have
occurred by the paling of certain areas in the principal
interspaces between the nervures; a modification that
may be seen in probably its simplest extant form in the
remarkable American Pierine Hucheira socialis (Fig. 1).
Here each interspace, including the discoidal cel! in both
wings, possesses a more or less definite pale patch, those
of successive interspaces being so arranged as to form a
somewhat indistinct and interrupted band crossing the
disc of both wings from the costa to the inner margin.
Besides this central series of pale patches, there is also
a submarginal row of much smaller and fainter spots of
the same greyish-white hue. The whole pattern is
repeated with very little change on the under surface,
but on the hindwing with even less distinctness than
above. The underside of the hindwing in this insect,
indeed, probably exhibits the very oldest kind of Pierine
colouring to be seen in any existing species.t
The primitive system of marking manifested by
Hucheira socialis persists with little alteration on the
upper surface of many species of Catasticta, as, for
“ This accords generally with the opinion expressed by Mr.
Wallace: “There are, in fact, many indications of a regular
succession of tints in which colour development has occurred in
the various groups of butterflies from an original grayish or
brownish neutral tint.” Darwinism,” 2nd edition, 1889, p. 274.
+ While entirely agreeing with Staudinger and Schatz that the
remarkable forms Styx infernalis and Pseudopontia paradoxa are
probably of great antiquity, I cannot but regard the special
Pierine affinities claimed for them by these authors (and especially
for the latter) as more than doubtful. See Staudinger, Schatz,
and Rober, “ Exotische Schmetterlinge,” 1892, sub voe.
Phylogeny of the Pierine. 291
instance, C. bithys (Fig. 2), C. toca, and C. colla. In other
species of the same genus, the next steps are shown by
the enlargement of the pale spots (as in C. anaitis ¢),
their assumption of a purer white colour (as in U.
anattis ©), and the confluence of those of the inner row,
as in CU. trezene and C. ctemene ¢. In the latter insect
the enlargement and confluence of the white patches has
proceeded so far that the white must now be considered
the ground colour, the original dark neutral tint being
confined to the base and apices of the forewings, a
narrow and interrupted marginal band on the hind-
wings, and the course of the nervures with their branches
(Fig. 3). In C. corcyra, the same process is continued
almost to its furthest limit, the new ground colour has
supplanted the old in every place except the apex and a
narrow slip along the costa of the forewing. C. corcyra
is thus practically a ‘‘ white” butterfly; and so within the
single genus Catasticta a complete transition is to be
found, from a dark almost black ground colour, with
small and indistinct pale greyish patches, to a ground
colour of dead white, with hardly more than a trace
remaining of the original dark surface tint. This
passage from C. bithys to C. corcyra is really an epitome
of the whole range of variation in pattern throughout
the entire group of Pierinzx.
In such species of Catasticta as C. semiramis, where
the pale patches are tolerably distinct, and have not yet
coalesced, the dark marginal and submarginal series of
spots, so characteristic of the Pierines as a whole, are
visible at an early stage of their emergence. As has
been shown above, on p. 267, the marginal series (called
M) is formed by the remains of the dark ground colour
between the outer series of primitive pale patches
and the outer border of the wing; while the sub-
marginal series S comes into view between the outer and
inner series of pale patches. Besides these, a relic of
the dark ground colour is seen to remain about the
disco-cellular nervules in the forewing, which forms the
first beginning of a definite discoidal spot ; and another
row of minute pale patches, each occupying the centre
of an interspace on the extreme outer margin of the
wing, begins to split up the marginal series in the
manner already spoken of. The definite character of
series M is assumed sooner on the forewing than on the
292 Dr. Frederick A. Dixey on the
hindwing, and in the latter situation the discoidal spot
has at this stage scarcely become recognizable ; in some
species, however, a patch of pale-coloured scales covers
the lower disco-cellular nervule of the hindwing in the
midst of a wide and not sharply-defined area of dark
ground colour.
So far little or no essential difference has been noted
from the primitive pattern of Hucheira socialis; the
variations produced having simply resulted from a
greater or less extension of the intrusive pale tint along
the lines originally marked out. But, on turning to the
underside of any species of Catasticta, we find what at
first sight appears to be a very considerable divergence.
A careful examination, however, soon makes it plain
that the pattern of the lower surface is throughout the
genus essentially the same as that of the upper surface,
though one or two new features are superadded. Con-
fining our attention in the first place to the forewing,
for instance in C. nimbice, we find the submarginal series
S and the discoidal spot shown at least as clearly as on
the upper side; while from the greater prominence of
the pale spots at the extreme margin, M is brought still
more plainly into view below than it is above. On the
hindwing, the central pale band may be easily traced
across the disc of the wing, leaving on the one side of it
a basal, and on the other a broad marginal dark area.
Traversing the latter can be seen a row of elongated,
more or less wedge-shaped, yellow streaks, which repre-
sent the more easily recognized series I of the forewing ;
while a distinct row of yellow spots on the extreme
margin continues the similar series from above. Though
S and M are not yet sharply marked off from one
another, the portions of dark ground colour to which
they respectively belong are already separately recog-
nizable. The undersides of C. nimbice, C. colla, C. toca,
and C. corcyra will be found to make a very good
transitional series, showing the gradual emergence of 5
and M and the subsequent reduction of each to a mere
festooned line.* The superadded features above alluded
* An unnamed species of Catasticta in the British Museum
presents a condition of the underside of the hindwing more exactly
intermediate between C. corcyra and the usual type than any of
the species mentioned. An individual of the same species is in
Phylogeny of the Pierinze. 293
to are (1) the streaks and touches of yellow that begin
to occupy much of the area of the original pale patches,
including, as has been seen, the spots of I on the hind-
wing; and (2) the bright red patches visible in the
basal region of the same wing close to the body. These
have been already discussed at some length (see
pp. 281, 285), and their importance has been shown in
reference to the markings of more recent groups. In
this place it is only necessary to note once more that
their ancestral character seems to be proved not merely
by their existence in a fully developed condition in
genera so widely separated geographically as _ the
Western Catasticta and Leodonta and the Hastern
Prioneris and Delias, but also by the fact that there is
scarcely a genus throughout the whole sub-family,
whether in the Old or New World, that does not show
some relic of their former presence. With regard to
their origin, no clue appears now to exist. It seems
impossible to trace them further back than to the
Eastern and Western genera named; and the probably
still more primitive form, Hucheira socialis, to which we
should naturally turn for an indication of their develop-
ment, affords us in this particular no information
whatever.
In the genus Leodonta we find some modification in
the shape of the wings, and only three instead of four
branches to the subcostal nervure of the primaries. But
the wing pattern remains much the same as in those
species of Catasticta where the white central band has
grown into a well-defined area and the two series S and
M have not yet become clearly distinguishable. The
yellow streaks and red basal marks are still prominent
on the hindwing beneath, and the separation between
S and M is, in this genus also, more evident on the
underside.
In Pereute and Huterpe, which are undoubtedly very
close allies of the genera just referred to, the development
of the pattern has taken a somewhat different direction.
The primitive dark ground colour is in the males of
several species of Pereute, as P. charops, P. autodyca, and
the Hewitson collection labelled as C. notha. This is undoubtedly
erroneous, as the underside of the true C. notha is almost exactly
like that of C. corcyra,
294 Dr. Frederick A. Dixey on the
P. swainsonii, relieved by dustings of pale pinkish or
bluish grey, which do not seem to bear any particular
relation to the lighter patches in Catasticta or Hucheira.
These greyish areas are often, especially in the females
(including those of the species named), brightened up
into bars or broader expanses of vivid red (P. lewcodro-
sime) or blue (P. telthusa), and the aspect thus produced
is very unlike that of nearly all the members of the allied
genera. But as has been shown above, at pp. 281 and
285, an indication of affinity in coloration with those
genera is preserved in the red and yellow patches of the
underside of the hindwing ; and, what is very remarkable
indeed, there are two species of Catasticta, namely C.
teutamis and C. ctemene, the males of which are of the
usual Catasticta type, while the females present, together
with the ordinary Catasticta neuration and structure, the
aspect characteristic of P. charops 9 and other highly
coloured members of the genus Pereute. In the case of
these two Catastictas there can, I think, be no doubt
that it is the male rather than the female that represents
the ancestral colouring of the group, and we are thus led
to the conclusion that some common cause has brought
about the divergence in the same direction of these
female Catastictas and both male and female Pereutes
from the ordinary character of their nearest relatives.
This cause I believe to be mimicry, the models for which
in the present instance are to be found in certain species
of Heliconius, particularly H. melpomene, H. phyllis, and
their allies.* ‘lhe resemblance is not perfect,t but in all
probability is quite sufficient to be of much service to the
Pierine mimics; and we find exemplified here, as in
many other cases, the much greater readiness with which
the female assumes the protective coloration. As we
“ T also think it exceedingly likely that Papilio euterpinus, Godm.
& Salv. (Ecuador), forms one of this mimetic group. It is, how-
ever, remarkable that its range seems not to coincide with that of
the Pierine, namely P. charops 9, which probably resembles it
most closely in size as well as colour.
+ The red colour of the species of Heliconius here mentioned (to
which may be added H. vulcanus and H. hydara), as they occur in
collections, is by no means so vivid as that of their supposed
imitators. But Mr. A. G. Butler and Mr. F. A. Heron both
inform me that the red in Heliconii has a special tendency to lose
its brightness, even in specimens carefully preserved in the dark.
Phylogeny of the Pierine. 295
have seen, the male Catastictas are not affected at all;
while in most species of Pereute the males have not
advanced nearly so far along the mimetic path as have
the females. Another point worthy of observation, which
is paralleled elsewhere, is the fact that the males show a
much closer approach to the complete mimetic pattern on
the lower than on the upper surface.*
A similar explanation will apply to the even more
remarkable divergence shown by the genus Huterpe,
though here the phenomena are so curious and complex
as to require a more detailed treatment. This genus (as
restricted by Butler, Cist. Entom. 1., pp. 34, 42) does not
contain a single form that reproduces in general aspect
the typical Pierine features ; every species indeed is the
subject of a mimetic change, and such marks of their
origin and relationships as they retain, are used up in a
more or less modified condition to heip im the production
of the deceptive pattern. Thus we have seen how in
Huterpe critias, H. tereas, H. rosacea, and allied species,
the area representing the white central band on the hind-
wing, now tinged with rosy pink, has become an im-
portant ingredient in the general imitation of Papilio
zacynthus ¢ ; the red basal patches on the under surface
also taking their part in the picture. There is, moreover,
little doubt that the white spot on the forewings is
identical in origin with the usual white central bar, while
for the marginal yellow spots a counterpart is easily
found in Catasticta nimbice and many of its allies. In
Huterpe bellona we find the patch on the forewings
bright yellow instead of white, while the rosy patch is
intensified in colour and split up into three or four
brilliant streaks radiating from the base towards the
margin of the wing. The general effect is not very
dissimilar from that of H. critias, and the identity of the
markings is beyond question ; nevertheless the changes,
slight as they are, are highly significant, for they import
nothing less than the substitution of a member of the
Heliconine for one of the Papilionine group as a model
for imitation. Huterpe bellona undoubtedly mimics
the Heliconine group of which H. thelxwpe and H.
burneyi are conspicuous members; and it would be
difficult to find a better instance to show how slight a
* See Weismann, “Studies,” vol. i., pp. 7, 8 (English Edition).
296 Dr. Frederick A. Dixey on the
modification of an existing pattern may suffice to produce
an effective copy of an entirely different insect. Facts of
this kind seem to go a long way towards answering such
objections to the theory of mimicry as those alluded to
by Mr. Beddard in his “ Animal Coloration,” 1892, pp.
214, 215.
It is very remarkable that red basal patches, like those
of the mimicking Pierines, occur on the underside of
the hindwing in most, if not all, of the Heliconii and
Papilionine mimicked by members of the genera Pereute
and Huterpe ; and in some, e.g., H. melpomene, there is
even a well-defined yellow precostal streak, Now
although there is no difficulty in ascribing most of the
features in the coloration of these Pierine genera to the
operation of mimicry, it would seem, for the reasons
given above (p. 285, note), that the origin of these par-
ticular marks, which are so wide-spread and so persistent
throughout the whole Pierine subfamily, must be
excepted. Nor, im the absence of any evidence of a
direct causal relation, does it seem to my mind more
satisfactory to consider the occurrence of these patches
in the three diverse groups, Papilionines, Heliconines, and
Pierines, as the effect of similar external conditions.
If we assert them to be purely ‘ accidental,” we are met
by the fact that although they are found in some species
of both Papilio and Heliconius that are apparently not
the subject of mimicry, yet they are most distinct and
most prevalent in those species that are copied by
Pierine imitators ; and the same considerations (amongst
others) seem to show that the supposition that they are
simply due to inheritance from a common ancestor of all
the groups must be inadequate. Before the phenomenon
is dismissed as inexplicable, it may be worth while to
consider the following suggestion.
According to the well-known principle laid down by
Fritz Miiller and expanded by Meldola, by which these
authors have been enabled to account for cases of parallel
resemblance between the species of protected genera,
and also of the grouping of allied inedible species into
distinct sets, each with its own scheme of coloration,* it
* F. Miller in “ Kosmos,” 1879, p. 100 ; Meldola in “ Proc. Ent.
Soc. Lond.,” 1879, p. xx., and “ Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.,” Dec.,
1882. See also Wallace, “ Darwinism,” 2nd ed., 1889, pp. 249-257,
and Poulton, “Colours of Animals,” 1890, pp. 192-195.
Phylogeny of the Pierinee. 297
is advantageous for any two or more protected species
to join their forces, in order to share the toll levied upon
them by inexperienced enemies. In such cases it no doubt
often happens that one species serves as the standard to
which the others conform, whether by way of convergence
or of arrested divergence; but there seems no reason
why, especially if there is no conspicuous inequality of
numbers, there should not be akind of ‘‘ give and take ”
arrangement between mimicker and mimicked, the latter
advancing some way to meet the former for their mutual
benefit. In other words, when two species, A and B,
form an association of this kind, it need not be supposed
that the form of A remains fixed, while B assimilates
itself to it, or vice versa ; but the association may really
be formed by both A and B converging towards a point
between them, or, in short, mimicking each other.
The acceleration of the process which in many cases
would result, must of itself be an advantage. Now if
the grouping of kindred inedible forms in associations of
this kind is beneficial, it would seem that the benefit
might extend to members of families far removed from
one another, like the three now under discussion, as well
as of the same family or genus;* the only requisites
being (1) that all should be more or less inedible, and (2)
that all should have patterns capable of assimilation to
one another. Nor does there seem to be any reason why a
mutual convergence of the kind indicated should not
take place under these conditions also. With respect to
(1), it has, I think, nearly always been assumed that the
Pierine which resemble the members of other families
are edible; and this is no doubt the case with the
numerous members of the genus Dismorphia + (Leptalis
of Dalman), which were among the first to attract notice
to the subject of Mimicry in general. But no direct
proof seems to exist that the species of Huterpe and
Pereute now under discussion are edible; and indeed
Mr. Wallace considers (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 3rd
series, iv., pp. 309, 310; Darwinism, 2nd ed., 1889,
** Such an association is already well known to occur between
Heliconide and Danaide.
This, however, has been questioned by Mr. Beddard, who cites
some observations of Scudder as tending to show the contrary.
See “‘ Animal Coloration,” 1892, p. 215.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1694.—PART Il. (JUNE.) U
298 Dr. Frederick A. Dixey on the
p- 244) that the genus Delias (Thyca of Wallengren),
which is probably nearly related to Huterpe and Pereute,
possesses a disagreeable flavour, or some other special
means of protection. If this is shared by its American
relatives, the first of the above requirements would be
satisfied, while the second (2) has been shown to be met,
in the special instance of the red basal patches, by the
occasional presence of somewhat similar spots or
patches (whose origin is not now under discussion) in
other species of both the Papilionine and Heliconine
groups, which afford quite sufficient material for the
assimilative process to work upon. Until, therefore,
direct proof is forthcoming of the edible qualities of the
Pierines in question, it will not be unreasonable to sup-
pose that they have joined an “inedible association,”
and to attribute this curious agreement in a detail of
pattern between members of such diverse groups to the
operation of what may perhaps be called “ reciprocal
mimicry.”’* The Pierines have no doubt moved furthest
from their original form, having in most respects clothed
themselves in Papilionine and Heliconine colours, but
the latter have themselves advanced some way to meet
the Pierines, in adopting from them a more distinct
and characteristic employment of the red basal patches.+
* This, it will be seen, is distinct from “convergence” in the
usual sense, inasmuch as that term has hitherto been employed
(as by Poulton, ‘ Colours of Animals,” 1890, p. 195) to signify the
assimilation of one form to another, rather than the mutual
approach by two forms toa mean between them.
t+ Fritz Miller notes (“ Kosmos,” 1879, p. 100, and translation
by Meldola, Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. xxiv.) that “in the
province of Santa Catharina, Huterpe tereas is common in the
forest-paths almost throughout the entire year, while its model,
Papilio nephalion, is, on the other hand, a rare butterfly.” This is
so far in favour of the supposition that the resemblance is not due
to mimicry by the Pierine, at least in the strict sense.
There igs one more piece of evidence that seems to favour the
conclusion arrived at above. So far as I am aware no explanation
has yet been offered of the fact that it is the females and not the
males of Papilio polymetus, P. zacynthus, etc., that are resembled
by Huterpe tereas and E. critias ; whereas the males, which display
brighter colours, afford at least as good if not better models for
imitation. I would suggest that this is really due to “reciprocal
mimicry.” The protection gained by the resemblance between the
Pierines and Papilios is not all on the side of the Pierines, but
mutual ; and the female Papilios have, as is usual, felt the need
of it more urgently than the males. For this reason the female
Phylogeny of the Pierinee. 299
Huterpe theano and EH. ewrytele present us with another
kind of departure from the ordinary Pierine condition,
the latter being an excellent copy of Lycorea atergatis
and Ceratinia (Ithomia) dionea; while EH. theano ex-
hibits the form of H. ewrytele with a coloration much like
that of Pereute charops ¢.
We find then that, thus far back in the growth of the
Pierine stock, a large section has been diverted under
the influence of mimicry from the regular course of
development of the Pierine pattern; and in order to
continue the history of the latter, we must retrace our
steps and take up the thread where we left it before
beginning to discuss the mimetic forms of Pereute and
Huterpe.
Although it does not appear that the Old World can
show any truly Pierine form so ancient as Huchevra
socialis, there does exist a genus which seems to repre-
sent in the Hast nearly the same stage of development as
Catasticta, Leodonta, Pereute, and Huterpe in the West.
This is the genus Delias, the close relationship of which
with the western forms mentioned has been indicated by
Doubleday and Westwood (Genera of Diurnal Lepi-
doptera, vol. i., p. 33), and more distinctly suggested by
Wallace (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 3rd series, iv., p. 344).*
The pattern of Delias belladonna is essentially similar to
that of the early Catastictas, consisting as it does of a
dark ground-colour relieved by paler touches in the
interspaces, between which touches the ground-colour is
already beginning to show a rudimentary division into a
marginal and submarginal chain with a vaguely indicated
discoidal patch in each wing. On the underside we have
the same pattern in a slightly more distinct form; while,
as in Catasticta, the pale areas of the hindwing and the
apical region of the forewing are furnished with yellow
streaks. ‘The red basal patches, so characteristic of
Papilios have been led to meet the Pierines by discarding, or at
any rate by not adopting, the bright metallic blues and greens that
ornament the other sex. This was no doubt a shorter and easier
way to the formation of an “inedible association,” than would
kave been the acquisition by the Pierines of colours more nearly
resembling those of the male Papilios.
* Delias agrees closely in neuration with Pereute and Leodonta.
See Butler, Cist. Entom., i., p. 40. Staudinger and Schatz, “ Exot,
Schmetterl.,” 1892, Theil. ii., p. 63.
300 Dr. Frederick A. Dixey on the
Catasticta and its allies, are not represented in D. bella-
donna, but in all the members of the pasithoe group they
are not only present, but have become a very conspicuous
feature in the coloration. It is not difficult to bring the
other markings of D. pasithoe, D. thisbe and their allies
into relation with those of D. belladonna, though the
dark series S and M are as a rule less clearly indicated.
The pasithoe and belladonna groups of Delias may thus
be considered as on the whole the most ancient.* Inthe
well-known D. eucharis we have the series S and M
complete; the female, as is usual, showing less departure
than the male from the more generalised form. As in
Catasticta, no sooner have the dark series emerged into
distinct existence than they begin to disappear ; they are
much less recognizable in D. hyparete and D. agostina
than in D. eucharis, and in D. hierte they reach the
vanishing point. D. eucharis and its immediate allies
follow the early condition of Delias in having the inter-
spaces on the underside of the hindwing more or less
filled in with yellow, but they depart from it in having
lost the red basal patches, and in possessing a conspicuous
submarginal band of red spots (series I) between the
dark series S and M; these are best seen in D, eucharis
itself. An early stage of this red series is probably
present in D. ceeneus and the closely allied D. philotis,
which seem to be linked with the still more primitive
butterflies of the pasithoe group through such forms as
D. belisama and D. descombesi (see p. 284). Regarding
then D. coeneus as a new starting-point, we may trace
from it in one direction the Indian group headed by
D. eucharis, and in another the Australian forms
D. aganippe, D. harpalyce, and D. nigrina. It is to be
observed that both D. ewcharis and D. aganippe, though
probably more recent than D. ceneus so far as regards
the underside of the hindwing, nevertheless retain in
other respects more of the primitive pattern ; from which
we may probably conclude that some form now lost,
rather than D. ceneus itself, supplies the true link with
the belisama and pasithoe groaps, while D. ceeneus and
D. philotis survive to show how “ series 1” acquired in
* T follow, in nearly every particular, Mr. Wallace’s division of
this genus into groups. See Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 3rd series, iv.,
p. 344, ete.
Phylogeny of the Pierine. 301
the eucharis and aganippe forms its conspicuous character.
I have little doubt that the curious form D. aganippe is
one of the oldest existing species of Delias in the
Australian region, inferring this from its retention of the
primitive series S and M with the discoidal patch in the
forewing in fairly distinct form, from the presence of
yellow streaks in the interspaces of the under surface,
and from the occurrence of a basal red spot in the pre-
costal space of the underside of the hindwing. Many of
these points assimilate it to the pasithoe group, and even
more closely to D. belladonna.* D. harpalyce and
D. nigrina seem to follow naturally on from D. aganippe,
though in respect of the costal red they are perhaps a little
nearer the still more primitive D. belisama. Another
Australian offshoot of the D. ceneus stock is probably
represented by D. argenthona, D. mysis, D. isse, and
D. dorimene. The Indo-Malayan and Australian nysa
group is probably derived from the pasithoe and bella-
donna groups through D. orphne and D. momea. It
would be most interesting to attempt to trace in detail
the phylogenetic history of the whole of this extensive
genus, but it must here suffice to have indicated what ap-
pear to be the principal lines of derivation. ‘Two points
of analogy with the kindred neotropical genera may be
noted before we pass on. The first is that although the
invasion of a paler tint does in Delias tend to spht the
original ground-colour into marginal and submarginal
series quite similar to those of Catasticta, and though
these series in various stages of development and sup-
pression, as also in Catasticta, meet us here and there
throughout the entire genus, yet in many cases the series
never emerge in any recognizable form, and there seems
in several species a tendency for the white mvasion to
begin near the bases of the wings, and simply sweep the
dark ground-colour away towards the margins. Even in
these cases, however (as in D. belisama and D. descom-
besi), the females, on the underside, will usually show
some indication of the primitive series. The second
point to be noted is the way in which the resources of
Pierine coloration are taxed to give the insects of this
genus a brilliant appearance. As in the case of some of
their neotropical congeners, this is effected not so much
* See Wallace in Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 3rd series, iv., p. 349.
302 Dr. Frederick A. Dixey on the
by the importation of any new feature as by the
brightening up and extension of features already present,
and indeed often common to the whole subfamily. The
reason for this ornamentation is doubtless the same in
both cases—namely, to call attention to inedible qualities.
The Hastern genus, however, seems to have itself become
a model for mimicry (Wallace in Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,
3rd series, iv., pp. 309, 344), while the Western genera
have modified their ancestral form in order to join an
alien company of inedible insects.
The genus Prioneris, though differing slightly from
Delias in neuration and other structural characters, is
probably nearly akin to it, and represents, so far as the
colouring is concerned, a similar degree of antiquity in
the Pierine stock. ~The close resemblance of pattern
between different species of Delias and Prioneris, to
which reference has already been made (pp. 258, 284,
etc.), is no doubt a true case of mimicry, but represents
probably the result rather of arrested divergence than
of the acquisition by Prioneris of new imitative features.
The two groups that have just been discussed, namely,
those formed by Delias and Prioneris in the Old World,
and by Catasticta, Leodonta, Huterpe, and Pereute in the
New, thus constitute together a second grade, as it were,
in Pierine development. The only earlier species yet
mentioned is Hucheira socialis, but there exist certain
other forms which appear to be but little inferior to that
insect in antiquity ; and to these, with Hucheira, the
name of “ Pierines of the first grade” may be applied.
One of the forms now referred to is Metaporia agathon.
This remarkable insect is probably the representative of
an ancient group of Pierines, among which were to be
found the common ancestors of the two second-grade
assemblages already mentioned, and which, no doubt,
supplied the link at present wanting between Hucheira
and Catasticta. The relation of Metaporia with the Hastern
assemblage is more direct than with the Western, for
although it offers points of structural difference from
Delias, it shows, nevertheless, a condition of the primi-
tive Pierine pattern which is in all essentials identical
with that of the earlier kinds of that genus. The cor-
respondence of its markings on the upper surface with
those of Delias belladonna and D. eucharis is at once
evident, and, like D. belladonna, it has a patch of bright
Phylogeny of the Pierinee. 303
yellow in the precostal space on the under surface of the
lower wings. This, however, is usually confined to the
iner division of the space.* Mr. Wallacet considers
that Metaporia agathon forms with Pontia nabellica the
fragments of an extensive natural group. He also
points out the readiness with which the pattern of
M. agathon can be traced through P. nabellica, P. soracta,
and P. hippia, to its final disappearance in P. crateqi.
In this range of species, to which may be added
P. oberthiiri, P. leucodice, P. belucha, and others, we
recognise the now familiar phenomena of the emergence,
establishment, and evanescence of a marginal and sub-
marginal series of spots, together with a discoidal patch,
formed out of relics of an original dark ground-colour.
Another primitive Pierine feature, namely.the per-
sistence of dark ground-colour along the course of the
nervures and nervules, is found throughout the group;
and in P. crategi survives the disappearance of almost
every other indication of the original coloration.
The line thus marked out ends with P. cratagr; but
in another direction there is little difficulty in linking
Pontia with Hucheira, and so demonstrating the intimate
connection with one another of the three last-named
genera. Thus Pontia recalls Hucheira by the outline of
its wings, especially the concave costal margin,{ and in
pattern P. nabellica shows no very great departure from
the same genus. Buta more striking sign of affinity
exists in the common larval habitation, which, though
merely rudimentary in P. crategi, and belonging only to
the early larval stages, is no doubt a degenerate or
undeveloped form of the elaborate silken nest con-
structed by H. socialis. Webs of a structure apparently
comparable with the latter are made by Neophasia ter-
lootit and an allied species mentioned (though not
described) by Behr.§ The affinity of the two latter
insects with the genus Pontia appears certain; and
though Behr is perhaps wrong in making them con-
* One specimen of J/. agathon in Coll. Brit. Mus. has a few
orange scales in the outer division of the precostal space as well.
+ Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 3rd series, iv., p. 313.
+ Noticed by Staudinger and Schatz, who compare it to that of
Parnassius, Exot. Schmetterl., Th. ii, p. 62.
Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 1869, p. 303; Proc. Calif. Acad.
Sci., second series, vol. ii., 1890, p. 91.
304 Dr. Frederick A. Dixey on the
generic with H. socialis (which he does not seem to have
seen.),* his description, nevertheless, renders it extremely
probable that they are more closely related to that
species than any other known butterfly. The Pierines of
the first grade may accordingly be said to consist of
Eucheira, with Behr’s two “ Neophasias,” Pontia and
Metaporia. The prevalent larval habit of spinning is no
doubt an indication of the high antiquity of the group,
and suggests, as do other features, a relationship with
the Parnassids. This suggestion is further borne out by
the aspect of Mesapia jpeloria, which is no doubt an off-
shoot of the genus Pontia. But such relationship is
certainly of no close or direct kind, and is probably only
referable to an extremely remote ancestor of the two
subfamilies.+
Leaving the genus Pontia fora time, we may make
a fresh start with Metaporia agathon, from which point it
is not difficult to trace another principal stem, with
numerous and important ramifications. ‘The females of
several species of Mr. Moore’s genus Huphina, for
instance H. phryne ?, show what is to all intents and
purposes the same pattern as M. agathon (Figs. 7, 8) ;
and the males differ only or chiefly by the more ready
admission of the white invasion, at the expense of the
remains of dark ground-colour. The pattern of such a
form as H. nama 9, seems at first sight to belong to
a different category, but a very good transition from
that of M. agathon is afforded by H. eperia 9, which
shows how the arrangement of white patches in H. nama
? has grown out of the discal and cellular white, while
the more marginal series I sinks gradually into the back-
ground, and with its disappearance the two dark series
S and M lose of course their distinctive character. Iu
one ancestral point, namely the fillimg up to a greater
or less extent of the interspaces of the hindwing under-
side with yellow, Huphina shows a closer resemblance to
Delias and Prioneris than to M. agathon, in which insect
this feature is only slightly indicated. In many species
* N. menapia, included by Behr in the same genus, differs from
Eucheira is neuration and other points.
t+ Davidina armandi has been spoken of as a transitional form.
But, as remarked by Staudinger and Schatz (op. cit., Th. ii., p. 57),
it is shown by Oberthiir’s figure (Etudes, iv., pl. 1i, fig. 1) to be
without any of the points characteristic of the Papilionide.
Phylogeny of the Pierinee. 305
of Huphina the yellow is very vivid, in some it is
warmed into a rich orange, and it not infrequently, as in
H. naomi, H. lea, and H. judith, appears on the upper
surface as well.
From the pattern of Huphina to that of Oatophaga the
passage is easy through such species as H. cassida, H. nabis,
C. paulina (Fig. 9), and C. ega. In the latter genus, as
in the former, the dark ground-colour is retained in
much larger measure by the females than by the males;
the latter indeed (as in most specimens of C. galena 4)
have often lost it altogether. Other marks of speciali-
zation shown by the male Catophagas are the sharply-
pointed shape of the wings, and, above all, the presence
of a tuft of long hairs springing from the base of each
of the anal valves. All these characters belong equally
to the next genus Appias (which indeed is not easily to
be distinguished from Catophaga), though here the
specialization of the males has in many forms been
carried to a much greater extent, and is occasionally in
some respects shared by the females, as in A. nero. In
this insect the female shows the remains of the usual
dark marginal and submarginal series standing out upon a
ground colour of rich red almost as brilliant as that of the
male, and altogether different from the ordinary Pierine
white or yellow. The females, however, of A. celestina, A.
clementina (Fig. 10), and others, do not depart, like the
males, from the ordinary facies of the group, * and are
indeed, barely distinguishable from the females of C.
jacquinotii, C. alope, and other species of Catophaga.
The assemblage of species united by Mr. Distant as
Saletara (including S. panda, S. cycinna, ete.) 1s un-
doubtedly an offshoot from the celestina group of Appvas.
In the three last-mentioned genera, although the two
series S and M are generally more or less traceable, and
although in most cases a decided remnant of ancestral
black persists along the costa of the forewing, there is
as a rule no relic of the original ground-colour in the
region of the disco-cellular nervules; that is to say,
there is no discoidal spot or patch, In Hiposcritia, how-
ever, which is apparently an early and purely Indian off-
shoot of Catophaga, some species (as H. pandione)
exhibit an incipient discoidal patch, still inconnection with
* See Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 3rd series, iv., p. 301.
306 Dr. Frederick A. Dixey on the
the dark-coloured costa ; in others (as H. lalage) this has
become a distinct discoidal spot (Fig. 11). H¢poseritia,
by its anal tufts, belongs decidedly to the Catophaga and
Appias group; but the shape of its wings and the occa-
sional persistence of dark ground-colour about the disco-
cellular nervules indicate that its origin is to be placed
somewhat far back towards Huphina and Metaporia.
Starting again from Metaporia and Pontta, we find in the
small Siberian P. leweodice an unmistakable link between
these genera and Synchloe. In 8S. callidice, which per-
haps come nearest to Pontia, the female shows S and M
in a well-defined condition, together with a large distinct
discoidal patch; the nervures and nervules are also in
many instances clothed with black scales. From S.
callidice we can advance in one direction through
S. chloridice to 8. glauconome, S. johnstonii, and VN.
hellica ; while S. daplidice and its immediate allies form
another slightly divergent branch from 8S. chloridice.
S. callidice again in all probability marks the point at
or near which the assemblage of species grouped as
Ganoris leave the main Synchloe stem; G. napi being no
doubt the species which is closest to the original stock,
as is shown by the large persistence of S and M, the
tendency towards blackening of the nervures, the
occasional indication of a discoidal spot, and the peculiar
coloration of the underside of the hindwings. It is
noticeable that Ganoris generally, including G. napi,
retains the precostal yellow streak, which, though
present in most species of Synchloe, happens to be
absent in S. callidice.
Most species of the genus Tutochila strongly resemble
Pontia in pattern (the resemblance between T'atochila
and P. lewcodice has been pointed out by Mr. Butler,
Proc. Zool. Soc., 1872, p. 62), while 7’. autodice 9 comes
nearer to M. agathon than does any species of Synchloe.
The whole neuration of Tatochila is very similar to that
of Pontia; and even the peculiar arching of the Ist
subcostal of the hindwing (well seen in P. cratzgi) is a
noticeable feature in 7’. theodice and other members of
the same genus.* Tutochila may, therefore, be considered
to be a derivative from the Pontia stem at a point some-
what further back than the existing species of Synchloe.
* See Mr. Butler's figures in Cist. Entom.,vol.i,, pl. iii., figs. 7 and 9.
Phylogeny of the Pierine. 307
A comparison of Tatochila (especially of T. theodice)
with Phulia nymphula will show an almost exact identity
of pattern, the correspondence extending even to the
chevron-shaped spots of S in the hindwing, and to the
peculiar triple striation of the nervules on the under
surface. The neuration of Phulia is distinct, but not
really far removed from that of Tatochila, some species
of which show a near approach to its most remarkable
feature ; viz., the emission of the second radial from the
subcostal, and the consequent obliteration of the upper
disco-cellular. Phulia again is closely allied in structure
with Mr. Moore’s genus Baltia,* which, however, retains
the short 8rd subcostal nervule lost by Phulia and
several species of Synchloe. Phulia and Baltia are thus,
in all probability, the terminal twigs of another branch
which issued from the Pontia stem between the departure
of Tatochila and Synchloe. Neophasia menapia appears
to me to be an offshoot of the same stem at an earlier
stage than Tutochila. It may possibly belong to the
Huchetra group, but it is not known to make a social
web,t and Behr gives no real grounds for making it
congeneric with ‘‘ N.” terlootii. As above noted, its
neuration is very distinct from that of Hucheira.
The African species of the genus Mylothris{ appear
to hold a somewhat isolated position. ‘Their neuration
shows points of likeness with the equally isolated
Australian genus Hlodine and the widely-spread and
probably ancient Nychitona, || which genera they also
somewhat resemble in texture of wing. In pattern
they are chiefly remarkable for the strong and distinct
‘development of series M, and of the precostal orange-red
* Moore’s type is “ Mesapia” shawii of Bates, which is certainly
generically distinct from MM. peloria, and much nearer Synchloe.
. The butterfly described by Moore in Proc. Zool. Soc., 1882, p. 234,
as Synchloe butleri is undoubtedly a Baltia.
+ Stretch, however (Papilio, ii, pp. 106, 107), describes the
larvee of N. menapia as suspending themselves from great heights
at the end of long silken threads. Hven the pup were, in some
cases, suspended. It is probable that the numerous threads cover-
ing the bark of the trees seen by Stretch (2bid.), were also made
by these larvae.
~ I cannot but agree with Mr. Trimen (South African Butter-
flies, 1887, vol. iii, p. 29) that the American P. pyrrha, Fabr.,
and ‘allies, are not generically akin to the African J/. agathina, M.
chloris, etc, with which Mr. Butler unites them on account of
their correspondence in neuration (Proc. Zool. Soc., 1892, pp. 37, 38).
|| Distant, Rhopalocera Malayana, 1882—1886, p. 287.
308 Dr. Frederick A. Dixey on the
on the underside of the hindwing. We may, perhaps,
regard all three genera as relics of an ancient fauna of
the Eastern Hemisphere coeval with the earliest forms
represented by the present Delias stock, and anterior to
the various branches which have diverged from that
genus or from Metaporia. The precostal orange suggests
a kinship with Delias on the part of Mylothris, though
no such link exists in the case of the other two genera,
and, as pointed out by Mr. Trimen, who considers
Mylothris and Thyca (Delias) to be allied genera, the
former genus, like the latter, undoubtedly contains
subjects of mimicry by Pierine of other groups. Thus,
‘The imitation of M. agathina by P. thysa, Hopff., is
deceptively close in both sexes, and M. poppxa, Cram.,
is similarly copied by P. rhodope, Fabr., on the West
Coast. MM. agathina is also mimicked by the female
Hronia argia, Fabr.’’*
We now have to deal with the genus Belenois, which
presents some special difficulties. In the first place, we
find an assemblage of species (B. lasti, B. nagare, B.
majungana, and B. isokart) from Hast Africa and Mada-
gascar, with respect to which Messrs. Grose Smith and
Kirby, after noting that they are now placed with Phris-
sura in the Collection of the British Museum, go on to
observe that they “ differ entirely in neuration from the
types of Phrisswra, agreeing in this particular with
Belenois, in which genus we prefer to include them.’’+
The type of Mr. Butler’s Phrissura is apparently
P. illana, Feld.,t and in 1872 (Proc. Zool. Soc., 1872,
p- 51) the only other species of Phrisswra admitted by Mr.
Butler was P. palisma, which is undoubtedly a very near
relative of P. illana. Both of these species offer differ-
ences in neuration from B. lasti and its allies.|| Now,
* South African Butterflies, vol. iii., p. 39 (1887).
+ Rhopalocera Exotica, Oct. 1892.
~ Mr. Butler first gave it as P. cynis (Cist. Entom., iii., 1870,
p. 49), but afterwards corrected it to P. illana (Trans. Ent. Soc.
Lond., 1871, p.171). Mr. Distant has since made cynis the type
of his new genus Udaiana. (Rhopal. Malayan., 1882—1886, p. 286
and note).
|| In P. illana (forewing) the discoidal cell is unusually short,
the second subcostal starts from the end of the cell, and the
second and third median nervules come off near together; in
B. lasti the cell is of the ordinary length, the second subcostal is
emitted before the end of the cell, and the second and third
median nervules do not start particularly near together.
Phylogeny of the Pierine. 309
however, certain forms are included under Phrissura in
the Collection of the British Museum (P. phaola, P.
sylvia, P. eudowia, etc.) which appear to me to agree in
structural characters with B. lasti, and to differ from
P. illana. If, therefore, Messrs. Grose Smith and
Kirby are right (which I do not doubt) in separating
B. lasti, ete., from Phrissura as represented by P. illana,
I am strongly of opinion that P. phaola, P. sylvia,
P. eudoma,* and P. coniata should go with them;
and to this assemblage I would add every so-called
Belenois that is furnished with anal tufts, together
with ‘ Belenois”? or * Glutophrissa” saba. We should
then have a natural group of African and Malagasy
Pierines, between which there would exist no assignable
difference in structure, while they would be all alike
characterised by the possession of anal tufts like those
of Catophaga and Appias. They may, perhaps, be
considered as a section of Belenois, but to my mind they
seem by their neuration, no less than by the obvious
character of the anal tufts, to come much nearer to
Appias, of which genus I am disposed to regard them
as an African offshoot. The South American species
Glutophrissa poeyi, G. margarita, G. castalia, etc., are
very closely related to the present section.+
Although the structural affinity of the forms that have
just been discussed with each other and with Appias
seems undeniable, there is no doubt that in pattern they
mostly show a marked divergence from that genus.
This appears to be due to mimicry, the models for which
are usually supplied by the genus Mylothris. Thus B.
lasti is said by Messrs. Grose Smith and Kirby to be
“nearest to B. trimenia, Butl.” ; the latter, however, is a
true Mylothris with the characteristic neuration of that
genus. Considerable resemblance also obtains (as men-
tioned above, p. 308) between P. rhodope, Fabr., and M,
: P. eudowia, Cram., is apparently identical with P. sylvia ?,
Fabr.
+ Mr. Wallace (loc. cit., p. 312) includes these American and
African forms with Appias, Catophaga, and Hiposcritia in his
genus Tachyris, For the purposes of the present paper it will
perhaps be sufficient if I refer to the American and African
species with Appias-like structure and anal tufts collectively as
: Ben B,” while designating polisma and illana as “ Phris-
sura A.”
310 Dr. Frederick A. Dixey one the
poppea, Cram.* The peculiar facies of G. saba 2 seems
to be most likely due to mimicry of Nyctemera apicalis, a
protected moth. Those members of the group that have
not been affected by mimicry retain few traces of the
original ground-colour, and present very much the
appearance of an ordinary male Appias (G. saba 6, G.
castalia, etc.).
The other species usually included under Belenois,
besides differing in points of structuret from those just
discussed, show as a rule a greater persistence of dark
ground-colour. Both S and M are usually present in
fair development, either separate or fused, and the
discoidal patch on the forewings is generally well
marked. ‘The-markings in several species show a strong
resemblance to those of Synchloe hellica and S. johnstonii ;
but notwithstanding this, I am disposed to think that
Belenois proper really represents an offshoot of another
part of the Old World Pierine stem, that, namely, re-
presented by Delias and Prioneris. The distribution of
dark and light ground-colour in such species as B
mesentina might easily be derived from those of D.
belladonna and D. eucharis, and the underside of the
hindwing in this and other forms of Belenois offers only
slight modifications from that of D. belladonna. OB.
peristhene exhibits a curious resemblance on both sur-
faces to D. nysa which may perhaps be due to mimicry,
although the ranges of the two insects only coincide for a
small part of their extent ; it is not improbably in any case
an indication of real affinity. In neuration, those species of
* T adopt Mr. Trimen’s unravelling of the strange confusion
that surrounds the synonymy of rhodope, Fabr., and poppea, Cram.
(South African Butterflies, vol. i., p. 35, and note). The upshot
no doubt is that a true Mylothris (Papilio poppea of Cramer
according to Mr. Trimen) is closely copied by at least one Pierine
of the “B” group of Phrissura (Papilio rhodope of Fabricius
according to the same authority). I do not propose to embark
upon the question further than to observe that the “ Synonymic
Catalogue” identifies the two, and that Mr. Trimen himself
unfortunately speaks of rhodope in the text, when he must mean
poppea (ibid. p. 35).
+ Negatively by the absence of anal tufts, positively by the
presence (in many) of anal hooks, also by the straight direction and
greater relative length of tke upper disco-cellular nervule in the
forewing. In many species of this group, which we may designate
Belenois proper, the first subcostal branch anastomoses with the
costal.
Phylogeny of the Pierine. 311
Belenois in which the first subcostal is distinct are very
near Prioneris, and the remainder seem to approximate to
Delias by the partial loss of a subcostal branch, as well
as by the contour and direction of the disco-cellular
nervules. It is to be observed that some species of
Belenois proper, like those of the “‘ Phrissura B” group,
are mimics of various species of Mylothris, as B. thysa of
M. agathina. Pinacopteryx is probably a collateral or
derived branch of Belenois; the female of P. capricornus
retains S and M on both surfaces in a well-marked
condition.
We now come to a large and important group of
genera which appears to take origin from the older
Pierine stock at a point nearest to the genus Synchloe.
An early stage of divergence is reached by Teracolus ;*
many species of which show the primitive series S and
M, together with the discoidal spot and the precostal
yellow of the underside of the hindwing. The curious
genus Herpxnia is probably a survival of the links that
once united Teracolus with Synchloe ; in neuration it is
intermediate between the two, and in pattern, together
with aberrations peculiar to itself, it shows points of
contact with both. The pattern of the upper surface in
Teracolus is easily derivable from that of Synchloe, the
nearest approach to Synchloe in this respect being made
by the Jdmais group ; compare, for instance, 7. dynamene
with S. hellica ?. But the passage from the underside
of the hindwing in Synchloe to that of Teracolus is more
difficult ; Herpznia, however, enables us to bridge over
the interval very fairly, for if H. tritogenia and H.
lacteipennis be interposed between S. glauconome and
T. puellaris ?, the abruptness of the transition is
removed. The pupa of Yeracolus tends to be boat-
shaped, with a sharply-pointed rostrum and large
prominent wingst—which characteristics we shall find
* T follow Mr. Butler (Cist. Entom. vol. i., p. 36), with whom Mr.
Trimen is in agreement (South African Butterflies, vol. iii., p. 82),
in uniting Teracolus, Idmais, and Callosune under the single head
of Teracolus.
+ These features are not equally well developed in all species of
Teracolus. They are very distinctly shown in pupe of 7. evarne
(Coll. Hope) ; pupz of 7. calais (Coll. B. Mus.), on the other hand,
are slender, less recurved, and nearer the Ganoris or Synchloe form,
The pupa of 7. pleione (Coll. B. Mus.) is stout, and not unlike
that of Gonepteryx rhamni; compare Mr. Trimen’s description, op.
312 Dr. Frederick A. Dixey on the
in a greater or less state of development in all the
genera of the particular group of Pierines now under
discussion. Other features, which appear first in Teracolus
and will be met with again later on in the history of the
er ae are the pinkish fringe of the wings in some species
(as 7. wallengrenii, and often in T. protractus) and the
faint pinkish Colias-like spot or patch at the root of the
cell in the hindwing underside of others (as J. tri-
punctatus, T. celestis 2, T. eupompe, and T. theogone).
The genus Jaias follows easily upon Teracolus, the
females of the two genera showing, as usual, a greater
affinity in colouring than the males (compare, for instance,
the males and females of 7. tone and J. marianne *).
Series § is often well preserved in Jvias, especially on the
underside and in the female; the discoidal spots are also
prominent, and begin on the lower surface to assume an
ocellate character. In neuration, Jxias differs only
slightly from Teracolus; while the pupa, as shown in
drawings by Captain Boys of I. marianne and I. evippe
(Coll. Hope), has the same characters as Teracolus in a
more strongly-marked condition.
From the usual system of colours and markings in
Ivias, there can be little doubt that that genus represents
the transition from T'eracolus to Colias. The underside
of several species of the latter genus (for instance, C.
subaurata) is strongly recalled by that of I. marianne,
in which the Colias-like condition of the discoidal spots
is one of the most noticeable features. The affinity
suggested by the colour-pattern is borne out by the
structure of the antennz, which in Jvias show a distinct
approximation to the gradually thickened form so
characteristic of Colias and its immediate allies. The
pupa in Colias, as in Teracolus, seems to vary somewhat
in form; but in all known cases it shows a tendency,
sometimes strongly pronounced, towards the acuminate
and boat-shaped outline characteristic of this group of
genera.
cit., vol. iil., p. 82. I refrain from using the terms “ wing-covers”
or « wing-cases,” the inapplicability of which has been shown by
Prof. Poulton (Trans. Linn. Soc., 1890, series ii., vol. v., part 5,
. 188).
* Mr. Butler points out the intermediate character of the two
African species, Jzias eulimene and I. venatus. Proc. Zool. Soc.,
1871, p. 254.
Phylogeny of the Pierinee. 3138
The genus Xanthidia is transitional between Colias
and Terias, in neuration coming nearer the latter. ‘The
pattern on the upper side is scarcely modified from that of
Colias; on the under surface, however, 8 has lost much
of the distinctness it possesses in so many species of the
latter genus, and its relics take part in a general
mottling which is very probably protective in object.
In Terias the resolution of series Sand M, which is still
visible in most of the females and many of the males of
Colias, has usually disappeared from the upper surface ;
the underside of the hindwings, however, generally shows
S in a somewhat modified condition. The pink edging
to the wings, so characteristic of Colias, and occasionally
visible in Xanthidia nicippe, is indicated in several
species of Terias, as T’. messalina, T. delia, and 1’. rhodia,
The pupa of Terias is more sharply acuminate and re-
curved than that of Colias (see pupa of 7. mandarina and
T. eecavata in Coll. B. Mus.).
Sphenogona presents in pattern no marked differences
from Yerias, with which genus it is so closely allied.
S. gratiosa, like T. agave, X. nicippe, and some other
species of these genera, shows a relic of the pinkish Colias-
patch at the root of the cell on the underside of the
hindwing. In neuration, Sphenogona, while generally
resembling Terias, is peculiar in emitting the first and
second subcostal branches of the hindwing from a short
footstalk beyond the end of the cell. In this respect it is
intermediate between Verias and Leucidea, which latter
genus presents no markings to guide us, but has no
doubt taken its origin directly or indirectly from Terias.*
Another probable descendant of Terias is the genus
Nathalis, which agrees very fairly with Terias in neuration,
except that it wants one nervule in the forewing, probably
a branch of the subcostal. There isa striking resemblance
of pattern between N. iola and TJ. elathea 3. In the
absence of paronychia Nathalis reverts to the condition of
Colias.
Pyrisitia seems to represent an early offshoot of the
stem leading from Colias to Terias. In most points it
* Staudinger and Schatz (op. cit., Theil. ii, p. 66, etc.) consider
Leucidea to be more closely related to Pontia (Nychitona) than to
Eurema (Terias). The balance of evidence seems to me to be
against this view.
TRANS. ENT. 800, LOND. 1894,—PaRT II. (JUNE.) X
314 Dr. Frederick A. Dixey on the
agrees with the latter genus, but in the position of the
subcostal nervules of the hindwing it retains the condition
of the former.
A fresh departure from Colias is headed by the genus
Meganostoma, which offers a close resemblance to Colias
in both structure and pattern.* The series S and M,
fairly distinct in the female of M. philippa, are also
indicated on the upper surface in the males of some of
the species. In the males of some other species they
are fused above, but in all they are distinguishable
beneath. In the outline of the wings Meganostoma
shows a close approach to Gonepterya, from which genus
indeed the females of some of the species are hardly to
be distinguished.
From Gonepteryx the line passes on to Amynthia and
Rhodocera. All these’ genera retain many Colias-like
points, particularly the pinkish patch at the apex of the
cell on the hindwing undersurface. The males of the two
latter, like those of Meganostoma and many species of
Colias, also possess the well-known patches of raised
. scales above the subcostal nervure of the hindwing ; and
in the same two genera is seen for the first time the
contrast between areas of flat and raised scales over the
whole upper surface of the wings which is so conspicuous
a feature in Catopsilia, Phebis, and Callidryas.
Dercas appears to be an Indian offshoot of Gonepteryz.
A good transition from the latter to the former is
afforded by D. wallichii, as pointed out by Mr. Wallace,
Trans. Ent. Soc. lLond., ord series, iy., ‘p. 398:
Kricogonia is probably an analogous derived form in the
Neotropical Region.
The Eastern genus Catopsilia forms with the Western
Callidryas, Aphrissa, Metwra, and Pheebis, a group which
clearly belongs to the present section. ‘Their structure
and coloration relate them closely to Gonepteryx, though
in some respects they show signs of a more ancient
* Mr. Butler (Cist. Entom., iii., p. 46) describes the neuration in
the forewing of Meganostoma as being like that of Gonepteryz,
“excepting that the second subcostal is emitted just before the end
of the cell.” In some individuals, at any rate, the second subcostal
is emitted at the end of the cell, and in M. cesonia it may even be
thrown off after the end of the cell, as often in Colias. This indeed
is the condition represented in Cist. Entom., vol. 1., pl. ii., fig. 4.
Phylogeny of the Pierine. 315
ancestry. The retention of the pink patch on the under-
side of the hindwing, and (in several species) of the pink
fringe, brings them near to Colias; to which they also
approximate by the form of the antennz, by the very
general occurrence of special patches of raised scales on
the hindwing of the males, by the frequent presence,
especially in the females, of the series S and M and the
discoidal spots in a more developed condition than that
characteristic of Gonepteryz, and by the common
tendency of the latter spots on the lower surface towards
ocellation. The oldest forms of the whole group appear
to be those contained in the genus Catopsilia. C. florella,
for example, is very closely related to Gonepteryx, and
still more nearly to Amynthia, with which it corresponds
in colour and in texture of wings (compare especially
the undersides of C. florella ¢ and A. clorinde). The
peculiar thickening of the nervures, especially the sub-
costal and median, on the under surface of the hindwing,
which in Gonepterya and Amynthia give almost the
effect of a folding of the surface, is plainly visible in
C. florella. In neuration, C. jflorella agrees minutely
with A. clorinde. Another indication of the superior
antiquity of the Hastern Catopsilia as compared with the
Western Callidryas is found in the shape of the pupa.
This in Catopsilia (as remarked by Mr. Trimen, op. cit.,
vol. ii1., p. 184) is only moderately acuminate and slightly
recurved, thus showing no very great departure from
the Colias and Gonepteryx form ; in Callidryas, however,
so far as is known, it is always very sharply acuminate
and strongly recurved, showing an exaggeration of the
“poat-shaped”’ condition almost as marked, in a differ-
ent way, as that of Huchloe.* The Colias-hke pink
edging appears also to be found more frequently in
Catopsilia than in Callidryas (though it occurs in Calli-
dryas senne) ; and while the Colias-like spot at the root
of the cell on the underside of the hindwing occurs in
both the Eastern and the Western divisions of the
group, it has in the latter lost the ancestral pink tinge
*T agree with Mr. Butler that the pupa figured in Lep.
Exot., pl. xlv., fig. 4a, as P. agarithe is very probably that of
C. philea. It closely resembles a pupa of C. ewbule in the Hope
Collection, which last exactly corresponds with Burmeister’s figure
in the “ Atlas de la Description Physique de la Rép. Argent.,”
1880, pl. v, fig. 2.
316 Dr. Frederick A. Dixey on the
which it usually retains in the former. It is not very
easy to form an opinion as to the relative antiquity of
the four Western genera; if we are to judge from the
pupe, so far as they are known, it would seem that
Aphrissa has undergone less modification than either
Phebis or Callidryas. Another possible indication of
the greater antiquity of Aphrissa is afforded by the
shape and size of the palpi, which in this genus,
especially in the females, show less departure than is the
case in either Phebis, Metura, or Callidryas, from the
Colias and Gonepteryx type. -Phebis with its offshoot
Metura, from which it differs only in the contour of the
wings, is probably the most highly specialised genus of
all; this being shown by the possession of a tuft of
long hairs on the hindwing of the male, which is not
found in Aphrissa and Callidryas, and by the absence in
most species of nearly all indication of dark ground-
colour from the upper surface. It is remarkable that
the Western genera just treated of are less closely akin
to the South American Amynthia than is the Hastern
genus Catopsilia, and especially the African C. florella.
The genus Hronia seems to represent a branch of the
present section which leaves the main stem somewhere
between the points marked by Teracolus and Imias.
With the exception of the presence of a fifth subcostal
in the forewing (which, however, is sometimes wanting),
the neuration of Hronia agrees fairiy with that of
Teracolus. The antennee in Hronia differ in different
species, but are all intermediate between the Teracolus
and the Colias type; and the pupa of H.cleodora, with
its very convex and prominent keel, is ike that of one
of the stout forms of Teracolus, e.g., T. evarne. The
assemblage of species distinguished by Mr. Butler as
Nepheronia is probably older than Hronia proper, as is
shown by the tendency of its antennz to terminate in a
definite club, like the more ancient genus Teracolus.
N. thalassina also retains a primitive Pierie feature in
the yellow precostal streak of the hindwing underside,
which again is found in some species of Teracolus.
Eronia proper, on the other hand, is slightly nearer to
Teracolus in neuration. The curious Hronia (?) lucas
from Madagascar, which has only four subcostal nervules
in the forewing, and whose antenne are slender, with a
definite club, is probably one of the oldest and most
Phylogeny of the Pierinee. Beil,
generalised members of the Hronia and Nepheronia
group now extant.*
The last-named insect presents points of resemblance
with Hebomoia, which again seems to be an offshoot of
the same stem, that, namely, leading from T'eracolus
towards Ixias and Obolias. The pupa of Hebomoia
glaucippe, as fioured by Horsfield (H. I. C. Catalogue,
see Distant, Rhopal. Malayana, 1882—6, p. 283) and
Moore (Lep. Ceylon, 1880—1, pl. 49, fig. 1b), is stout,
moderately acuminate, and much recurved, in which
particulars it agrees well with the pupa of Iaias.
Most of the insects of the genera Hronia, Nepheronia,
and Hebomoia, retain in greater or less measure some por-
tions of the primitive marginal and submarginal series.
These, as usual, are most often to be met with in the
females, and in several species of Nepheronia are utilised
in the formation of mimetic patterns modelled on those
of various Danaids and sometimes of other Pierines. A
noticeable feature in some members of this group, per-
taining chiefly to the males, is the brightening of the
pale ground colour of the apex of the forewing into a
brilliant yellow or orange patch. This character is first
seen in Teracolus, where the orange of the apex may
further deepen into crimson or violet; it passes on to
Hebomoia, to Ivias and to Rhodocera ; in Colias, however,
it gives place to a general yellow or orange suffusion of
the pale ground colour, still strongest in the males.t
It is found in Hronia (?) lucasti and H. leda, but not in
other members of that genus; it is also absent in
Nepheronia.
* EF, (?) lucasii was originally described (as Callidryas lucasi) by
Grandidier (Rév. et Magas. de Zool., Aug. 1867, p. 273). He,
however, took the female for the male, and his supposed female
C. lucasi is really the female of Catopsilia thawruma. Mabille in
the Hist. Phys. Nat. et Pol. de Madagascar, vol. xviii, 1887,
p. 281, gives a correct description of both sexes under the name of
Eronia lucasii, but makes no mention of Grandidier’s mistakes.
This species will not come into the genus Hronia as at present
defined. By Brauer and others it has been called a Ptychopteryz ;
the latter genus, however, was characterised by Wallengren from
a species of Zeracolus (T. subfasciatus, Swains., Vid. Trimen,
South African Butterflies, vol. iii., 1889, p. 92), and has no real
claim to stand.
+ In many species of the latter genus, indeed, the females may,
as is well known, revert almost entirely to the ancestral white.
318 Dr. Frederick A. Dixey on the
This last feature in coloration is again met with in
Eroessa and Huchloe, the neuration of which genera
corresponds pretty closely with that of Hronia, not only
in the presence of five subcostal branches in the forewing,
but also in other particulars. The general likeness
between Hronia leda and Huchloe belia, Linn., is very
striking, and strongly suggestive of a near affinity
between them. The well-known form of the pupa in
Huchloe is an exaggeration of that seen in Hroma
cleodora.* In some other points, however, Huchloe is
nearer to Colias, as in the strong development of the
discoidal spot in the primaries, and in the possession by
some species of pink legs and a pink edging to the wings.
This last feature is characteristic of the charlonia group
of Huchloe, and is best seen in LH. lucilla. The underside
of the hindwing in the same group has very much the
character of the corresponding region in Colias paleno,
including the pale undeveloped discoidal spot. The
anteunee, however, of Huchloe are very distinct in form
from those of Colias, and indeed are not much nearer
those of Hronia. On the whole it seems most likely that
Huchloe is a somewhat aberrant branch which takes its
rise from the Pierine stem at a point near the divergence
from the same stem of Hebomoia on the one hand, and
H. (2) lucastt with the rest of the Hromia and Nepheronia
group on the other. The isolated form Hroessa chilensis,
which in neuration approaches the older Hronias (as
E. (?) lucasti) and Hebomova, is perhaps a survival of a
once more widely-spread and numerous assemblage,
among which were to be found the immediate ancestors
of the present-day Huchloes. Zegris seems to be a some-
what highly modified offshoot of the Huchloe branch.
We must now retrace our steps as far as to the group
which I have called “ Pierines of the second grade,” those,
namely, that are typified by Delias in the Hastern and
Catasticta in the Western hemisphere. The latter genus
with its near ally Leodonta forms a starting-point for a
New-World division of the Pierine stem, which, if not
equal in magnitude to the great division headed in the
* The pupa in Ewchloe is not always recurved. See Edwards’s
figures of Anthocharis (Euchloe) genutia and A. ausonides in
“ Butterflies of North America.” See also Schatz, Exotische
Schmett., Theil 11., 1892, p. 71.
Phylogeny of the Pierine. 319
Old World by Delias, Prioneris, and Metaporia, is never-
theless of high importance and very great interest.
The first departure from the condition of Catasticta
seems to be that taken by the butterflies of the genus
Pieris as restricted by Butler, closely associated with
which must come the American species of Mylothris. The
underside of Pieris locusta exhibits a pattern which is but
little removed from that of Catasticta, the yellow streaks
and red basal patches being still apparent on the under-
side of the hindwing; while the upper surface of both
wings is shared between the original dark and intrusive
light ground colour in much the same manner as in C.
ctemene, C. corcyra, and other species of Catasticta. In
Pieris as a whole, the dark ground-colour has to a great
extent disappeared from the upper surface; several
species however (as P. pylotis and P. bunie) retain a
discoidal spot in the forewing, which in some, as P.
thaloe 2, is connected with a dark streak along the costa,
and in others, as P. demophile 2, is included in a larger |
remnant of ground-colour which passes as a dark fascia
obliquely across the wing from the costa to the outer
border. The underside of the hindwing in this genus
tends to lose the Catasticta-like character preserved in
P. locusta, in consequence of a general paling which takes
effect first in the basal half and spreads outwards (as in
P. demophile), until in such species as P. bunice it reduces
the wing to very much the same condition as that seen
in Ganoris brassice or G. rapi. The ground-colour in
P. buniew and P. pylotis is indeed even paler than in
these species of Ganoris, being without the powdering of
black scales which the latter possess; the hindwing
however of both P. bunie and P. pylotis retains a dis-
coidal spot, and, as has been already noted (pp. 287, 289,
note), the predominance of the paler colouring is never
so great as not to leave unmistakable relics of the yellow
streaks and red basal patches.
The genus Leptophobia appears to be a kind of con-
tinuation of Pieris. The arrangement of light and dark
ground-colour preserves a parallel course im the two
genera, and the inclusion of the discoidal spot of the
forewings in a dark fascia which passes from the costa
for a greater or less distance obliquely towards the outer
margin is a common feature in Leptophobia as well as in
Pieris. In the present genus the underside of the hind-
320 Dr. Frederick A. Dixey on the
wings is almost uniformly pale, but distinct indications
of the primitive red patches are nevertheless still to be
met with (see p. 287).
There would also seem to be little doubt that the
American species allied to M. pyrrha, which are included
by Mr. Butler* under Mylothris, with the neuration of
which they agree, are closely related to Pieris. The pattern
of every one has been more or less altered by mimicry,
but in those males whose upper surface is unaffected by
this kind of modification, the arrangement of the dark
and light ground-colour is seen to present the ordinary
features of Pieris or Leptophobia (compare, for instance,
the upper side of M. pyrrha 3 with that of P. thaloe). In
M. lorena is found an oblique dark bar crossing the
forewing just as in P. demophile and L. stamnata, this
mark being utilised, both in M. lorena and the female of
M. pyrrha, for the formation of the mimetic pattern.
It has already been shown+ how the primitive yellow
streaks and red basal patches have been turned to account
in the same direction on the underside of the hindwing,
which, from the additional necessity for protection ex-
perienced by the insect when at rest with its wings
closed, becomes the most important field for the mimetic
process. It may be here remarked that the antennz of
these American forms, while agreeing in character with
those of Leptophobia, Pieris, Catasticta, Leodonta, and the -
genera allied to these last, differ conspicuously from those
of M. agathina, M. poppea, and the other African species
of Mylothris.
Hesperocharis diverges somewhat widely from the
genera last discussed, both in neuration and in the
character of its antenne; it retains, however, in many
cases indications of the primitive marginal and sub-
marginal dark series in a more recognizable form than
any (see, for instance, the chevrons on the underside of
H. erota, which represent series 8). The yellow streaks
* Proc. Zool. Soc., 1872, pp. 36-38. It appears to me that the
neuration of the American forms of Mylothris is simply that of
Pieris, minus the third subcostal nervule in the forewing, which
branch is already almost obsolete in the latter genus.
t See above, p. 286. The transitional series which is there made
to begin with M. lypera and M. lorena might easily be carried back
to P. thaloe, which shows tbe true Pierine pattern all ready, as it
were, to take on the mimetic condition of the other species.
Phylogeny of the Pierine. 321
and red basal patches, present in all species of Hespero-
charis, are in some (as H. nereis) marked with special
distinctness. The curious manner in which these have
been made use of in H. hirlanda for the production of
a mimetic pattern, has already been fully discussed
(p. 286).
ot cannot but think that U. monuste shows by its
pattern that it stands on a level with Pieris as a
derivative from the Catasticta group. Its neuration
hardly differs from that of Pieris, and it would probably
be more appropriately placed (together with its imme-
diate allies, U. joppe, U. swasa, etc.) in or near that
genus than with U. cynis in Mr. Distant’s genus Udaiana,
as at present in the National Collection.
The position of the genus Dismorphia is not easy to
determine. The pattern of those species that appear to
have undergone least modification may, however, be
derived without much difficulty from Pieris or Lepto-
phobia ;* and the persistence in some cases of the red
basal spots has already been remarked (see p. 285). The
structure of the antenne points to the same line of
ancestry. On the other hand, the very remarkable
neuration is quite unlike that of Pieris; a certain
approach to it, however, is made by Hesperocharis, which
is almost without doubt a close ally of that genus.
Moschoneurat is very nearly akin to Dismorphia, from
which it differs only slightly in neuration; while the
Palearctic genus Leptosia has characters which link it
with both.t We may probably regard the three last-
named genera as terminal twigs of a branch now lost,
which left the main stem at or near the genus Pieris,
and of which Hesperocharis is a still earlier offshoot. In
Dismorphia and a few species of Moschonewra much of
the original colouring has been retained and modified for
purposes of mimicry. In Leptosia and the remainder§ of
Moschoneura this colouring has given way to the usual
Pierine invasion of white.
_ * Asomewhat different and, as it seems to me, less probable view
is advanced by F. Miiller, Jenaische Zeitschr., x., pp. 1-12.
+ The figure in Cistula Entomologica, vol. i., pl. iv., fig. 9, omits
the second discoidal of the forewing.
t The forewing is nearer to Dismorphia and the hindwing to
Moschoneura.
§ Pseudopieris of Godman and Salvin,
322 Dr. Frederick A. Dixey on the
2. The evidence of distribution.
It now remains to briefly indicate the bearing of the
geographical distribution of the various forms that have
been mentioned upon the question of their kinship and
relative antiquity.
As we have already seen, the oldest form of Pierine
now extant is probably Huchewra socialis. This insect
appears to be as limited in its geographical range as it is
isolated in its zoological position, for itis found only in the
mountain-ranges of Mexico, which may be considered as
a southern extension of the ‘ Rocky Mountain” division
of the Nearctic Region.* Its nearest allies appear to be
Behr’s two species of Neophasia (see p. 303), which inhabit
the same region with itself, and the Pontias and Metaporias
of the high lands of Central Asia, most of which forms
are known to retain the ancient larval habit of spinning.
These facts seem to point to the conclusion that Huchewra
is the relic of an archaic group of Pierines which once
occupied the great mountain regions of both the Palz-
arctic and Nearctic continents, and whose immediate
descendants, still represented in the Hast by Metaporia
and Pontia, have in the West become extinct (unless
Behr’s Neophasia be a survival) after giving origin to
the group of genera headed by Catasticta.
From one or other of these two primary stems, the
Kastern or the Western, nearly the whole of the existing
genera of Pierines may be derived. There are, however,
a few exceptions, which, perhaps, constitute relics of an
ancient Pierine fauna coeval with the groups above
mentioned, but’ not, like them, the progenitors of a
numerous and varied offspring. ‘The chief of these are
the genera Hlodina and Nychitona, the former of which
is entirely confined to the Australian Region, while the
latter has a very wide distribution throughout the
Kthiopian, Oriental, and Australian. The African
* T here follow Mr. Sclater’s division of the earth’s surface into
six Zoological Regions, which arrangement, adopted by Mr. Wallace
in his ‘ Geographical Distribution of Animals,” 1876, has stood the
test of time and experience better, in my opinion, than any alterna-
tive distribution that has been proposed. I also adopt, for conve-
nience, the smaller divisions, or “sub-regions,” as determined by
Mr. Wallace in the above-named work,
Phylogeny of the Pierinee. 325
species of Mylothris belong possibly to the same
category.
The genera derived from the Catasticta group remain,
for the most part, within the confines of the Neotropical
Region. This is the case with Pieris, Leptophobia,
Hesperocharis, the American species of Mylothris,* Dis-
morphia, Moschoneura, and those species allied to
monuste at present included in the genus Udaiana.t
It is remarkable that the Nearctic Region does not
furnish a single species that can be supposed to be
derived from the present stem.{ Inasmuch, however,
as the Palearctic genus Leptosia seems to belong
rather to this than to any Eastern branch, the conjecture
may be hazarded that connecting forms now extinct
once occupied the Nearctic Region, from which the
Palearctic continent received the forerunners of its
present Leptosias, probably by way of Behring Strait.
Turning now to the Eastern Metaporia, which inhabits
the borderland between the Palearctic and Oriental
Regions, we find it emitting one clearly-defined branch
in the Palearctic direction. This is the branch to
which belong the various species of Pontia, as P. nabel-
lica, P. soracta, P. hippia, P. belucha, P. leucodice, and
P. crategi. In the Chilian or Andesian division of the
Neotropical Region we find the genus Tatochila, which
appears not to belong to the regular Neotropical Pierine
stock, but to be closely related to the Palearctic
Pontias. It is conceivable that the latter stem may
have spread from Asia into the western portion of the
Nearctic continent, and thence down the mountain-
chains to the south. Neophasia menapia, at present
inhabiting the Californian and Rocky Mountain sub-
regions, seems to me to be more nearly allied to both
Pontia and Tatochila than (as Behr thinks) to Huchetra
socialis, and may very possibly be a relic of the original
invasion, Another indication of the same invasion is
afforded by the genus Phulia, now found with the
nearly-allied Tatochila only in the Andesian or Chilian
* See p. 320, note.
+ See p. 321.
+ The instance of U. monuste, which straggles into the southern
districts of the Nearctic Region, hardly forms an exception to the
above statement.
324 Dr. Frederick A. Dixey on the
sub-region, to which it no doubt made its way along the
great mountain-chains in a similar manner. Its close
ally, Baltia, remains in the high lands of Central Asia,
where it bears much the same relation to Synchloe as
Phulia to Tatochila. Another early offshoot from the
Kastern Pontia stem is Mesapia peloria,* which has no
representative in the Western Hemisphere.
The above descendants of the mountain Metaporias
belong, as has been seen, in the first place, to the
Paleearctic and western portion of the Nearctic Region,
only reaching the Neotropical by extension along the
chain of the Andes. Other derivatives of Metaporia,
however, took their course directly southwards. The
first of these is the Delias and Prioneris group, the more
ancient members of which are, speaking generally, to be
found in the northern portion of the Indian peninsula,
while the Australian and other southern forms represent,
as a rule, a somewhat later stage of development.
Another is the important branch headed by Hwphina,
which genus, like Delias, has spread downwards through-
out the Oriental Region, and by way of the Indo-
Malayan and Austro-Malayan islands to the Australian
continent. The Australian species of Hwphina are
clearly derived from the Oriental, and those forms (such
as H. phryne ?) which are nearest to M. agathon in
colouring are also its closest neighbours geographically.
Of the two genera (Hiposcritia and Catophaga) which
appear to be immediately derived from Hwphina, the
former is confined to the Oriental Region; while the
latter, hke Huphina itself, has spread along the Austro-
Malayan Islands to the Australian mainland. This is
also the case with Appias,t the origin of which genus
from the Catophaga stock is no doubt to be assigned to
the Oriental’ Region. But, unlike the other genera,
Appias seems to have extended its borders westwards,
and to have given rise to the “ Phrissura B”{ group in
the Ethiopian Region, and even to Glutophrissa in the
Neotropical. If this be the real origin of these two
latter genera, we have to enquire how they reached the
African and South American continents respectively.
* See p. 304,
T It would seem, however, that no true Appias actually reaches
the Australian continent.
{ See p. 309, note.
Phylogeny of the Pierine. O20
With regard to the first, there is little difficulty in
supposing the passage to have been effected by land
either now or formerly existing, the Ethiopian Region
having been in this, as in so many other instances, first
entered from the north. But it is not easy with our
present knowledge to imagine an overland passage for
these butterflies from the Oriental or Ethiopian Region
to the Neotropical. The northward route, which we saw
to be the one probably adopted by the ancestors of the
Chilian Phulias and Tatochilas in spreading from Central
Asia, is excluded in the present instance by the entire
absence of any trace of such a passage from both
the Palearctic and Nearctic Regions; and although a
transit by way of a formerly existing “ Antarctica” is
conceivable, it would seem more likely that the crossing
from east to west was effected in the region of the tropics.
After all, however, the difficulty of supposing an Atlantic
sea-passage is not overwhelmingly great. The unusual
facilities possessed by insects for crossing large extents of
sea have been remarked by many writers,* and among
insects the butterflies of the Pierine group are especially
given to migration for great distances in countless hordes.t+
It is worth noting that in the case of each of the other
three chief Pierine genera whose present distribution
seems to have involved one or more long sea-passages, ?.€.,
Terias, Colias, and Callidryas, special observations exist
of their migratory propensities. In 1874 a large swarm
of Terias lisa reached the Bermudas from the American
continent ;{ the swarm of butterflies described in a well-
known passage|| by Mr. Darwin consisted chiefly of a
species of Colias; while descriptions of the migratory
fight of Catopsilia and Callidryas are numerous,
among the most striking pieces of testimony being that
* See especially Wallace’s “Geographical Distribution,” 1876,
vol. i, p. 32; and the same author’s “ Darwinism,” 1889, p. 359, etc.
+ Trimen, Trans, Ent. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 382 ; “ South-African
Butterflies,” 1887, vol. iii, p. 32. Moore, “ Lepidoptera of
Ceylon,” 1880, 81, p. 116. Distant, “ Rhopalocera Malayana,”
1882—86, p. 285, etc. Mr. Trimen suggests that there is “an
evident connection or relation between these wonderful migrations
of certain species of Pierine and the well-known habit of nearly
all the members of the Sub-family of flying straight onward in
one direction.”
+ “ Psyche,” Dec. 1875, p. 121.
|| “ Voyage of the Beagle,” ed. 1860, p. 158.
326 Dr. Frederick A. Dixey on the
of Mr. Spruce, who saw Callidryas “launching boldly
out over the Pacific Ocean.’’*
The earliest species of Synchloe were undoubtedly
differentiated from Pontia or Baltia in the Palearctic
Region, from which the genus spread (probably east-
wards) into the Nearctic. Synchloe proper can hardly
be said to enter the Indian Region,+ but in its progress
westwards it has sent an offshoot downwards into the
Ethiopian, consisting of S. johnston and S. hellica.
S. glauconome of Arabia and Egypt remains to mark the
course of the invasion. Ganoris, a further Palearctic
development of Synchloe, has accompanied that genus
into the Nearctic Region and has also spread into the
Oriental. A curious extension of the range of the
Palearctic G. rapx into the Nearctic Region has been in
progress during the last thirty-three years, the first
transatlantic specimens having been seen at Quebec in
the year 1860.{ ‘This introduction was undoubtedly
effected by human agency, and differs from the natural
passage of species between the two Regions in having
taken place by the Atlantic instead of the Pacific route.
Though Synchloe itself is far more characteristic of
temperate than of tropical districts, it has given rise to a
large and important Pierine branch which has spread far
and wide through tropical and temperate parts alike.
The birthplace of Herpexnia and Teracolus, the two
earliest members of this extensive section, is apparently
the eastern portion of the Mediterranean division of the
Palearctic Region; from which locality the former has
spread through Arabia and Abyssinia into the African
continent, while the latter has not only followed Herpenia
into Africa, but has also largely occupied the two western
Oriental sub-regions. Those forms of the genus Izias
that show least divergence from Teracolus are found in
the Nile provinces of Eastern Africa, but the bulk of this
genus has moved eastwards, its distribution being
characteristically Indian. A few species, however, are
found in some of the Indo-Malayan islands, and in
Austro-Malaya as far east as Timor.
* Journal Linn. Soc., Zool., ix., pp. 355—357.
+ See Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 3rd series, iv., pp. 242, 3.
+ Scudder, “Butterflies of the Eastern United States,” 1889,
vol. i1., pp. 1175-1190 ; Edwards, “ Butterflies of North America,”
vol. 1., 1868-72, sub. voc. P. virginiensis.
Phylogeny of the Pierines. 327
To the same borderland of Western Asia and Eastern
Africa may be assigned the place of origin of Nepheronia,
which has sent a western branch into Africa, and an
eastern into the Indian peninsula and Malayan islands,
one species reaching the Australian continent. The
African branch has given rise to Hronia proper. Attention
has already been drawn to the curious fact that the form
which links the Hronia group most closely with Teracolus,
viz., H. (?) lucasw, survives in Madagascar. Hebomoia,
another offshoot of this part of the Pierine stock, is now
almost entirely Malayan ; its place of origin was, however,
in all probability further west. The birthplace of Huchloe
is problematical, but the present distribution of the
charlonia group, which seems to contain the oldest
members of the genus, would appear to make it probable
that the Mediterranean sub-region witnessed the rise of
this, as of so many other more or less direct descendants
of Synchloe, from which central area it successively over-
spread the Palearctic and Nearctic continents. The
isolated geographical position of Hroessa chilensis is very
remarkable, its affinities being apparently with Hastern
rather than Western forms. It is probably, as before
suggested, a solitary survival of a once more widely-
spread group, among which were to be found the
immediate ancestors of the present-day Huchloes.
No other genus in the whole sub-family has so extensive
a range as Colias, species of which are found in every one
of the six great Zoological Regions. Here again, I have
little doubt that the site of original divergence is Asiatic,
and is most nearly represented in the present condition of
‘the earth’s surface by the borderland between the
Palearctic and Oriental Regions on the north-west
frontier of India. From this centre one or two species
have ranged into South Africa and the Indian peninsula ;
but the greater number have turned northwards, and
after populating the Palearctic and Nearctic continents
with numerous species, have penetrated to the circum-
polar lands within the Arctic Circle, have passed down
the great mountain chains of Central and South America
to Chili and Patagonia,and have even established outposts
in Venezuela and the Sandwich Islands.*
The powers of dispersal possessed by the genus Terias
* The occurrence of Colias in the last-named locality is, how-
ever, not entirely free from doubt.
328 Dr, Frederick A. Dixey on the
are almost as remarkable as those of Colias ; perhaps
even more so when we take into account their weak
fight, and the fact that their migrations must have been
intertropical Mr. Wallace, however, has drawn
attention to their habit of frequenting “ gardens and
plantations and skirts of forests rather than their deeper
recesses,” and also of “assembling on the margins of
streams and on the sea beach,”? and has remarked that
“these habits lead to their being frequently carried olf
by winds,” and that ‘‘it is thus perhaps that some of the
species have so wide a range and offer such perplexing
variations.”* Whatever may have been their means of
dispersal, there can, I think, be no doubt that they took
their rise from the Colias stock in the Western Hemi-
sphere, the line of descent passing through Xanthidia
to Terias and Sphenogona; Pyrisitia, Nathalis, and
Lewcidea being given off by the way. All these genera
are mainly Neotropical with Nearctic extensions. Terias
itself, however, as is well known, so far from remaining
within these limits, has overspread the warmer portions
of the Hthiopian, Oriental, and Australian Regions, and is
even found in the Manchurian sub-region of the Pale-
arctic.
It seems on the whole most probable that the origin of
Gonepterya is also to be referred to the Western Hemi-
sphere, where Meganostoma marks the transition from
Colias. Gonepterya itself seems to have passed to the
north by way of California and so across into the
Palearctic Region, while Rhodocera and Amynthia re-
present a Neotropical development of the same stock, the
Central American genus Kricogonia perhaps remaining °
near the original seat of divergence. Gonepterya having
reached the Palearctic Region has extended to its
westernmost extremity. Its only offshoot appears to be
Dercas, which probably arose in the debateable Man-
churian area, where the Palearctic and Oriental faunas
are much mixed, and thence spread southwards through
the Indo-Chinese sub-region to Sumatra and Borneo.
Catopsilia and Callidryas, like Terias, must, it would
seem, have undergone intertropical migration. Their
oldest forms appear to be Catopsilia florella, C. hybleza,
* Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 3rd series, iv., p. 320. See also
above, p. 325.
Phylogeny of the Pierine. 329
C. thauruma, etc., which are probably derived from the
Neotropical genus Amynthia, coming nearest to A.
clorinde. Inasmuch as all these are African insects, and
the New World Callidryas, Pheebis, and Metwra are less
closely allied to Amynthia, it seems necessary to suppose
that the earliest forms of this group in the Neotropical
Region have become extinct, the present Callidryas
group surviving as their modified descendants; while an
early dispersal of these ancestral forms took place across
the Atlantic to Africa, of which invasion C. florella, etc.,
remain as comparatively unmodified relics. The Oriental
and Australian Catopsilias are the ultimate developments
of this invasion.
The distribution of Belenots is remarkable, the bulk of
the species belonging to the Ethiopian and Australian
Regions. .The Oriental Region is poorly supplied, except
for the abundant B. mesentina, which is found in all
parts of the Indian peninsula, and even enters the
Mediterranean district of the Paleearctic Region as far as
Asia Minor. Notwithstanding the present poverty of
the Oriental Region in species of Belenois, it seems
probable that this area is really the birthplace of the
genus, which, as we have seen, appears to be derived
from that primitive part of the Pierine stem now repre-
sented by Delias and Prioneris. B. mesentina and
B. taprobana, of India and Ceylon, may probably be
regarded as survivors of the original race of Belenois,
whose descendants have spread south-eastwards to
Australia, and south-westwards to Madagascar and the
African continent. Pinacoptery« is in all probability a
local modification of elenois within the Ethiopian
Region, while Daptonwra, whose history is otherwise
hard.to. account for, may perhaps have originated from a
branch of the African Belenois which at some remote
period found its way westwards across the Atlantic.
In concluding this paper I wish to express my great
indebtedness to several friends who have given me
valuable help during its progress. It was by the kind-
ness of the late Professor Westwood that I was enabled
to begin the study of the Pierine group in the Hope
Collection at Oxford, and the facilities for work afforded
me by him have been continued and increased by his
successors in the charge of the department, first by
TRANS, ENT. SOC. LOND. 1894.—part 11. (JUNE.) Y
330 Dr. Frederick A. Dixey on the
Mr. W. Hatchett Jackson, and now, in a special manner,
by Professor Poulton, F.R.S., the present occupant of
the Hope Chair, at whose request I have undertaken the
arrangement of this part of the Hope Collection. I am
also under great obligations to Colonel Swinhoe, who
has very kindly helped me in various ways, and
especially in the determination of the EHastern species, of
which he has so intimate a knowledge. Lastly, my
thanks are due to the members of the staff of the
Natural History Department of the British Museum,
particularly to Messrs. A. G. Butler, W. F. Kirby, and
F, A. Heron, who have given me every assistance in
examining the fine series of Puerimxe preserved in
the National Collection.
ITV.—Inpex or Species MENTIONED.
The Order is that of the National Collection in the
British Musewm.
PIERINA.
Prioneris thestylis, Doubl., 258, 267, | Delias harpalyce, Don., 257, 284,
281
clemanthe, Doubl., 258,281,284
vollenhovii, Wall. . . 284
autothisbe, Hubn., 258,281,284
sita, Feld. oe ee (BA
Delias eucharis, Drury, 2D1, 204,
268, 280, 284, 288, 300, 310
hyparete, Linn., "57, 280), 284,
300
hierte, Hiibn. . . 284, 300
agostina, /Tew. . 268, 300
mysis, abr. . . 284, 301
isse, Cram. . 284, 301
echo, Wall. 284
argenthona, Fabr., 284, 288
301
philotis, Wall. . . . 300
ceeneus, Linn., 268, 284, 288,
300
duris, Hew. 284
dorimene, Cram. 301
belisama, Cram., 277, 284,
300, 301
descombesi, Boisd., 268, 277,
284, 300, 301
257, 284, 300,
301
nigrina, Fabr.,
”
300, 301
aganippe, Don., 257, 277,
284, 300, 301
thisbe, Cram., 257, 258, 280,
281, 283, 300
belladonna, Fabr., "257, 258,
267, 280, 299, 300
nysa, Fabr. . 280, 301, 310
momea, Boisd., 268, 280, 301
egialea, Cram. 284
pasithoe, Linn., 257, 258, 267,
281, 283, 300
crithoe, Boisd., 277, 281, 284
orphne, Wall. . 301
Pereute autodyca, Boisd., 281, 293
”
PP)
”
”
swainsonil, Gray . 285, 294
charops, Boisd., 281, 285, 293
leucodrosime, Koll., 281, 285,
294
telthusa, Hew. 294
Euterpe tereas, Godt., 258, 281, 284,
295, 298
critias, Feld., 284, 295, 298
rosacea, Butl. . 295
bellona, Cram. 295
theano, Boisd. 299
eurytele, Hew. 299
Phylogeny of the Pierinee.
Mylothris lorena, Hew.
pyrrha, Fabr., 286 288, 307, 320
lypera, Koll. 285, 288, 289, "390
chloris, Fabr. . 279, 289, 307
agathina, Cram., 268, 279, 289,
307, 308, 320
, poppea, Cram., 268, 308, 310,
320
,, vhodope, Fabr.* . 308, 310
trimenia, Buti, wre oe MOOG
Blodina egnatia, Godé.. .307; 362
Nychitona xiphia, Fabr., 507, 322
Hesperocharis hirlanda, Stoll, 286,
. 286, 320| Terias lisa, Boisd. & Lec., 276, 325
dol
* deva, Doubl. 276
» mandarina, De POre. 013
», floricola, Boisd. . 276
» hecabe, Linn. . 276
», excavata, Moore . 313
» Mmessalina, Fabr. . 313
» agave, Cram. . , 283, Bias)
» delia, Cram. 313
» Thodia, Feld. 313
elathea, Cram. 313
Sphznogona gratiosa, Doubl. &
Hew. . 276,3313
288, 321 mexicana, Boisd., 283
marchalii, Guwér. 286 Pyrisitia proterpia, Fabr., 276, 313
‘ erota, Luc. . 287, 320| Gonepteryx cleopatra, Linn, 259,
3 anguitia, Godt. . 286 272
nereis, Feld.. .286, 321 _ rhamni, Linn., 259, 264,
Mpeheiva socialis, Westw., 25 995 290; 272, eli 328
308, 322 Amynthia meerula, Fabr., "260, 272,
Leodonta zenobia, Feld. . 281, 285 398
» tellane, Hew. . 259, 285 clorinde, Godt., 260, 272,
» dysoni, Doubl. 259, 281, 285 315, 329
Catasticta nimbice, Boisd., 259, 281,| Dercas wallichii, Doubl., 260, "973,
292, 295 314, 328
» colla, Doubl. Zo 202 », lycorias, Doubl., 260, "273,
,, bithys, Hiibn., . 259, 285, 291 275
» anaitis, Hew. 259, 281, ae Meganostoma philippa, Fabr., 265,
291 — 314
» Semiramis, Duc. . .281, 291 Bs cesonia, Stoll., 265, 314
», toca, Doubl. . ae oe 292 | Teracolus calais, Cram. . soe
» notha, Luc. . 293| _,, dynamene, Kiug.. . . ‘311
,, teutamis, Hew. . 294} ,, amata, Fabr. . 261, 266
. ctemene, Hew., 291, "294, 319| ,, protractus, Buti. . wa owe
» corcyra, Feld. . 291, 292, 319| ,, phisadia, Godé. hk aAeeOo
troezene, Feld. . sue 201)|. |, puellaris) But, 215, SLL
Nathalis iola, Boisd. . S1D)| (,; tenis, Ainge. Adds 203
Colias cunninghamii, Butl. 7A Us vesta, Reiche : Sy Va)
» Meadii, Edw... . 270| ,, ‘hewitsoni, Kirb. , 261, 266, 275
» fieldii, Ménétr. ZO 5, tripunctatus, Bul. 312
) edusina, Meld. . . . 270) ,, pleione, King. . 311
, edusa, Mabr.. 259, 264,271] ,, coelestis, Swinh. 312
» phicomone, Esp.. .259, 264) ,, subfasciatus, Swains. . 317
» yale, Linn. . 259,264,270] ,, regina, Trim., 261, 266, 275,
» subaurata, Butl. . reroks 279
», barbara, H. Edw. 270| ,, ione, Godé., 261, 266, 275, 279
oe pelidne, Boisd. . <. » 270) ,, danae, Habr. . 261, 275
3, paleno, Linn., 259, 264, 270,| ,, eupompe, Klug. . .283, 312
212, 216, 318| ,,° wallengrenu, Butl. . 312
Xanthidia nicippe, Cram., 276, 283,| ,, etrida, Boisd. 261
313| ,, evanthe, Boisd. 275
* Probably not a Mylothris ; see Trimen,
flies,” vol. iii., 1889, p. 35, note.
“ South-African Butter-
332
Teracolus eucharis, Fabr. 261
» evarne, Klug. . . d11, 316
5, theogone, Boisd. 312
», antevippe, Boisd. 283
,, omphale, Godt. 275
» evippe, Linn. 275
Txias eulimene, Klug. . 312
» venatus, Butl. . 312
5 evippe, Drury . 312
» Marianne, Cram., 261, 266,
275, 312
Hebomoia glaucippe, Linn., 261,
275, 317
Ptychopteryx lucasii, Grandid., 316,
ali, 318, 327
Rhodocera leachiana, Godt., 260,
265, 272, 273, 328
Callidryas thalestris, Hiibn., "254,
274
‘ philea, Linn., 254, 260,
273, 315, 325
a senne, Linn. ~ old
: eubule, Linn. .274, 315
Metura rurina, Feld. . .316, 329
Phoebis trite, Linn.. 260, 274, 329
» agarithe, Boisd. 315
Aphrissa godartiana, Swains., 260,
273, 316
Catopsilia flava, Butl. . 280, 266
catilla, Cram. . 260, 273, 274
phlegeus, Wall. 260
hyblea, Boisd., 328
thauruma, Reak., 273, 317, 329
» florella, Fabr. . 273, 315, 328
Kricogonia lyside, Hiibn., 314, 328
3)
Leptophobia eleusis, Lue. . 287
rf elodia, Boisd. 287
A stamnata, Luc. . 320
tovaria, Feld. 287
Pieris "habra, Doubl. . . 281, 286
5 locusta, Feld., 281, 286, 289,
319
., thaloe, Godé., 287, 319, 320
» demophile, Linn., 282, 319,
320
pylotis, Godt., 277, 289, 319
bunie, Hiibn., 277, 282, 287,
319
Hiposcritia pandione, Hiibn., 277,
305
» lalage, Doubl., 256, 277, 306
Catophaga ega, Borsd. . . 805
Ks zamboanga, Feld., 256
Bs paulina, Cram. 305
-
Dr. Frederick A. Dixey on the
Catophaga lankapura, Moore .
256
A galena, Feld. . . 305
ye jacquinotii, Wall., 305
33 alope, Wall. 305
Appias celestina, Boisd. . 269, 305
» Clementina, Feld. . 305
nero, Fabr. . . . 256, 305
hombronii, Tue. - 283
» lyncida, Cram. 269, 283
zelmira, Cram. . a) ee
Glutophrissa poeyl, Butl. 309
”
margarita, Hiibn., 279, 309
castalia, Fabr. . . 309, 310
» Saba, Mabrs . 309, 310
Saletara panda, Godt. . 805
» cyclmna, ee: 305
Phrissura phaola, Dowbl. . ae
sylvia, Fabr. . 279, 309
eudoxia, Cram.. . . 309
coniata, Butl. «ale
illana, Feld.. . .308, 309
lasti, Grose Smith, 308, 309
nagare, Grose Smith, 308
majungana,Grose Smith, 308
isokari, Grose Smith . 308
polisma, Hew.'. .308, 309
Daptonura lycimnia, Cram. 279, 329
”
Belenois helcida, Boisd. . 289
» thysa, Hopf. . 308
» peristhene, Boisd., 256, 268,
280, 310
», taprobana, Moore 329
» auriginea, Butl. . 279
mesentina, Cram., 255, 268,
276, 279, 283, 310, 329
calypso, Drury, 268, 276
creona, Cram. . - 216
teutonia, Fabr., 256, 268,
276, 279, 280
coronea, Cram., 256, 268,
276, 280
» gidica, Godt. 280
severina, Cram. 256
Synchloe daplidice, Linn., 253, 254,
259, 263, 267, 270, 278, 306
a glauconome, Klug., 306,
311, 326
» johnstonii, Crowley, 268,
306, 310, 326
hellica, Linn., 255, 264,
268, 270, 278, 279, 306,
310, 311, 326
callidice, Hisp., 253, 254,
264, 268, 270, 306
Phylogeny of the Pierine.
Synchloe protodice, Boisd. & Lec.,
264, 268, 271
chloridice, Hitbn. 306
Tatochila autodice, ’ Hitbn. , 254, 264,
270, 272, 283, 306
a theodice, Boisd., 254, 264,
210, 210, 306
Phulia nymphula, Blanch., 307, 323
Neophasia menapia, Feld., 304, 307,
323
» terlootii, Behr., 303, 307, 322
) Sp. Behr. 303, 307, 322
Pontia crategi, Linn., 257, 267, 277,
278, 303, 306, 323
» hippia, Brem., 278, 303, 323
5 soracta, Moore, 257, 267, 277,
279, 303, 323
» belucha, Marshall, 303, 323
» leucodice, Hversm., 303, 306,
323
» nabellica, Boisd., 323
oberthiiri, Theech-. .. 303
Mesapia peloria, Hew., 304, 307, 324
Baltia shawii, Bates . 307, 324
a putleri, Moore 307, 324
Metaporia agathon, Gray, 257, 267,
277, 279, 302, 304, 324
i phryxe, Boisd., 277, 279
Ganoris napi, Linn., 252, 253, 263,
» bryoniz, Ochs. . 270
» brassice, Linn., 252, 253, 263
303,
» gliciria, Cram., 253, 264,
278
» rape, Linn, 252, 253, 263,
326
Pinacopteryx pigea, Boisd. 279
S larima, Boisd. . 256
0 capricornus, Ward,
268, oho) 311
Huphina cassida, Fabr., 305
» phryne, Fabr., 257, 277,
309
Huphina eperia, Boisd. 304
» naomi, Wall. . 305
Me lea, Doubl. . 305
5 aspasia, Stoll, . . 258
» judith, Fabr. . 258, 305
i nabis, Lucas. . . 305
nama, Moore. . 258, 304
Udaiana cynis, "Hew. . 808, 321
» monuste, Linn. . 321, 323
5 ‘Suasa, Boisd. . a2L *
» joppe, Boisd. . Pee 4!
Herpeenia eriphia, Godt. 279, 283
“ tritogenia, Klug. dll
i lacteipennis, Buil. . 311
Nepheronia valeria, Cram. 262
” gea, Feld. . 267, 277
5 iobea, Boisd. . 262
” thalassina, Boisd., 266,
210, 316
argia, Fabr., 279, 308
Eronia cleodora, Hiibn. . 316, 318
», leda, Doubl., 262, 266, ice
318
Euchloe belia, Linn. . . 318
» eupheno, Esp. 261
» cardamines, Linn., 261,276
» reakirtil, Edw. . 261
» genutia, ’ Fabr. ~ 206,018
» belemia, Esp. . 276
5» ausonia, Hiibn., 261, 266
= ausonides, I BT IE MNS)
» hyantis, Hdw. . 261
» tagis, Hiibn. . 261, 266
» charlonia, Donz., 276, oe
lucilla, Butl., 261, 276, 318
: 318
Zegris eupheme, Esp.
Leptosia sinapis, Linn... 321, 323
Eroessa chilensis, Gueér. _ 318, 527
Moschoneura methymna, Godt., 321
Dismorphia melia, Godt. . . 285
304, 324 = astyocha, Hiibn.. 285
» coronis, Cram. = 200 i praxinoe, Doubl, 285
» timnatha, Hew., 258, 277 ce nemesis, Latr. 285
DANAIN&.
Lycoreaatergatis, Doubl.& Hew.299 | Ceratinia (Ithomia) dionxa, Hew.299
HELICONIN&.
Heliconius melpomene, Linn., 294, | Heliconius hydara, Hew. . 294
296 : phyllis, Fabr. . 294
‘4 thelxiope, Hiibn, . 295 5 burneyi, Hiibn. 295
7 vulcanus, Butl, . 294
304 On the Phylogeny of the Pierine.
PAPILIONINA.
Papilio nephalion, Godé. . . . . 298
zacynthus, Fabr. . 295,298
a2 | polemmeren, Godt. . 285,298
euterpinus, Godm. & Salv., 294
”
INCERT#A SEDIS.
Styx infernalis, Staudgr. . . . 290
Pseudopontia paradoxa, Meld. . 290
Davidina armandi, Oberthr. . . 304
Exeianation or Puates III., IV., & V.
PATH Air
Fic. 1. Eucheira socialis.
2. Catasticta bithys.
3. C. ctemene.
4, Delias belladonna.
5. D. eucharis 9.
6. D.nysa o.
7. Metaporia agathon.
8. Huphina phryne ¢.
PLATE IV.
Fic. 9. Catophaga paulina 9°.
10. Appias clementina 9.
11. Hiposcritia lalage ¢.
12. Mylothris agathina.
13. Belenois mesentina ¢.
14. B. peristhene.
15. Synchloe daplidice 9.
16. Ganoris napi ¢.
PLATE V.
Fic. 17. Teracolus hewitsoni.
18. Ixvias marianne °.
19. Hebomoia glaucippe 9.
20. Colias hyale @.
21. Catopsilia crocale, var. flava 9.
22. Callidryas philea 9 .*
23. Eronia leda 9.
24. Euchloe charlonia.
These figures are only designed to illustrate the actual points
mentioned in the text. They are not intended to show specific
characters. The same letters and numbers stand for the corre-
sponding markings throughout all the figures. See explanations
in the text, pp. 254, 264, 269, 273, 274.
Norr.—In Fig. 15, S 8 is placed one space too high up.
_* This figure was drawn from a specimen in the Hope Collec-
tion, which had been erroneously labelled C. thalestris. The error
has unfortunately found its way into the plate.
(oa5ni
X. Some notes on the Micro-Lepidoptera whose larve are
external feeders, and chiefly on the early stages of
Eriocephala_ calthella (Zygenidx, Limacodide,
Hriocephalide). By Tomas ALGEeRNon CHAPMAN,
M.D., F.E.S,
[Read Feb. 7th, 1894.]
Puates VI. & VIL.
I present these notes now, as there seems little pro-
bability that I shall, at an early date, be able to carry
further my observations on WHriocephala, and it is
desirable to put them, so far as they go, at the disposal
of anyone who may wish to continue them; and I pre-
sent along with them sundry notes that tend to confirm
the view, that the Zygxenidxe, Limacodidx, and Hrioce-
phalide form a group which, though the last member is
as low as the lowest 7imex, and the first as high as Butter-
flies or Noctuze, has nevertheless been evolved on its own
lines, from a common source, as a separate branch of
Heterocera.
The broad facts of the pupal structure, and the slug-
like form and habit of external feeding of the larva, pro-
bably suffice to support this view; but further points of
alliance are no doubt most useful in confirmation.
\
It becomes necessary, in the first place, to relate my
observations on Hriocephala calthella, since it is largely
to these observations that 1 owe the confidence I feel
that this grouping of families is justified by fact.
The genus Micropterya was divided by Stainton (“‘ A
Monograph of the British Species of the Genus Micro-
pteryx of Zeller,’ Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., new series,
vol. i1., pp. 26-40, 1850-1) into two sections—A. Hrioce-
phala, of Curtis, and B, Micropteryx, Hiibner. At that
time the larvee were unknown, and the division was made
by the neuration. Shortly after, the larvaof Micropteryx,
Hiibner, was discovered, and very soon material was accu-
mulated that would have justified what must now be
done, viz., separating the Hriocephale from the Micro-
pteryges, not only as a distinct genus but asa separate
TRANS. ENT. Soc. LOND. 1894.—part it. (JUNE.)
336 Dr. T. A. Chapman’s notes on Micro-Lepidoptera
family ; and the following might be a brief outline of the
characters, distinguishing them from each other and from
other forms.
Micropterygidx. Ovum: Ovoid in shape, delicate, trans-
parent, and nearly colourless; laid in the parenchyma of
a leaf.
Larva: Leaf-mining, without legs.
Pupa: In a dense subterranean cocoon, escaping there-
from for emergence; segments of abdomen all “ free; ”
has large jaws, used for assisting the pupa out of cocoon,
like those of Trichoptera, but larger and more elaborate.
Imago: Large six-jointed maxillary palpi, no trace of
jaws, 9th and 10th abdominal segments of ¢ form a knife
arrangement for piercing leaves for oviposition; 8th is
an external ordinary (but terminal) segment. (In Adelidx
the 8th is absorbed in the piercing apparatus, and the
7th is the external terminal segment.)
Hriocephalide. Ovum: Spherical, opaque, covered with
a snow-like coating, laid externally.
Larva: Short, square, and angular, with 8 rows of
globular appendages, and 8 pairs of abdominal legs, an
anal sucker, long antenne, feeding exposed.
Pupa: (Probably not unlike a Nepticula, and in a
cocoon above ground.) I have only seen the head and
antenna piece, and cannot build up the whole pupa from
that with any confidence.
Imago: Six-jomted maxillary palpi, used as feeding
hands: well-developed, serviceable jaws; ovipositor simple,
tubular, of three pieces, last abdominal segment the 7th.
‘There is also the neurational difference noted by Stainton.
I propose, then, to accept and accentuate this division,
leaving the name Micropteryx for the “higher” group,
whose larve have been known for so long, and as to
whose oviposition and corresponding structure of the
imago I had the pleasure of assisting my friend, Dr.
Wood, in his researches, though in view of my observa-
tions on their pupx, I think it must be very doubtful
whether they can be called the “higher” group any
longer.
The LHriocephalide attracted my renewed attention
when engaged in working out the oviposition of the
Micropteryges. In the far-off days, when the life-histories
a
whose larve are external feeders. 337
of Micropterye were being recorded in the ‘¢ Annuals,”
I was much impressed with the resistance of the Hrioce-
phalide to investigation; but looking, as I then did,
on the Tineina generally as subjects fit only for the work
of past masters, I had little idea that they would con-
tinue this resistance for so many years, and that it would
be left for me to make the first impression against it.
It was evident, on comparing the structure of calthella
with that of purpurella, or other Micropterye—as indeed
it was to a great extent without that knowledge—that
the habits of Hriocephala must be very different from
those of Micropteryw.
I believe my observations have been made on both
calthella and seppeila, and I have not always been very
careful to determine which species I had in hand, and
may have had others. But in the observations I have
made I have not determined that any decisive differences
were observable.
In calthella, then, the ovipositor is quite short, simple,
and tubular; no knives, or rods, or other complex appa-
ratus, as in purpurella. The egg, therefore, must be
laid in a very easy, simple way. This is confirmed by
noticing that the egg is large and spherical, not, there-
fore, to be slipped into any narrow chink or crevice. It
seemed also certain that it was not laid on the leaves
of any plant, so I assumed it must be laid in moss or
rubbish, on the ground. By providing a number of
moths with such materials in May, 1891, I succeeded in
obtaining a large number of eggs, and in hatching the
young larve; but I altogether failed to induce them to
eat. The egg and young larve are, however, so very
remarkable—so unlike all our ideas of a Lepidopterous
insect—that even so meagre a measure of success was
worthy of note. I delayed doing more than mention the»
result for two reasons. Firstly, because one of our lead-
ing—perhaps I ought to say our leading lepidopterist—
was pleased to suggest that the beast I had under
observation was an Julus, or a Crustacean, or some un-
known monster, and that repetition was very desirable,
with many precautions, to make sure I had Micropteryz,
i.e. Hriocephala, and nothing else. This advice I was
very willing to follow, because not only was it obviously
a great compliment to the extraordinary nature of the
observation, but as a second reason for delay I hoped to
338 Dr. T. A. Chapman’s notes on Micro-Lepidoptera
be able to make my observations more full, and even
perhaps to rear the larvee.
I accordingly, in June, 1892, secured a good supply of
moths and placed them in many different jars. In three
of these I gave them nothing but moss, which I had
obtained in winter, then cleaned and boiled it, and kept
it in a dry condition until it was wetted and given to the
moths. Hgos were freely laid in this sterilised moss as
in the other jars. I may say that I myself considered this
precaution to be absolutely unnecessary, as the eggs laid
agreed precisely in size and form with those dissected
from the moth—they were seen against the deceased moth
that had laid them, they were laid in several different
jars, and finally Dr. Wood had, by repeating my procedure,
induced moths to lay, and had in fact confirmed all
my observations. However, the sterilised moss experi-
ment has been made successfully, and several dozen
batches of eggs have been laid, so that there is no room
for the most severe scepticism to suggest a doubt.
In 1892 I supplied the moths with flowers of Ranun-
culus repens (common buttercup), and though I believe
observations have been made on the mouth-structures
and habits of these moths, in which they are in truth very
anomalous, as in so many other ways, I may mention
my own observations. They use their great claw-like
maxillary palpi with sharp knife points to scrape and
tear at both the pollen of the stamens and the surface of
the petals, in the latter case perhaps collecting fallen
pollen. They certainly do something very like eating as
regards this pollen, and digest and use it, as would appear
from two circumstances: firstly, that very slender moths
get very fat and lay many eggs, and, secondly, their
dejecta are very abundant. There is obviously room for
much detailed observation in this matter, which J did
not make, as I wished all my material to be devoted to
making sure of eggs, and I had not too much time to
give to the subject.
Moths will live in confinement for three weeks if fed
in this way and kept damp enough.
They pair readily, and apparently do so more than
once. When laying, the female moth creeps down
among the moss to a depth of an inch or more, and
seems anxious to get to the bottom and lay her eggs on
the bottom of the jar, sand or earth. If the stratum is
whose larve are external feeders. 339
too deep for this she will lay them on a spray of the moss,
always in little groups, rarely as few as two or three,
usually six to ten and even more. I have counted as
many as twenty-five. She will often remain and die
beside her last batch of eggs. I prepared various jars
with mosses of different sorts, and especially several with
growing Mniwm, which I thought might be the proper
food, but in this I proved to be mistaken.
About the middle of August, 1892, I found several larve
of calthella about 1°5 mm. in length in ajar in which some
moss was growing, but I could see none in my specially
prepared pots of Mniwm, nor indeed in any of the other
jars; these larva, though so much larger than the newly-
hatched ones, were precisely the same in all respects, so
far as I could see without disturbing them. They were
kept very wet, the moss dripping and the sand below
under water, in consequence of my directions to keep them
moist during a temporary absence being misunderstood.
The result, however, was decidedly satisfactory, and at
the end of September the moss was still growing, and
there were two larve usuaily to be seen of a length of
about 2mm. On October 21 I found there were three
larvee in this jar, the two largest measuring with the head
retracted 3°5 mm. in length, and therefore probably full
grown.
I also found several about 1:3 mm. in length in another
jar in which moss was growing, but which had been kept
much too dry. In one of the Mniwm jars there was also
one about 1:5 mm. long, seen for the first time close by
where a bit of moss (not Mniwm) was growing. I was
on this date successful in making two other observations.
One was in seeing one of the larvae in my best jar actually
eating the delicate stem of growing moss, of which a con-
siderable piece of one side had disappeared. The other
was due to one of the larvee having got on to the glass,
when not only was it easy to see that it resembled the
newly-hatched larvee as to processes, abdominal legs, etc.,
but that it also possessed the trefoil sucker. These
larvee seemed to be constantly on the move, at times
not to be seen, and when seen always in a fresh place ;
they walk slowly but steadily, using the abdominal
appendages as legs, and often raising the fore part of the
body and stretching about as if in search of something.
They are not cannibals, as one walked straight along
340 Dr. T. A. Chapman’s notes on Micro-Lepidoptera
another and neither attempted to injure the other in any
way. As judged by the sizes of their heads, there were
at least three sizes of larvee on October 21st, which with
the newly-hatched one makes four sizes ; but there is little
doubt that there would be one or two intermediate sizes
between the young larve and the smallest seen at this
date. The intestinal contents, so far as they are visible
through the larva, were in one instance green, in two
others brownish. Occasionally a good end view of the
larva is seen, and then its angularity (on cross section) is
very evident, the spaces between the double rows of
processes being hollow and the processes placed on the
angles of a flat, raised surface. None of the drawings I
have bring out this peculiarity quite satisfactorily.
These larve preserve also the long antennz; these
have an elegant curvature, and are placed on the head so
as to look, as it moves from side to side, ridiculously
like the horns on a Hereford ox—the proportionate
length of horn to head being not very different in the
two cases.
The moss on which these larvee thus happened to be
reared was named for me by the Rev. A. Ley as
Hypnum prelongwm, a common species. ‘There were
also present, though it was doubtful if these were
growing, two other common species, Hypnum tamari-
scinum and swartzii, and possibly others.
I must admit that I was nearly as much astonished at
finding the full-grown larva retain the peculiar structure
of the young larva, as I was when I first saw the newly-
hatched larva. Having so few and wishing very much to
obtain the pupa if possible, I did not sacrifice any of
these, for closer examination; but one that died, of
2°5 mm. long, though not quite satisfactory, gave me a
good view of the abdominal legs and ball appendages ;
the head was unfortunately retracted and could not be
satisfactorily made out. ‘All these larvae perished during
the winter, and left no trace, except some remains that
make a rather poor slide.
In 1893 I prepared eight jars with various mosses and
succeeded in having plenty of eggs laid in them, but for
some reason or other the young larve, which hatched
abundantly, appeared to have all perished, until I was
pleased and surprised early in November to observe two
full-grown larvee in one of the jars.
whose larve are external feeders. 341
In January, 1894, I observed some threads of Isaria
in this jar, and found they proceeded from what turned
out to be a cocoon of calthella, with a dead full-grown
larva curled up inside; the cocoon was fairly tough, of
yellowish silk and with scraps of moss coating it, ovoid,
3mm. long and 1°5 broad. ‘The contained larva was
somewhat damaged by the fungus and in removing it
from the cocoon. The abdominal legs are all present,
but the structure seems a little more modified, either
really or by the Isaria, than in the two-third grown larva
already referred to. The antennz are very long, the
first long joint being very long, the second reduced as
compared with younger larve. The ball appendages are
proportionally rather smaller. The dots in the sulci
between are now large, round, smooth, disc-like plates,
comparing markedly with the rough surrounding skin,
and having a central pigment spot.
The ova are spherical, 0°46 mm. in diameter, of
calthella almost white; of seppella 0-41 mm., a very
little smaller and distinctly yellow. They have a snowy,
mealy look, owing to a provision of a close coating of
minute rods standing vertically on the surface of the ege
and often tipped with a small bulb (of fluid?) ; whether
these are adpressed to the surface of the egg when laid,
or whether they afterwards develop in some way, I
do not know, but I think the latter. Their function
would appear to be to protect the egg from too close
contact with the possibly very wet surface on which
it lies.
The young larva is difficult to examine owing to its
delicacy, to its retracting its head when disturbed, and to
its rapid shrivelling by desiccation, when removed from
its natural habitat in damp moss.
The peculiarities of its form and structure may be
stated to be its angular outline, the possession of a
number of remarkable appendages to each segment, of
eight pairs of abdominal legs of unusual structure, and of
an oval sucker; that the antennz are remarkably long
for a lepidopterous larva, and that the head is retractile,
so far, that it may occupy the interior of the 2nd thoracic
segment.
The larva does not appear to alter these characters
during its growth to maturity. The antenna of the adult
342 Dr. T. A. Chapman’s notes on Micro-Lepidoptera
larva are not perhaps proportionately so long, and the
abdominal legs have shorter and thicker bases.
The description, therefore, and figures of the larve,
though chiefly taken from preserved specimens of the
young larva, are not probably far out, if applied even to
the full-grown one.
~The larva is thick and short and fairly cylindrical,
apart from its angular section, and tapers very little, ter-
minating rather abruptly at either end, especially when
sulky and with retracted head. The angular outline is
due to eight rows of peculiar appendages, so disposed
as to form two subdorsal rows and two lateral rows
on either side, each double row arising from the
angles of a raised ridge, and the intervening spaces
being rather hollowed. The general surface is raised in
ridges, or rather marked by sulci that are chiefly trans-
verse in direction, but communicate with each other to
form a network, and in places forming a beautiful rosetted
pattern.
The general result is a division of each segment into
five subsegments, the balls or appendages are on the third
of these. The fourth and fifth, in the centre of the
dorsum, and again in the centre of space between the
subdorsal and lateral pairs of ridges, are united into
one by a circular area, in the centre of which is a dot or
spot.
This description applies to the 2nd and 3rd thoracic
and 1st to 7th abdominal segments. The Ist thoracic
segment has two transverse rows of ball appendages, with
six in the first row and four in the second.
On the 8th abdominal segment the appendages are
similarly in two rows, but deficient in number, there
being only eight altogether ; whilst on the 9th segment
are only six.
These appendages on 8 and 9 abdominal are longer,
larger, and more club-shaped, and project backwards from
their points of attachment; those on the other segments
shorter and more rounded, are directed forward—those
on the Ist thoracic are, however, similarly a little larger
and longer than the others.
These appendages arise from special ball-like points,
encircled by a special area, and are globular in form, or
in some cases nearly pyriform, with a definite neck or
stalk ; they are dotted as though with spiculz in a rect-
whose larve are external feeders. 343
angular pattern, and appear to have some internal ribbing
or skeleton, which remains stiff in a mounted specimen,
whilst the surface loses its plumpness and shrivels. The
abdominal legs are eight pairs on the first eight abdominal
segments, arranged so as to suggest that this double row
is a modification of the double rows of appendages on the
upper surface.
These legs are, however, of a very different structure
from the balls of the upper surface, and also from the true
lees on the thoracic segments.
They consist of a long stem or shaft with, both towards
its base and apex, some doubtful spicular projections ;
this shaft 1s apparently cylindrical, and contains a body
which is either a vessel or tube, or a tendon to the ter-
minal claw. ‘The shaft arises from a conical base, to
which it is not distinctly jointed, but is rather continuous
with it.
The terminal piece is a very distinct and separate
structure, in general outline much like the terminal joint
or claw of a thoracic leg, but with the sharp apex rounded
off; the convexity is directed forwards (not inwards). It
is of homogeneous semi-transparent texture, but marked
by oblique lines, which suggest, whether correctly or not
I cannot say, that the surface between them is raised in
rounded ridges, which pass round the anterior and
posterior edges and make it look like a conventional
cornucopia. In preserved specimens the shafts of these
legs seem laterally compressed.
Another structure is ‘a sucker on the under surface of
the 9th and 10th abdominal segments, its form is trefoil
with one leaf forwards, or possibly only on 10th, the 9th
being very narrow in front of it.
This sucker, on a lepidopterous larva, is of course very
unusual, and is a further point of relationship to Limaco-
dids. The 14th segment carries dorsally two hairs.
The true legs, besides the base, which is a little full and
raised, consist of three joints, and much resemble the
thoracic legs of an ordinary lepidopterous larva. The
first large joint has two spurs on its inner margin, about
the middle, and two or three hairs on the same zone,
laterally and dorsally ; the second more slender joint is
rather longer, and narrows about the middle, where there
is a spur or bristle on its inner margin; on the outer
side, at its extremity, is an indication of a bristle or two,
344 Dr. T. A. Chapman’s notes on Micro-Lepidoptera
but no definite appendage. The last joint is again rather
shorter, and terminates in a sharp point.
The head is rather longer than broad, and narrows a
little forwards ; there are two strong mandibles, with four
brown teeth. The antennz are very long, about equal in
length to the transverse diameter of the head; there are
two short thick basal segments, as to the first of which I
am not very sure whether it is a true segment or a basal
projection; there are two long segments about equal in
length, and a nearly as long terminal joint, which is little
more than a seta in thickness. ‘T'wo pairs of palpi are
also visible—two and three-jointed, apparently those
usual in lepidopterous larvee, but I have not defined their
relations. There is also a central point (spinneret ?).
I have also one observation bearing on the pupa. A
moth that I placed on a slide was found to have a defec-
tive antenna, and was accompanied by the head-piece of
the pupa case, which was of the “ Incomplete” or
“Micro” type, that is, consisted of the covering of
antennee, head, and head-appendages in one piece. This
observation renders tolerably certain what was antece-
dently probable, that the pupa is of “micro” type, with
3rd and following abdominal segments free.
The pupal structure of Zygena and of Limacodes
showed them to be micros, of a rather early type, whilst
their ova also presented peculiarities nowhere to be met
with among macros, and though not at all resembling
closely those of riocephala, not at all unlike some
Adelids.
The larve of these two groups, however, present very
wide differences from other micros.
The only other micro-larva having similar form, and
the habit of not mining or feeding internally, or under a
web, was curiously that of Hriocephala. Unfortunately,
though the pupa of Zygzena and Limacodes are of nearly
the same micro-type, and that a low one, and Hriocephala
must also have a pupa of low micro-type, I have, after
trying to obtain it for three years, failed to do so. It
cannot be taken for granted that it is of the same type as
they are. We are therefore deprived, for the present, of
the light that would throw on these relationships. It
occurred to me, however, that if this relationship was
real, and not a mere resemblance, some other points
whose larve are external feeders. 345
of similarity of structure and habits would be dis-
coverable.
The first point that occurred to me was that traces of
abdominal legs, like those ef Hriocephala, might perhaps
occur in newly-hatched larvee of some species of Zygxena
or Limacodes. So: far, I have failed to detect such a
structure, but find it recorded that the larva of Lagoa
crispata possesses additional abdominal legs. I have not
yet succeeded in obtaining eggs of this species. The
pupa is unquestionably Limacodid, though Packard calls
it a Liparid. Though many systematists consider Liparids
and Limacodids to inosculate, the pupze prove them to be
about as far apart, phylogenetically, as they well can be. I
succeeded in obtaining eggs and young larve of Parasa
chloris, and in rearing one larva; but though this is a
most curious and interesting larva, it did not present any
extra abdominal legs. It confirmed, however, the obser-
vations on Limacodes testudo, which afforded me some
very curious facts, and some very unexpected confirmation
of the suspected relationship to Hriocephala.
Liimacodes has suckers to the first eight abdominal
segments, though the first and last of these are poorly
developed ; these suckers are probably homologous with
prolegs, and also with the eight pairs of abdominal legs
of Hriocephala.
When the larva of Limacodes testudo has completed
its development within the eggshell, which is very easy
to watch, owing to its transparency, flatness, and the
facility with which the moth can be induced to lay them
on glass, it is free from any spines or processes, but at
the period of hatching certain long spines are rapidly
developed; of these there are at least four on each
segment, arranged as a dorsal and lateral series on either
side. The ordinary tubercles can be detected as faint
dots, but these spines are quite independent of the ordi-
nary tubercles, and differently placed, and correspond in
position to no larval processes I am aware of, except
those of Hriocephala.
In testudo the dorsal series on one side, though con-
sisting of one spine on each segment, has them placed as
though they were the double rows of Hriocephala, with
alternate spines omitted, 7.e., the inner spine is wanting
on the first abdominal segment, the outer one on the
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1894,—PART 11. (JUNE.) Z
346 Dr. T. A. Chapman’s notes on Micro-Lepidoptera
second, and so on alternately ; laterally the spines appear
to belong to the lower row of the lateral series of Hrioce-
phala, but the upper row is represented on the thorax by
two spines.
A further point of resemblance in these spines to those
of Hriocephala, is in their peculiar spiculate apex, which
reminds one much of the peculiar stellate spiculz of the
knobs of Hriocephala.
The rapid development of these spines occurs in this
way : In the unhatched larva a circular mark exists at
the site of each spine, and is the summit of a cylindrical
body deeply imbedded in the larval substance. This body
is, in fact, the spine, of which the upper third appears to
be already stiff and solid, with its apex at the surface
ready to emerge, whilst the lower two-thirds form a soft
invaginated sheath surrounding this upper part. As the
spine emerges, when half of the soft portion has emerged
there appears upon it a spur, and when the emergence is
complete, and, in fact, at any time, a distinct joint is
visible at the base of the upper portion. The soft por-
tion appears very rapidly to become hard.
I had the good fortune to observe this emergence take
place in many instances, and have preserved specimens
at all the stages.
These spines are in length about equal in length to the
diameter of the larva, and are divisible into three portions.
The basal is rather thick and smooth, and terminates at
the lateral spur. The middle portion is continuous with
the basal, and is structurally the same—only narrower—
andis also quitesmooth. ‘I'he terminal third is separated
from the middle portion by a joint, or transverse line of
union, and has a series of minute points or teeth, appa-
rently arranged in a somewhat spiral manner along its
shaft, and terminates at the apex ina slight enlargement
and a coronet of angular points, six to nine in number.
The lateral points are difficult to see except where taken in
profile, though I have some preparations showing them
to be really rather numerous and spirally arranged.
Like the structural framework of the knobs of Hriocephala
they are less evident during life.
‘he inner structure of these spines has all the appear-
ance of consisting of a separate included tube running
the whole length, and having a branch to the lateral spur.
On the first moult these spines disappear, and are
o
whose larve are external feeders. S47
replaced by straight spines, that is, they have a smooth
outline, and taper continuously from base to apex. They
have, however, a joint about 3th of their length from the
base, the apex looking harder, browner, and more solid,
and they appear to have a central tube. I need not
allude to their apparent origin from deep tissues, and the
skin looking like a thick coating of glass, through which
they come, as this is, I think, a well-known peculiarity
of these larvee (as also of many Lycenids).
But the dorsal set of spines are now double, that is,
the double row, of which the alternate members were
wanting in the larva of the first stage, is now complete,
and they remain so even in the adult larva, though they
are now merely prominences, and not spines. In the
second and third stages there are, especially in the tho-
racic regions round the bases of these spines, very minute
spines, apparently of a structure very similar to the last
joint of the spines in first stage.
The spinneret in this larva is remarkable up till the
penultimate stage, in being not a pointed organ, but
flattened out like a fish’s tail, and the silk it disposes on
the leaves for the larva to walk upon, is not a thread,
but a very thin ribbon.
This larva has other very interesting peculiarities, most
of which are, I imagine, well known. These I need not
touch on, indeed all I am at present interested to touch
on is the remarkable disposition and structure of these
spines in the newly-hatched larva, parallel with nothing I
know of in any other family than the similar arrange-
ments in Hriocephala.
Prof. A. 8. Packard has some excellent observations on
spines of Limacodids, but on none, so far as I know, that
quite parallel these in structure; and he does not, I
think, refer to their disposition in the newly-hatched larva
as similar to that I find in testudo.
He figures, however, the young larva of Lithodia
fasciola, which seems to be very like that of testudo,
though less well-developed, and for this reason, want of
sufficient material, and insufficient amplification, appears
not to have noted any of the points I have here drawn
attention to.
Among many figures he gives of Ceratocampid and
other spines, and similar figures elsewhere, and amongst
my own observations, there are abundant instances of an
348 Dr. T. A. Chapman’s notes on Micro- Lepidoptera
inflated or elongated base, carrying an appendage articu-
lated to it, or several such; but these appendages are
always simple hair-like or spinous, just as they are in
testudo after the first skin.
In the case of Zygena I have failed to detect any
structures in the young larve I have examined at all
parallel to these, and must still rely on the structure of
the egg, the form and habit of the larva, and the very
primitive form of the pupa, for its alliance with this
section.
I have examined the eges of Limacodes testudo, Hetero-
genea asellus, and Parasa chloris. They are all flat,
oval, colourless, transparent, with lozenge-shaped net-
work of cell-structure of the shell, easily seen if examined
in suitable light and with moderate magnifying power.
Such eges occur amongst the Micros and in some Pyrales.
Nothing like them is anywhere met with, so far as I
know, amongst Macros.
The pupa also is of evident Micro type. The wing
and appendage cases are not attached to abdominal seg-
ments beyond the second. They are not difficult to
detach, in some species, from each other. The maaille
are small, but are prolonged outwards, and after pass-
ing through a narrow neck terminate in a (sometimes
rather twisted) club between the eyes, antenne, and
legs. This represents the maxillary palpus, which no-
where in Macros has any such development.
Then movement exists in the 38rd and 4th abdominal seg-
ments and in the g¢ pupa, also in the 7th. Further, the
larva hes unchanged in the cocoon all winter, and moults
to pupa in the spring, and the pupa escapes from the
cocoon for emergence.
These characters apply to the following species which I
had alive last spring: Limacodes testudo, Parasa chloris,
Limacodes scapha, Heterogenea asellus, Hmpretia stimulea,
and Lagoa crispata.
I do not know that a detailed description of each
would carry us much further. ‘They vary in the propor-
tion of parts, the extent of toothed armature on the back
of the abdominal segments, and other sculpture. Other
features that do not so much interest us in the present
connection are the possession of a beak between the eyes
(for rupturing the cocoon); the projection backwards
of the meso-scutellum, so that its sharp apex almost
whose larvxe are external feeders. 349
reaches the 2nd abdominal segment ; a very remarkable
structure that exists in other families, but nowhere else so
well developed as here, and which I have called an eye-
flange. Where, in most pupe, the eye abuts against the
antenne, it is here rather separate, and a flat tlange-like
margin, with sharp edge, and in some marked with
radiating lines, surrounds the eye without quite joining
the antenna.
In Lagoa crispata the antennz of the male are avery
marked feature of the pupa. Unfortunately, I had only
this one pupa, and so failed to obtain eggs. ‘The cocoon
is very like the others except in one very important point,
it has a practicable lid.
In Zygena the egg is of an ovoid form, with a delicate
colourless and apparently structureless shell. ‘The con-
tents divide into two portions—a yellow at one end, and
a nearly colourless at the other, and till one is familar
with them one is persuaded they are addled at least.
The pupa (I have examined filipendulx, lonicere,
trifolui, eeulans) is very different from that of Limacodes
in form and colour, but in the most essential points the
number of free segments, the looseness of attachment of
the appendages, and in the dehiscense, it is practically
identical. The maxillary palpus is nearly or quite obso-
lete, and in some other points the appendage-cases have
a structure differing from Limacodes. The dorsal head-
cover is still well-developed.
I may note that Syntomis, placed in Zygenidex or left
close by in Syntomidx, not only has, as has been often
remarked, a very Arctioid larva, but, as is demonstrated
by the pupa, is really an Arctia, with no affinities what-
ever with Zygxna. The ovum is also an Arctia ovum,
not indeed very far from Caja, but differing from Zygena
toto ccelo,
I am indebted to Dr. W. G. Clements for the privilege
of examining a cocoon and pupa of Huchromia fulvida,
a species also credited with Aygenid affinities. The
pupa in no way resembles Zygena, but though very
delicate and transparent, affords no characters that I can
certainly seize to separate it, much more than generically,
from Lubricipeda.
It presented a curious Arctioid peculiarity, viz., the
adherence of the cocoon to the pupa. Caja cocoon, for
350 Dr. 'T. A. Chapman’s notes on Micro-Lepidoptera.
example, can hardly be touched without the cocoon
adhering to the pupa, as if they had been wetted.
These two instances seem as sufficient as a thousand,
to illustrate that Zygena has been placed among Arctiid
families, on the strength of some analogies of the
imagines, which cannot be homologies, as they do not
affect the earlier stages.
ExpLanation oF Pirates VI. & VII.
PLATE VI.
Larva of Eriocephala calthella.
Fic. 1. Larva first skin, slightly grown, dorsal view, x 100 diam.
2. Larva first skin, newly hatched, dorsal view, X 50 diam.
3. 5 55 lateral view, X 50 diam.
4, Antenna, X 600 diam.
5. Abdominal leg, x 900 diam.
6. S200 scram:
Carel Ball appendages, X about 900 diam.
PLATE VII.
Eriocephala calthella.
Fic. 9. Ball appendage and rosetted structure of skin, half-grown
larva, X about 300 diam.
10. Thoracic leg, X about 200 diam.
11, Abdominal leg of larva, two-thirds grown, X about 300 diam.
12. Ova in moss, X 30 diam., the upper ovum near hatching.
13. Form of sucker, ventral aspect of 13th and 14th segments.
Larva of Limacodes testudo.
Fic. 14. Newly-hatched larva, dorsal view, before emergence of
spines, X 100 diam.
15. » lateral view, xX 100 diam.
16,27, 18: Stages i in emergence of spines, x 100 diam.
19. Terminal portion of spine, X 150 diam.
20. Thoracic leg, X 150 diam.
Fig. 1 from drawing by Mr. A. Hammond, F.L.S., from a living
larva.
Figs, 2 and 3 from drawings by Mr. H. Knight, from living larva.
Figs. 5, 8, 9, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20 from drawings by Mr. E. Wilson,
from preserved specimens.
The others from my sketches.
( 351
XI. On the Tenebrionide collected in Australia and
Tasmania by Mr. James J. Walker, R.N., F.L.S.,
during the voyage of H.M.S. “Penguin,” with
descriptions of new genera and species. By GeorcE
C. Cuampion, F.Z.S.
[Read Feb. 28th, 1894. ]
Puatse VIII.
Ir is proposed in this paper, which is in continuation of
one contributed by Mr. Gahan on the Longicornia (Trans.
Ent. Soc. Lond. 1893, pp. 165—197), to give a list of
the Tenebrionide collected in Australia and Tasmania by
Mr. J. J. Walker in the years 1890—1, during the
voyage of H.M. Surveying-Ship “ Penguin,” reserving
for the present the Cistelide, Melandryidze, Anthicide,
and the remaining families of the Heteromerous series,
and also the Tenebrionidz subsequently obtained by him
in other places. The material examined has been for-
warded by Mr. Walker partly to myself and partly to
the British Museum, but the whole of the specimens
collected have been examined. Some few species are
represented in the Museum-set only (mostly single
examples), and these are specially noted below. Five
new genera and thirty-three new species are described
out of a total of 110 species. All the new genera and
thirteen of the new species are from Tasmania, the
remaining species being from North-west or West
Australia. Three genera have not hitherto been recorded
from the Australian continent, viz., Crypticus, Corticeus,
and Palorus. Lyphia (= Lindia, Blackb.) is new to the
Tasmanian fauna. Judging from the collection made by
Mr. Walker, there is still much to be done in Tasmania,
not only in the Tenebrionide, but in the other families
of the Coleoptera. I am indebted to the Rev. T.
Blackburn for a good deal of assistance in the pre-
paration of this paper, for the purposes of which I have
carefully studied the collections of Pascoe and F. Bates—
both very rich in Australian species, and containing a
large number of Australian types,—and also the Hope
Collection at Oxford.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1894.—ParT 1. (JUNE.)
302 Mr. G. C. Champion on the Tenebrionide
CoruLADES.
Cotulades, Pascoe, Journ. Ent., 1., p. 119 (1860).
Cotulades fascicularis.
Cotulades fascicularis, Pascoe, Journ. Ent., i., p. 119,
t. 7, fig. 5.
Hab. 'Tasmania—Hobart.
This insect is closely allied to C. (Tagenia) leucospila,
Hope, the type of which I have examined, but differs
from it in having the punctures of the elytral series finer
and more closely placed, the thorax depressed in the
middle, etc. Under bark (Walker).
Docatis.
Docalis, Pascoe, Journ. Ent., 1., p. 121 (1860).
Docalis funerosus.
Tagenia funerosa, Hope, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1845,
po Lom
Docalis exoletus, Pascoe, Journ. Ent., i., p. 121, t. 8,
fig. 7 (1860).
Docalis degener, Pascoe, loc. cit., p. 122.
Hab. Tasmania—New Norfolk, Launceston, Franklin,
Hobart.
Found in plenty by Mr. Walker, under loose bark of
Eucalyptus. Fresh specimens have numerous fascicles
of white or brownish-white scales on the elytra, these
not being apparent in worn or dirty examples. The
insect varies greatly in size. I have examined the type
of Tagenia funerosa, Hope (which is completely abraded),
and also that of D. ewxoletus, Pascoe. D. degener is,
apparently, missing from the Pascoe collection. In the
Catalogue of Gemminger and Harold, and also in that
of Masters, 7’. funerosa, Hope, is incorrectly placed
under Cotulades.
ELAScUs.
Elascus, Pascoe, Journ. Ent., i., p. 119 (1860).
The species of this genus have wholly the facies of
collected in Australia and Tasmania. 353
certain Colydiide, i.c., of Corticus and Sarrotriwm.
They are found under bark of felled Hucalyptus trees.
Elascus crassicornis.
Elascus crassicornis, Pascoe, Journ. Ent., i., p. 120,
be 7 okt onde
Hab. 'Tasmania—New Norfolk.
Elascus lunatus.
Hlascus lunatus, Pascoe, loc. cit., t. 7, fig. 8.
Hab. Tasmania—lLaunceston and Hobart.
Three specimens, agreeing with the type in the Pascoe
Collection.
EDYLIus, n. gen.
Mentum strongly transverse, trapezoidal, carinate down the
middle; mandibles bifid at the tip; last joint of the maxillary
palpi oblong-ovate, that of the labial pair similarly shaped ;
maxilla with the inner and outer lobes coarsely ciliated ; labrum
moderately prominent, emarginate in front ; head large and broad,
deeply sunk into the prothorax, arcuate-emarginate in front, the
antennary orbits rather broadly expanded, parallel behind, and
extending outwardly nearly as far as the eyes, the latter small,
strongly transverse, and almost entire, the epistoma not clearly
defined ; antenne not reaching the base of the prothorax, joint 3
twice as long as 2, shorter than 4, 4 and 5 equal, 6 a little shorter
and broader, 7—11 widened, 7 as broad as long, 8—10 strongly
transverse ; prothorax large, transverse, convex, broadly, horizon-
tally explanate at the sides, with very prominent angles, the
anterior ones subangularly produced in front, and nearly meeting the
antennary orbits, the base feebly bisinuate ; scutellum transversely
triangular, moderately large ; elytra about twice as long, and of
about the same width, as the prothorax, connate, broad oval, rounded
at the sides in front, acutely margined, the humeri obtuse, declivous,
not meeting the hind angles of the prothorax ; prosternum convex,
rather broad, declivous behind, margined on either side between
the coxz; middle coxai cavities widely open externally, the
trochantin large; hind coxe widely separated, the intercoxal
process broadly rounded at the apex ; epipleurz entire, broad at
the base, gradually narrowing to the apex ; third and fourth ventral
segments with coriaceous hind margin ; legs elongate ; anterior
tibize flattened and dilated, strongly produced at their outer apical
304 Mr. G. C. Champion on the Tenebrionide
angle ; intermediate and hind tibie slender, asperate, setose, the
hind pair slightly bowed inwards in both sexes; tarsi sparsely
clothed with long bristly hairs beneath, the two hinder pairs rather
elongate, the first joint of the hind pair nearly as long as 3 and 4
united, the anterior pair with the basal joints a little stouter and
furnished with a brush of Jong silky hairs beneath in the male ;
body oblong-oval, rather broad, apterous, sparsely clothed with long,
appressed, silky hairs, the prothorax and elytra sparsely ciliate at
the sides.
This genus is proposed for a single species which
appears to be not uncommon in Tasmania. It belongs
to the “ Pedinides” of Lacordaire. H. canescens has
much the facies of a small Asda.
Hdylius canescens, n. sp. (Plate VIII, figs. 5, 5a, b, ¢.)
Oblong-oval, rather broad, convex, ferruginous or obscure fer-
ruginous, slightly shining ; above and beneath sparsely clothed
with long, appressed, whitish, silky hairs, the pubescence denser at
the sides of the prothorax and on the elytra, and on the pro- and
epipleuree forming ciliz, the four hinder tibiz also with long hairs
on their inner face. Head densely, rather coarsely punctate ; pro-
thorax strongly transverse, much broader at the base than at the
apex, the sides parallel behind, arcuately converging from about
the basal third, the apex (viewed from above) very broadly trun-
cate-emarginate, the base feebly bisinuate, the hind angles obtusely
rectangular and very prominent, the anterior angles strongly pro-
duced in front, the surface densely, moderately finely punctate, the
punctures more scattered on the middle of the disc ; elytra con-
fusedly punctured throughout, the punctures more diffuse, and
much finer and shallower than those on the prothorax ; beneath
shining, closely and rather coarsely punctate. Length 74—8},
breadth 4—42 mm. (g @).
Hab. Tasmania—Hobart.
Many specimens, found buried in the sand at roots of
maritime plants, a few feet above high-water mark.
CESTRINUS.
Isopteron, Hope, Col. Man., iii., p. 112 (1840).
Cestrinus, Erichson, in Wiegmann’s Archiv, 1842, i.,
Dey kile:
Mitua, Hope, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., v., p. 56.
collected in Australia and Tasmania. 350
I have examined the type of Isopteron opatroides,
Hope, aud it is inseparable from Cestrinus, Hr. Opatrum
piceitarse, Hope, also belongs to the same genus. His
definition, “ Tibiee anteriores dentate,” is incorrect and
misleading : it, perhaps, refers to the subangular dilata-
tion of the anterior tibise beneath—a male character of
some of the members of the genus. As Hope did not
describe his typical species of Isopteron till 1842 (and
then under a different name to the one mentioned in the
“ Manual”), it is not advisable to change Hrichson’s
name. This genus really belongs to the group
“‘ Pedinides,” and it should be placed near Blapstinus.
Cestrinus trivialis.
Cestrinus trivialis, Hr., loc. cit., p. 173; Lacord. Gen.
Col., Atlas, t. 53, fig. 6.
Cestrinus longus, Blanch., in Dumont d’Urville’s
Voyage au Pole Sud, iv., Ins., p. 156, t. 40, fig. 14.
Hab. Tasmania—Hobart, Launceston, George’s Bay.
Originally described from Tasmania. The male has
the anterior tibiee abruptly widened on the inner side
from about the middle to the apex, and the basal joints
of the anterior tarsi a little thickened. Jsopteron
opatroides, Hope, is closely allied to this imsect, but
differs from it in having ferruginous antenne and the
elytral interstices granular. Opatrum piceitarse, Hope,
is also very near C. trivialis, but it has the sides of the
thorax less sinuous behind.
Cestrinus aversus.
Cestrinus aversus, Pasc., Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (4),
li., p. 278
Cestrinus posticus, Pasc., loc. cit.
Hab. Tasmania—Hobart.
Numerous specimens; some with fully-developed,
others with rudimentary wings. The anterior tibiz are
simple in the male. ‘This and the preceding species
occurred under stones not far from the sea-shore
(Walker).
356 Mr. G. C. Champion on the Tenebrionide
Cestrinus punctatissimus.
Cestrinus punctatissimus, Pasc., Ann. and Mam Nat.
Hist. (4), iii., p. 278.
Hab. 'Tasmania—Hobart.
One example.
Cestrinus brevis, sp. n.
?. Oblong ovate, moderately convex, opaque, pitchy-black ; the
upper surface thickly clothed with rather coarse appressed brown
hairs, amongst which are scattered. yellowish-cinereous hairs ; the
antenne ferruginous ; the legs fusco-ferruginous, the tarsi ferru-
ginous. Head short, deeply sunk into the prothorax, densely,
rugosely punctured, the antennary orbits extending about half-
way across the eyes ; the epistoma short and limited behind by a
deep transverse groove, feebly arcuate-emarginate in front ; an-
tenn about reaching the base of the prothorax ; prothorax trans-
verse, arcuate-emarginate in front, truncate at the base, widest at
the middle, the sides obliquely converging thence to the apex, and
sinuously converging behind, the hind angles rectangular, the
anterior angles sharp and prominent, the surface coarsely, rugosely
punctured, the interstices very densely, minutely punctate ; elytra
a little wider than, and about two-and-a-half times the length of, the
prothorax, with rows of rather fine, deep, subapproximate punctures
placed in shallow grooves, the interstices feebly raised, very densely
minutely punctured, and with fine scattered granules; anterior
tibize slightly curved inwards, rather slender, the outer apical angle
obtuse ; anterior tarsi simple. . Length 64, breadth 22 mm.
Hab. W. Australia—Fremantle and Darlington.
Two specimens, apparently both females. Less elon-
gate than C. trivialis, Hr.; the head much shorter, the
epistoma especially ; the thorax more transverse, and more
narrowed in front and behind; the seriate punctures on >
the elytra less coarse, the interstices more sparsely and
more finely granulated; the pubescence of the upper
surface not unicolorous. C. brevis is less elongate than
any of the other species of the genus known to me. I
have received a specimen of a closely-allied undescribed
form from the Rey. T. Blackburn.
collected in Australia and Tasmania. Soir
Cxmvivs.
Cxdius, Lacordaire, Gen. Col., v., p. 261 (1859), (nec
Blanchard).
(?) Plesioderes, Mulsant et Rey, Mém. Acad. Lyon, x.,
p. 34 (1860).
Blanchard (Hist. des Ins., ii., p. 13) gives as characters
for Cedius :—“ Antenne with the last five joints broad
and compressed ; tibiz slightly widened, not crenulated ;
body oval.” It is clear, therefore, that he had some
other genus in view. lLacordaire’s description was
taken trom Opatrum spheroides, Hope. Plesioderes is
probably distinct from Czdius, Lac.
Cedius sphxroides.
Opatrum spheroides, Hope, Proc. Hnt. Soc. Lond.,
1842, p. 77; Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1845, p. 107.
Oxdius sphxroides, Lacord., Gen. Col., v., p. 262.
Hab. W. Australia—Fremantle, Condillac I., Trough-
ton I., Jones I.
In the typical examples (2) of Opatrum sphzxroides,
Hope, in the Oxford Museum, the elytra each appear, at
first sight, to have two rows of prominent rounded
elevations, the inner one extending on to the base of the
thorax : these elevations, however, are partly formed by
dense fascicles of scaly hairs, and are not always distinct.
Found rather commonly under stones, near the sea-shore
(Walker).
Psrupoc2D1vs.
Pseudocedius, Blackburn, Trans. R. Soc. S. Austr.,
Ml. gip. 9 (1890).
Pseudocedius squamosus.
Pseudocedius squamosus, Blackb., loc. cit.
Hab. N.W. Australia—Roebuck Bay.
Found in plenty by Mr. Walker, at roots of grass on
the sea-shore. Mr. Blackburn’s specimens were obtained
from the same locality.
358 Mr. G. C. Champion on the Tenebrionidx
CDIOMORPHA.
Cxdiomorpha, Blackburn, Trans. R. Soc. S. Austr ,
X., p. 272 (1888).
Czxdiomorpha australis.
Cediomorpha australis, Blackb., loc. cit.
Hab. W. Australia—H. Wallaby I. in the Houtman’ S
Abrolhos Group, Fremantle, and Cape Leeuwin.
Many specimens, found by Mr. Walker on sandy sea-
shores, at roots of bent grass. This species is said to
be widely distributed in South Australia.
Prronotvs.
Prionotus, Mulsant et Rey, Mém. Acad. Lyon, ix.,
p- 150 (1859).
Achora, Pascoe, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (4), iii.,
p. 279 (1869).
Prionotus serricollis.
Asida serricollis, Hope, Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1842,
p. 77; Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1845, p. 108.
Opatrum denticolle, Blanch., in Dumont d’Urville’s
Voyage au Pole Sud, iv., Ins., p. 154, t. 10,
fig. 13 (1853).
Prionotus denticollis, Muls. et Rey, Mém. Acad. Lyon,
Xp. Lol,
Hab. Tasmania—Hobart and Launceston.
I have examined the type of Asida serricollis, Hope,
from Adelaide; it does not differ from the Tasmanian
insect. ‘The lateral thoracic teeth are almost or quite
obsolete in some specimens. Under stones and logs
in dry places, common (Walker).
OPATRUM.
Opatrum, Fabricius, Syst. Ent., p. 76 (1775) (part.).
This genus is apparently well-represented in the
northern parts of Australia, whence very few species,
however, have been described as yet. Of the five species
received from Mr. Walker from that continent, four are
apparently new. Opatrwm seems to be replaced in
Tasmania by the genus Cestrinus. It may be noted here
that the descriptions of Opatrum seriatum and O. aus-
trale, Boisd., are perfectly unintelligible.
collected in Australia and Tasmania. 359
Opatrum villigerum.
Opatrum villiger, Blanch., in Dumont d’Urville’s
Voyage au Pole Sud, iv., Ins. p. 154, t. 10,
fies £0;
Hab. S. Australia—Port Adelaide.
Two examples, perhaps belonging to this species, the
original specimens of which were obtained at Raffles
Bay.
Opatrum torridum, n. sp.
Rather elongate, subparallel, moderately convex, black, opaque,
sparsely pubescent, and usually thickly covered with an adherent
earthy coating. Head broad, thickly punctured, the epistoma very
deeply emarginate, the sides of the front broadly, obliquely, sub-
angularly dilated, and extending more than half way across the eyes,
the latter rather large ; antenne almost extending to the base of the
prothorax, the penultimate joints transverse ; prothorax strongly
transverse, not very convex, moderately explanate at the sides,
broadly and deeply emarginate in front, strongly bisinuate at the
base, which is also feebly emarginate in the middle, the sides
moderately rounded, obliquely converging in front, and slightly
sinuous behind, the anterior angles sharp and prominent, the hind
angles sharply rectangular, the surface thickly and finely punc-
tured, the interspaces densely, very minutely punctate and also
finely granulate ; elytra about four times as long as the prothorax,
and a little wider than it, subparallel in their basal half, and with
subrectangular somewhat prominent humeri, moderately deeply,
rather finely punctate-striate, the interstices almost flat, densely,
very minutely punctured and also finely granulate ; anterior tibize
gradually widening outwardly, their outer apical angle sharp ;
anterior tarsi sparsely clothed with rather coarse hairs beneath ;
body fully winged. Length 8i—83, breadth 3}—4 mm.
Hab. N.W. Australia—Adelaide River.
Two examples, apparently male and female. This
species (of which I have also received a specimen from
the Kev. T’. Blackburn) closely resembles some of the
common Kuropean forms, such as O. (Gonocephalum)
rusticum, Oliv. As is frequently the case in this genus,
the sculpture is almost completely hidden by an adherent
earthy coating; when this is removed, the minute
punctuation and the granular elevations of the inter-
stices of the elytra are easily seen.
360 Mr, G, C. Champion on the Tenebrionide:
Opatrum walkeri, n. sp.
Moderately broad, subparallel, not very convex, black or brown-
ish-black, opaque, clothed with a short, fine, decumbent, greyish
pubescence, which is usually hidden by an adherent earthy coating.
Head rather broad, deeply sunk into the prothorax, the sides of the
front broadly, obliquely, subangularly dilated (forming almost a
continuous outline with the sides of the prothorax) and extending
far beyond the eyes laterally, and about half-way across them
posteriorly, the epistoma deeply triangularly emarginate in front
and limited behind by a fine groove, the surface densely, roughly
punctured ; antenne short, not reaching the base of the prothorax,
joints 8-10 strongly transverse ; prothorax twice as broad as long,
feebly convex, broadly explanate at the sides, widest at the middle,
broadly and deeply emarginate in front and bisinuate at the base,
the sides strongly rounded at the middle, rather obliquely converg-
ing in front, and constricted behind, the hind angles acute, the
anterior angles rather sharp, the surface densely, rugosely punc-
tured, the interspaces finely granulate and very minutely punctate,
the disc with traces of a fine median groove ; elytra about three
and a half times the length of, and at the base a little wider than,
the prothorax, subparallel in their basal half, trisinuate at the
base, with prominent rectangular humeri, closely and moderately
coarsely punctate-striate, the interstices densely, very minutely
punctate, granulate, and rather convex, the third, fifth, and
seventh a little more raised than the others ; the legs and under
surface densely, roughly punctate and pubescent ; anterior tibiz
gradually widened to the acute outer angles; anterior tarsi
sparsely clothed with rather coarse hairs beneath; wings fully
developed ; the ventral segments 1-3 depressed along the middle in
the male. Length 73—91, breadth 33—43 mm.
Hab. N. W. Australia—Adelaide River.
Found in plenty by Mr. Walker. This species may
chiefly be recognized by the explanate rounded margins
of the prothorax and the rather convex elytral interstices,
the third, fifth, and seventh a little more raised than the
others. In dirty specimens the minute dense punctu-
ation of the surface is completely hidden, and the granu-
lations are more distinct. O. walkeri is closely allied to
O. moluccanum, Blanch., numerous specimens of which
were obtained by Mr. Walker at the Islands of Amboyna
and Damma.
collected in Australia and Tasmania. 361
Opatrum dispersum, n. sp.’
Moderately elongate, subparallel, not very convex, rather
narrow, pitchy-brown, opaque, somewhat sparsely clothed with
moderately long, appressed yellowish-cinereous hairs, which on
the elytra form a very irregular treble series on each of the
interstices. Head somewhat exserted, densely punctured, the
epistoma very deeply emarginate and confounded with the front,
the eyes rather large and completely divided, the orbits narrow
and rounded off behind ; antennez scarcely reaching the base of
the prothorax, joints 8—10 transverse ; prothorax convex, twice as
broad as long, rather feebly arcuate-emarginate in front (sub-
truncate if viewed from above), strongly bisinuate at the base,
moderately rounded at the sides, widest a little before the base,
the hind angles subrectangular, the anterior angles rather obtuse,
the surface densely, rather finely punctured ; elytra about four
times the length of, and scarcely wider than, the prothorax,
subparallel in their basal half, finely and lightly punctate-striate,
the interstices almost flat, finely and closely punctured, the
punctures slightly muricate ; tarsi thickly clothed with long silky
hairs beneath, the anterior pair simple; anterior tibie slender,
gradually widening outwardly, the outer apical angle sharp.
Length 64—7, breadth 2?—3 mm.
Hab. N. W. Australia-—Port Darwin.
Two examples, apparently including both sexes; three
others have also been sent to me by Mr. Walker from
Damma Island. This insect is perhaps generically
distinct from Opatrum, the tarsi being clothed with
silky hairs beneath; but in the present imperfect state
of our knowledge of the somewhat numerous Australian
species of this group, it is inadvisable to separate it.
The punctures of the striz are fine and very closely
placed, not coarser than those of the interstices. It is
not impossible that this insect may be referable to O.
seriatum, Boisd., from Radack ; the description of that
species, however, is wholly inadequate, consisting of
seven words only.
Opatrum vagabundum, n. sp.
Moderately elongate, rather narrow, convex, subparallel, black
or brownish black, opaque, sparsely clothed with short brownish
hairs, which are subserially arranged on the elytral interstices.
Head somewhat exserted, densely, rather coarsely punctured, the
epistoma very deeply triangularly emarginate and confounded
TRANS. ENT. 80C. LOND. 1894.—ParT 0. (JUNE) 2a
362 Mr. G. C. Champion on the Tenebrionidex
with the front, the eyes small and completely divided, the orbits
moderately broad and rounded off behind ; antennz extending to
the base of the prothorax, joints 9 and 10 transverse ; prothorax
convex, nearly twice as broad as long, rather deeply emarginate in
front, strongly bisinuate at the base, moderately rounded at the
sides, widest a little before the base, the hind angles subrect-
angular, the anterior angles rather sharp, the surface densely,
somewhat coarsely punctate ; elytra about three and a half times
the length of, and of the same width as, the prothorax, parallel in
their basal half, finely and rather deeply punctate-striate, the
interstices slightly convex, flat toward the suture, sparsely gran-
ulate, and feebly transversely wrinkled , tarsi sparsely clothed
with rather coarse hairs beneath ; anterior tibiz slender, gradually
widening outwardly, the outer apical angle sharp. Length 64—63,
breadth 2?—3 mm.
Hab. N. W. Australia—Baudin Island and Roebuck
Bay.
Two specimens. LHasily separable from O. dispersum,
which also has completely divided eyes, by the distinctly
granulate, rather convex elytrai interstices, and the more
convex, more coarsely punctured thorax, which is more
deeply emarginate in front, the broader antennary orbits,
and the shorter pubescence.
CryPpticus.
Orypticus, Latreille, Régne Anim., ed. 1, i1., p. 298
(1817).
Crypticus submaculatus, n. sp.
Elliptic, narrow, moderately convex, glabrous, piceous or obscure
ferruginous, slightly shining, the elytra each with one or two faint
oblong spots on the disc at about one-third from the apex, the sides
anteriorly, and in one specimen the apex also, rufous or rufo-
testaceous, the legs and antenne rufo-testaceous. Head very densely,
minutely punctate; antenne short, about reaching the base of the
prothorax, joints 6—11 strongly transverse ; prothorax strongly
transverse, the base feebly truncate-emarginate and with oblong,
distinct fovez, the sides rounded and converging from the base, the
entire surface densely, minutely punctate ; elytra about two and
one-third times longer than the prothorax, and at the sides forming
a continuous outline with it, finely and rather deeply punctate-
striate, the interstices almost flat, and closely, minutely punctate ;
prosternum produced, lanciform, and received by the narrow
S
[os]
collected in Australia and Tasmania.
v -shaped process of the mesosternum; legs moderately long,
slender, the tibial spurs long; the first joint of the hind tarsi
elongate, nearly as long as the other joints united. Length 21—
23 mm.
Hab. N. W. Australia—Roebuck Bay.
Two examples, found on the sandy sea-shore. This
minute species possesses all the chief characters of
Crypticus. In one specimen the markings on the elytra
are scarcely visible. ‘he genus has not hitherto been
recorded from Australia.
Hyocis.
Hyocis, Pascoe, Journ. Ent., u., p. 457 (1866).
The species of this genus live at the roots of maritime
plants on sandy sea-beaches, according to Mr. Walker.
Hyocis bakewelli.
Hyocis bakewellii, Pasc., Journ. Ent. i., p. 457.
Hab. W. Australia—Fremantle, Albany, EH. Wallaby
J. in the Houtmann’s Abrolhos Group.
Sent in plenty from both localities. Mr. Pascoe’s
description was taken from a single specimen, and he
gives the colour as “ dark ferruginous.”’ In most of the
Fremantle specimens the elytra have a common, ir-
regular, O- or U-shaped mark a little beyond the middle,
and some spots before and behind it, black. Those from
H. Wallaby I. are testaceous, the elytra usually with some
small black spots.* The locality given by Mr. Pascoe is
Victoria. ‘Two other species of the genus have been
described by Macleay.
Hyocis subparallela, n. sp.
Oblong-oval, moderately convex, opaque; piceous or pitchy
brown, sometimes with the sides of the head, the sides, base, and
apex of the prothorax, and some ill-defined patches on the elytra,
ferruginous ; the upper surface thickly clothed with yellowish-
cinereous appressed scaly hairs ; the antennze and legs ferruginous,
the apical joints of the antennz more or less piceous. Head densely,
rugosely punctured ; antennz short, not Sees the base of the
* Specimens similar to fee are labelled in Pascoe’s ese don
HT, punctipennis, Pasc. ; but I am unable to find any published
description of this insect,
564 Mr. G. C. Champion on the Tenebrionidx
prothorax, joints 8—11 much wider than those preceding, 9 and 10
strongly transverse ; prothorax strongly transverse, widest before
the middle, the sides moderately rounded and gradually converging
to the rather obtuse hind angles, the anterior angles somewhat
prominent, the base feebly sinuate on either side, the disc rather
convex and witha shallow median groove which becomes deeper
behind, the entire surface densely, rugulosely punctured ; elytra
three times as long as the prothorax, subparallel to about the
middle, deeply punctate-striate (the punctures moderately coarse,
approximate, and transverse), the interstices narrow (not wider than
the striz), slightly raised, and thickly, finely punctate, the humeri
subrectangular ; beneath densely, rugulosely punctured, the punc-
tures on the abdomen finer than those on the metasternum, Length
3—3 mm,
Hab. W. Australia—Fremantle.
Six examples. Longer and more parallel than ZH,
bakewelli, Pasc., the thorax not sinuate at the sides be-
hind, the ser iate punctures on the elytra finer and closer,
the antennee much shorter, with the ninth and tenth
joints strongly transverse. In Pascoe’s collection there
is a much more closely-allied form, labelled H. griseipilis,
Pasc., type, but I am unable to find the description
of it.
[ PHYCOSECIS.
Phycosecis, Pascoe, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (4), xvi.,
p. 213 (1875).
This genus, of which four species were described by
Pascoe (two from Australia and two from New Zealand),
has five-jointed hind tarsi, the basal joint of all the tarsi
being small and not easily seen. It cannot, therefore,
be retained in the Heteromera. Pascoe refers it to the
“ Phaleriides ” without hesitation, and does not even
mention the form of the tarsi. Phycosecis should perhaps
be placed in the Clavicorn-series, near ‘lrogositida or
Cucujidee.
Phycosecis litoralis.
Phycosecis litoralis, Pascoe, loc, cit., p. 214, nota.
Hab. W. Australia—Fremantle.
Described from King George’s Sound. In sand, under
tidal refuse (Walker). |
collected in Australia and Tasmania. 365
TRACHYSCELIS.
Trachyscelis, Latreille, Gen. Crust. et Ins., iv., p. 379
(1809).
Trachyscelis ciliaris.
Trachyscelis ciliaris, Champ., Ent. Monthly Mag., xxix.,
p. 204.
Hab. W. Australia—E. Wallaby I.in the Houtmann’s
Abrolhos Group, Fremantle, and Cape Leeuwin. Many
specimens.
Trachyscelis levis.
Trachyscelis levis, Champ., loc. cit.
Hab. W. Australia—Port Darwin, Cape Leeuwin,
KE. Wallaby I., Cassini I., Baudin I., and Adeéle I.
Found in plenty at Baudin and Adéle Islands, more
sparingly elsewhere.
ScYMENA.
Scymena, Pascoe, Journ. Hnt., u., p. 455 (1866).
The Rev. T. Blackburn remarks (Trans. R. Soc. 8.
Austr., x., p. 270), that this genus (as represented by his
S. australis) belongs to the “ Pedinides,” according to
Lacordaire’s system; nevertheless, it seems to me, as
stated by Mr. Pascoe, to be nearest allied to Phaleria,
which Lacordaire places, with some hesitation, in the
“ Trachyscelides.”
Scymena amphibia.
Scymena amphibia, Pascoe, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.
(4), v., p. 94.
Scymena australis, Blackb., Trans. R. Soc. S. Austr.,
Mey pearus! |.
Hab. W. Australia—Albany.
Mr. Pascoe’s specimens of 9. amphibia, which I have
examined, were collected by Mr. Masters at King George’s
Sound. Under tidal refuse on sandy beaches, common
(Walker).
366 Mr. G. C. Champion on the Tenebrionide
HETEROCHEIRA.
ileterocheira, Lacordaire, Gen. Col., v., p. 335, nota
(1859); F. Bates, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1872,
p. 266.
Heterocheira australis,
Uloma australis, Boisd., Voyage del’Astrolabe, Ent. 11.,
p- 258 (1835).
Heterocheira australis, Lacord., Gen. Col., v., p. 336,
nota; F. Bates, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 266.
Var.: Smaller, duller, and less elongate, the prothorax and
elytra not so finely punctured, the strize deeper and more coarsely
punctate, the interstices towards the sides and apex convex ;
anterior tarsi with the second and third joints considerably widened
in the male. Length 5—6 mm.
Hab. N.W. Australia—Baudin I., Adéle I.
Found in plenty at roots of grass on the sea-shore
(Walker).
DieHYRRHYNCHUS.
Diphyrhynchus, Fairmaire, Rev. et Mag. Zool., 1849,
p. 445; F. Bates, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1872,
p. 267.
Acanthosternus, Montrouzier, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1860,
p- 290.
Mr. F. Bates refers this genus and Heterochetra to the
‘‘Diaperides,” without hesitation. He seems to have
completely overlooked the very close affinity of Diphyr-
rhynchus and Phaleria. Lacordaire’s Groupe “ Phale-
riides”? would probably be better removed altogether
from the ‘‘Trachyscelides,’” and placed as a separate
section between the “ 'Trachyscelides”’ and the “ Diape-
rides.”
Diphyrrhynchus, so far as at present known, has pre-
cisely the same habits as Phaleria, its species being
found on the sea shore. It has the epistoma deeply
emarginate, as in Scymena, and the intermediate joints of
the four front tarsi are similarly dilatate in the male.
Heterocheira resembles the parallel forms of Phaleria
(P. parallela, Woll., etc.), but has the anterior tibiae much
less widened. Mr. F. Bates (op. cit.) states that in both
Diphyrrhynchus and Heterocheira, the first four joints of
the intermediate tarsi are strongly, and those of the
collected in Australia and Tasmania. 367
anterior more broadly, dilated in the male than in the
female: this is not so in any of the species before me,
the second and third joints only being dilated and the
penultimate one small. Diphyrrhynchus chiefly differs
from Phaleria in having a much more prominent tro-
chantin to the middle coxe.
Diphyrrhynchus ellipticus, n. sp. (Plate VIII., fig. 1, ¢.)
Regularly elliptic, convex, pitchy-black with a brassy lustre,
opaque or slightly shining. Head short, deeply sunk into the
prothorax, rather convex, finely and sparsely punctured; the
epistoma very deeply emarginate for the reception of the labrum,
separated from the sides of the front only by a faint (sometimes
quite obsolete) oblique groove ; eyes coarsely granulated, oblique,
small, the lower portion slightly larger than the upper portion, the
antennary orbits as seen from above) extending nearly half-way
across them; antennz fusco-testaceous, short, scarcely reaching the
base of the prothorax, the outer five joints gradually widened,
8-10 transverse, 11 twice as long as 10, rounded at the apex ; pro-
thorax short, at the base about two-and-a-half times as broad as
long, convex, the sides rapidly converging from the base, a little
rounded anteriorly, and sharply but finely margined, the base feebly
trisinuate and with a very shallow triangular fovea on either side,
the anterior angles rather prominent, the hind angles subrectangular,
the apex broadly and somewhat deeply emarginate, the disc very
minutely and sparsely punctured, the lateral portion more distinctly
punctate; scutellum broadly triangular, short, large, minutely
punctate in front ; elytra regularly convex, scarcely wider than the
prothorax at the base and forming almost a continuous outline
with it, very sharply margined.and somewhat rounded at the sides,
obsoletely and minutely punctate-striate, the strize becoming deeper
towards the apex, the interstices very minutely, sparsely punctate,
flat at the base, slightly convex towards the apex, the punctures of
the striz closely placed and very little coarser than those of the
interstices ; beneath piceous or pitchy-brown, shining, sparsely
pubescent, and sparsely, moderately finely punctured ; legs pitchy-
brown or fusco-testaceous ; the tibiz coarsely roughened and setose,
flattened and dilated, the anterior pair very broad ; prosternum
horizontal, widened and produced behind, ovate, the mesosternur
obliquely carinate on either side and excavate in the middle for its
reception. ¢@. Anterior and intermediate tarsi with the second
and third joints broadly dilated. Length 4:—6, breadth 2*—3
mm. (¢ ®.
368 Mr. G. C. Champion on the Terebrionidex
Hab. N. W. Australia—Baudin T., Troughton I., Port
Darwin.
Many specimens. Closely allied to D. ovalis, F. Bates,
from New Caledonia, but more convex, duller, and more
distinctly punctured, the elytra very finely punctate-
striate. The elytra, at first sight, appear to merely have
a series of very shallow, fine, longitudinal grooves, which
become deeper towards the apex, the punctures in them
being very little coarser than those of the interstices.
The punctuation of the head is distinctly coarser than
that of the prothorax and elytra. The Port Darwin
specimens are less opaque and rather narrower than the
others.
Diphyrrhynchus apicalis, n. sp. (Plate VIIL., fig. 4, ¢.)
Oblong-ovate, subparallel, convex, castaneous with a faint brassy
lustre, opaque ; the upper surface very sparsely and exceedingly
minutely punctate, the punctures on the head a little more distinct.
Head short, deeply sunk into the prothorax, rather convex ; the
epistoma very deeply emarginate for the reception of the labrum,
separated from the sides of the front bya very shallow oblique
groove ; eyes coarsely granulated, small, almost hidden beneath
the anterior margin of the prothorax, the antennary orbits not
extending half-way across them; antennz testaceous, very short,
about reaching the middle of the prothorax, thickening outwardly,
joints 7—10 transverse ; prothorax at the base barely twice as broad
as long, the sides parallel behind, rounded and converging
anteriorly, and sharply margined, the base very feebly trisinuate
and witha shallow fovea on either side just within the margin,
a narrow longitudinal space down the middle impunctate ;
elytra at the base not wider than the prothorax, parallel to about
the middle, the sides rounded and converging thence to the apex,
the surface with regular rows of exceedingly minute punctures,
which are scarcely distinguishable from those of the interstices and
on the apical declivity are placed in rather deep striz, the inter-
stices quite flat to about one-fourth from the apex, slightly convex
beyond ; beneath, obscure reddish-testaceous, slightly pubescent,
sparsely, moderately finely punctured ; legs reddish-testaceous ;
the tibie very broadly widened, coarsely roughened and setose,
the inner face of the anterior pair smoother; prosternum hori-
zontal, widened and produced behind, lanciform, the mesoster-
num slightly excavate in the middle for its reception. g¢. Anterior
and intermediate tarsi with the second and third joints moderately
dilated. Length 5 mm. ( 2.)
collected in Australia and Tasmania. 369
Hab. W. Australia— Roebuck Bay.
One example. Hasily distinguishable from D. ellip-
ticus by its subparallel shape, the shorter antennv, the
less transverse thorax, its wider tibiz, and the still more
minute punctuation of the upper surface. The elytral
interstices are perfectly flat to about one-fourth from the
apex and thence to the apex abruptly, moderately, con-
vex; the striz are scarcely visible, except under a
strong lens, though they are sharply defined on the
apical declivity.
CorTICEUS.
Corticeus, Piller et Mitterpacher, Iter per Pos. Sclav.,
p- 87 (1783).
Hypophleus, Fabricius, in Schneider’s Neu Mag. Ent.,
eh Boos 24 CZ O1),,
Corticeus australis, n. sp.
Moderately elongate, subcylindrical, shining, varying in colour
from castaneous to black, the head always paler in front ; the
antenne and legs testaceous or fusco-testaceous. Head closely,
finely punctate; the eyes very large, oblique, coarsely granulated,
separated by a space about equalling the width of one of the eyes
as seen from above; antennz not nearly reaching the base of the
prothorax, joints 5—11 stout, 5—10 very strongly transverse ; pro-
thorax convex, not longer than broad, a little narrowed in front and
behind, the hind angles distinct, the entire surface closely, finely
punctate ; elytra about two and a fourth times longer than the pro-
thorax, and a little less closely punctured than it. Length 2} mm.
Hab. N.W. Australia—Adelaide River.
This minute species is the first of the genus recorded
from Australia. It has unusually large eyes, the inter-
ocular space not wider than the diameter of one of the
eyes as seen from above. Found under the bark of
Hicus sp. Many specimens.
PALORUS.
Palorus, Mulsant, Col. Fr., Latigénes, p. 250 (1854).
This cosmopolitan genus is not included in Masters’s
Catalogue. Its species are sometimes found out of doors,
under bark. Palorus is probably of Hastern origin.
370 Mr. G. C. Champion on the Tenebrionide
Palorus melinus.
Hypophloeus melinus, Herbst, in Fuessly’s Archiv, v.,
p. 3/7, t. 21, figs. B, b (1784).
Hypophloeus depressus, Fabr., in Schneider’s Neu Mag.
Hnt., i:,°1, p. 20.
Ins unicolor, Oliv., Mnt., my No. 18, gp. 22;98..2;
figs. 8 a, b.
Hab. N.W. Australia—Port Darwin, Adelaide River,
Roebuck Bay.
Numerous specimens, found under bark, away from
habitations. ‘These examples are smaller, and have the
head and prothorax more finely punctured than usual in
P. melinus. A cosmopolitan insect, occurring all over the
world; I have similar specimens from such widely-
separated localities as Damma Island (Walker), Marocco,
and Mexico. It is probable that two species are confused
in collections, but I hesitate to separate them at present.
P. delicatulus, Reitter, from the East Indies, the frag-
mentary type of which has been lent me by Mr. René
Oberthtr, is a sherter and broader insect than P. melinus.
A third species, from Damma Island, at present un-
described, has been sent to me by Mr. Walker.
LyYpHIA.
Lyphia, Mulsant, Opusc. Ent., ix; p. 166 (1859) ;
Jacq.-Duval, Gen. Col. Hurop., ii., p. 305.
Lindia, Blackburn, Trans. R. Soc. 8. Austr., x., p. 27
(1888).
Lyphia tasmanica, nu. sp. (Plate VIII, fig. 6.)
Elongate, narrow, subcylindrical, subopaque, obscure ferrugin-
ous, the head and prothorax infuscate. Head densely, finely
punctate ; antenne ferruginous, very short, the apical four joints
abruptly widened and strongly transverse ; prothorax convex, a
little longer than broad, the sides parallel behind and feebly
rounded in front, the hind angles acutely rectangular, the disc
slightly depressed in the middle before the base, the entire surface
very densely, finely punctate, the punctures showing a tendency
to become longitudinally confluent ; elytra nearly two and a half
times as long as, and slightly broader than, the prothorax, densely,
collected in Australia and Tasmania. OWL
very finely, confusedly punctate, here and there very distinctly
transversely wrinkled, and with numerous interrupted darker lines
resembling faint strize ; legs rufo-testaceous. Length 3;—34 mm.
Hab. Tasmania—Hobart.
Two specimens, found under bark. .This insect agrees
with the description (so far as it goes) of Lindia
angusta, Blackb., from Port Lincoln, except as regards
the form of the antenne: as long as the head and thorax
together in LZ. angusta, very little longer than the middle
of the head in J. tasmanica. Narrower and smaller than
the European LF. tetraphylla, Fairm. (= ficicola, Muls.),
the upper surface much more finely punctured. ‘The
elytral punctuation is confused, but in certain positions
indistinct rows of punctures are visible. The dark
lines apparently show through from beneath. The size
of L. angusta is not mentioned by its describer.*
ARRHENOPLITA.
Oplocephala, Laporte et Brullé, Ann. Sciences Nat.,
Xxill., p. 338 (1831) (nomen przeocc.).
Arrhenoplita, Kirby, Faun. Am.-Bor., iv., p. 235.
Hvoplus, Leconte, New Sp. Col., p. 128.
Two species of this widely-distributed genus have
already been described from Australia.
Arrhenoplita pygmea, un. sp.
¢. Oblong, very convex, castaneous or rufo-testaceous, shin-
ing, finely pubescent. Head short, very shining, smooth and
depressed between the eyes, armed on either side above the point
of insertion of the antennz with a very long, erect, nearly straight
horn, the epistoma very short, limited behind by a deep groove ;
the eyes black, large, very coarsely granulated, almost entire ;
antennz short, not nearly reaching the base of the prothorax,
joints 3—6 slender, very short, 7—11 greatly widened and forming
a large 5-jointed club, 7—10 perfoliate, strongly transverse, equal in
width, 11 very short, much narrower than 10 and closely articu-
lated to it ; prothorax tranversely convex, nearly twice as broad as
long, rounded at the sides, densely, finely punctate and with a
smooth central line ; elytra about two and a half times longer than
the prothorax, confusedly punctured, the punctures a little coarser
* The specific name is preoccupied, Hypophleus angustus, Luce.,
from Algeria, being a Lyphia (cf. Bedel, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1887,
pid),
Sie Mr. G. C. Champion ow the Tenebrionidx
and more scattered than those on the prothorax ; legs short, the
tibia slender. 9. Head unarmed, with the interocular space less
shining and somewhat thickly punctured, the transverse groove
behind the epistoma apparently deeper ; the prothorax narrower,
less convex, less rounded at the sides, more parallel behind.
Length 2—2! mm.
Hab. N.W. Australia—Port Darwin, Adelaide River.
Numerous examples. This very small species ap-
proaches the European [phicorynus chrysomeloides, Rossi
(melanophthalmus, Muls.), but it is best placed in
Arrhenoplita. It resembles a Cis. The tenth and
eleventh joints of the antennz are so closely articulated
as to appear subconnate. Found in dry fungus on old
posts in company with A. exilis (Walker).
Arrhenoplita exilis, n. sp.
d. Oblong, very convex, castaneous, shining, glabrous. Head
very shining, smooth and depressed between the eyes, and armed
on either side between them with a long, erect, straight horn, the
epistoma rather large and limited posteriorly by a shallow groove,
the anterior margin sharply, triangularly raised on either side in
front ; the eyes large, coarsely granulated, almost entire ; antenn
nearly reaching the base of the prothorax, joints 3—6 slender, 3
much longer than 4, 4—6 short, 7—11 perfoliate, widened, and form-
ing an elongate gradually widening club, 7—10 transverse, 8—10
strongly so and much wider than 7, 11 twice as Jong as 10, constricted
at the middle, and truncate at the apex; prothorax transversely
convex, nearly twice as broad as long, rounded at the sides, very
finely, densely punctate ; elytra about two and a half times longer
than the prothorax, closely, confusedly, very finely punctured.
?. Head unarmed, densely, minutely punctured, with the trans-
verse groove behind the epistoma deep ; the prothorax less convex
and more parallel. Length 2} mm.
Hab. N. W. Australia—Port Darwin.
One pair. This species resembles A. pygmexa, but it is
a little larger and more finely punctured, and destitute of
pubescence. The antennz are more elongate, and have
their apical joint fully as wide, and twice as long, as the
tenth; in A. pygmexa the apical joint is extremely short
and much narrower than the tenth. At first sight, the
antennee appear to be 12-jointed, the apical joint being
constricted at the middle and shaped like the united
apical two joints in A. pygmea.
collected in Australia and Tasmania. ane
PLATYDEMA.
Platydema, Laporte et Brullé, Ann. Sciences Nat.,
xxi, p. 390 (1831).
Platydema limacoides.
Platydema limacoides, Pasc., Ann. and Mag. Nat.
Hist. (4), i., p. 280.
Hab. Tasmania—New Norfolk, Franklin, and Hobart.
A few specimens, agreeing perfectly with the type.
The locality given by Pascoe is Victoria (?). Under
Eucalyptus bark (Walker).
Platydema tetraspilotum.
Neomida tetraspilota, Hope, Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond.,
1842, p. 78; Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1845, p. 108.
Alphitophagus tasmanus, Mars., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr.,
(a), vu, p. 110.
Platydema pascoei, Macl., Trans. Ent. Soc. N.S.W.,
il., p. 280.
Hab. Tasmania—Hobart, Launceston, New Norfolk,
Franklin.
I have examined Hope’s type in the Oxford Museum.
Common, under bark (Walker).
Platydema bicinctum, n. sp.
Elongate-oval, narrow, very depressed, shining; piceous or
pitchy-brown ; the front of the head, the sides, base, and apex of
the prothorax narrowly, and a broad transverse fascia on the elytra
a little below the base, and another just before the apex, connected
along the suture, reddish-testaceous ; the antenn, legs, and under
surface rufo-testaceous. Head densely, minutely punctate; the
eyes large, coarsely. faceted, oblique, and deeply emarginate ;
antennz about reaching the base of the prothorax, joints 4—11
widened, 5—10 transverse, 11 nearly twice as long as 10; prothorax
convex, about twice as broad as long, widest a little before the base,
not much broader at the base than at the apex, the sides strongly
rounded anteriorly, and sharply margined, the base bisinuate, the
apex (viewed from above) truncate, the hind angles rectangular, the
anterior angles obtuse, the basal fovez oblique and rather deep,
the entire surface densely, finely punctate ; scutellum triangular,
rather large ; elytra nearly four times as long as, and slightly
374 Mr. G. C. Champion on the Tenebrionide
wider than, the prothorax, subparallel to a little beyond the middle,
regularly punctate-striate, the punctures rather fine and very
closely placed, the interstices flat, densely, very finely punctate ;
beneath closely, finely punctate, the metasternum smoother ; pro-
sternum very narrow, parallel, produced behind ; epipleura ex-
tending:to the last ventral suture; legs slender. Length 3;—3},
breadth 14 mm.
Hab. N. W. Australia—Adelaide River.
Seven examples. This species is allied to P. tetras-
pilotum, Hope, but is smaller, flatter, and more
parallel, the thorax rounded at the sides, and distinctly
narrowed behind. This last-mentioned character, com-
bined with its subparallel shape, gives it a different facies
from most of the other representatives of the genus.
P. bicinctwm varies in the extent of the light markings
on the elytra, according to the predominance of the
light or of the dark colour; the anterior fascia does not
reach the base, but it sometimes extends to the lateral
margin. Found under bark of a dead Acacia (Walker).
Platydema deplanatum, n. sp.
Oblong-oval, narrow, very depressed, black, shining, the labrum and
antenne ferruginous, the legs rufo-testaceous. Head closely, finely
punctate, the eyes moderately large, deeply emarginate ; antenne
asin P. bicinctum ; prothorax convex, twice as broad as long, widest a
little behind the middle, not much broader at the base than at the
apex, the sides rounded and rather sharply margined, the base
bisinuate, the apex (viewed from above) subtruncate, the hind
angles rather obtuse, the basal fovez distinct, the surface closely
and somewhat coarsely punctured, the punctures a little more
scattered on the middle of the dise ; elytra about three and a half
times as long as, and slightly wider than, the prothorax, subparallel
in their basal half, rather coarsely punctate-striate, the punctures
closely packed and deep, the interstices almost flat, each with an
irregular row of fine punctures; legs slender. Length 3,
breadth 14 mm.
Hab. N.W. Australia—Adelaide River.
One specimen, found under bark. Allied to P. bicinc-
twm, but less elongate, the punctuation of the upper
surface much coarser, the elytral interstices each with a
single row of punctures only, the thorax more rounded
at the sides behind, and with more obtuse hind angles,
the upper surface shining black.
collected in Australia and Tasmania. SA)
ENNEBEUS.
Ennebeeus, C. O. Waterhouse, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,
1878, p. 228.
Ennebeus, so far as at present known, is confined to
Tasmania and tropical America,* the species from such
widely different regions being exceedingly closely allied.
The species of this genus are found under bark,
according to Mr. Walker.
Ennebeeus ovalis.
Ennebeeus ovalis, C. O. Wat., loc. cit., p. 229.
Hab. Tasmania—Franklin, Huon River.
Originally described from Tasmanian examples.
Finneboeeus australis, n. sp. (Plate VIIL., figs. 2, 2a.)
Oblong-elliptic, pitchy-brown, shining, the legs and antenne
rufo-testaceous ; the entire upper surface very densely, minutely
punctured, and clothed with yellowish-cinereous pruinose pubes-
cence. Antenne rather long and slender, joints 5—8 subequal,
longer than broad, 9—11 forming an elongate club, 9 triangular,
slightly longer than broad, 10 and 11 transverse, 11 very abruptly
truncate at the apex; prothorax strongly transverse, rapidly
narrowing from the base, the latter deeply sinuate on either side
of the middle; elytra more elongate than in #. ovalis, with
numerous scattered coarser punctures, which are partly arranged
in irregular series. Length 44 mm.
Hab. 'Tasmania—Hobart.
Larger and more elongate than EH. ovalis; the an-
tenn longer, and with the ninth joint more elongate ;
the elytra with numerous scattered coarser punctures on
the disc, the punctures showing a tendency to form
strie. One specimen.
EINNEB@OPSIS, n. gen.
Last joint of the maxillary palpi moderately stout, oblong-
ovate, obliquely truncate at the tip ; eyes moderately large, almost
entire, rather coarsely faceted ; epistoma short, separated from the
front by an impressed line ; labrum moderately prominent ; an-
tenn about reaching the base of the prothorax, joint 1 stout, 2
* Cf, Champ. Biol. Centr.-Am., Col. iv., 1, pp. 539, 540 (1893).
376 Mr. G. C. Champion on the Tenebrionidex
short, slender, 3 nearly twice as long as 2, slender, 4 almost as
broad as long, 5—11 perfoliate, very strongly transverse, widening
outwardly, 5 twice as broad as 4, 11 abruptly rounded at the tip ;
prothorax strongly transverse, with broad median lobe at the base,
the base deeply sinuate on either side; scutellum strongly trans-
verse ; elytra closely embracing the base of the prothorax, and at
the sides forming almost a continuous outhne with it ; prosternum
strongly horizontally produced, widened behind the coxe, and
deeply excavate beneath for the reception of the mesosternum, the
latter convexly raised in the middle in front, and obliquely grooved
on either side; epipleure extending to the apex of the elytra,
moderately wide in their basal third, narrower beyond ; middle coxal
cavities widely open externally, the trochantin large and prominent;
hind cox transverse, narrowly separated, the intercoxal process
narrow, triangular; tibis slightly widened and compressed, obliquely
truncate at the apex, subequal, the spurs short ; tarsi slender, thickly
clothed with short silky hairs beneath, the anterior pair feebly
dilated in the male, the first joint of the hind pair a little longer
than the following two joints united; body convex, elliptic,
winged.
This genus is proposed for a single species from
Tasmania. Hnnebeopsis has entirely the facies and sculp-
ture of Hnnebeus, Wat., but differs from it in the per-
foliate, strongly transverse outer joints of the antenne.
The prosternum is similarly shaped in both. Hnnebwopsis
connects Hnnebeus with the more typical genera of
Diaperine.
Ennebeeopsis pruinosus, sp.n. (Plate VIL, figs. 3, 3a.)
Pitchy-black, shining, the entire upper surface very densely,
exceedingly minutely punctate, clothed with fine pruinose pubes-
cence; antenne and legs rufo-testaceous. Prothorax strongly
transverse, the base deeply sinuate on either side of the median
lobe, and with distinct fovez, the sides converging from the base ;
elytra more than three times as long as the prothorax, with in-
distinct rows of coarser punctures on the disc ; beneath varying in
colour from piceous to testaceous, very densely, minutely punctate,
finely pubescent ; fifth ventral segment triangularly emarginate at
the apex, and the anterior tarsi feebly dilated, in the male. Length
3—3} mm. (¢ .)
Hab. Tasmania—Hobart.
Feur examples; found under the loose bark of a
Hucalyptus stump.
collected in Australia and Tasmania. © ate
Dipsaconia.
Dipsaconia, Pascoe, Journ. Ent., i., p. 123 (1860).
Dipsaconia australis.
Eindophleus australis, Hope, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,
1845, p. 108.
Dipsaconia bakewellit, Pascoe, Journ. Ent., i., p. 124,
tity Lio.
Hab. Tasmania—Hobart and Launceston.
In none of the specimens before me are the blackish
markings of the elytra symmetrical. I have examined
the type of Hndophleus australis, Hope, from Adelaide,
and also that of D. bakewelli, Pascoe. D. pyritosa,
Pascoe, is a closely allied form, but has much shorter
hairs on the prothorax and elytra. Under bark of
Eucalyptus (Walker).
ULODEs.
Ulodes, Hrichson, in Wiegmann’s Archiv, 1842, 1],
p. 180.
Ulodes verrucosus.
Ulodes verrucosus, Hr., loc. cit., p. 181, t. 5, figs. 1, a, b.
Endophleus varticornis, Hope, Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond.,
1842, p. 78; Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1845, p. 108.
Hab. Tasmania—Hobart and Launceston.
Many specimens, chiefly found under the dry loose
bark of “sassafras” trees (Atherosperma moschatum).
Erichson’s insect was from Tasmania, that of Hope
from Adelaide.
GANYME.
Ganyme, Pascoe, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (4), ui.,
p-. 32 (1869).
Ganyme sapphira.
Boletophagus sapphira, Newm., Entom., i; p» LOA:
Ganyme sapphira, Pascoe, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.
(4), i, p. 33.
Hab. Tasmania—Hobart.
"TRANS. ENT. soc. LOND. 1894,—PaRT II. (JUNE.) 2B
378 Mr. G. C. Champion on the Tenebrionide
One specimen, differing from the type, which is con-
tained in the National collection, in having the elytral
pubescence almost entirely black, with the exception of
two small patches on each elytron. G. howitti, Pasc.,
is probably only a small variety of the same species with
the pubescence of the prothorax and elytra almost
entirely reddish-ochreous.
CaaNTHUS, n. gen.
Mentum strongly transverse ; last joint of the maxillary palpi
stout, oval, that of the labial pair slender ; mandibles bifid at the
tip ; gula feebly grooved behind the suture ; epistoma truncate in
front ; eyes coarsely granulated, small, entire, projecting laterally
beyond the antennary orbits, the latter not prominent ; antennze
not reaching the base of the prothorax, joints 1 and 2 stout, longer
than broad, 3--9 slender, 3 considerably longer than 4, 4—9 very
short, 7—9 strongly transverse, 10 and 11 forming a very stout club,
10 transverse, 11 about as broad as long, obliquely truncate at the
tip ; prothorax longitudinally convex, strongly compressed towards
the sides, and with the apex broadly produced in the middle over
the head* (partly hiding it when viewed from above), the base
with broad median lobe ; scutellum not visible ; elytra about twice
as long as the prothorax; prosternum very narrow, declivous; hind
coxee widely separated, the intercoxal process broad, truncate in
front ; epipleurze broad at the base, gradually narrowing to the
apex; ventral sutures deep; legs short, without distinct tibial
spurs, the tibiz convex on their outer edge ; tarsi simple, clothed
with silky hairs beneath ; the basal joint of the hind tarsi scarcely
equalling joints 2 and 3 united, the three together not longer than
4; body elongate, convex, thickly covered with brownish scales,
the upper surface with coarse scattered granular elevations,
This genus is proposed for a minute insect from
Tasmania. ‘The general shape is suggestive of that of
the American genus Calymmus, of the Bolitophagides, in
which group it must be placed. The stout 2-jointed club
of the antenna, the gibbous, anteriorly produced, com-
pressed thorax, and the very small, unemarginate eyes
are its chief characters.
Caanthus gibbicollis, sp. n. (Plate VIIL, figs. 7, 7a, b.)
Elongate-oval, narrow, moderately convex, pitchy-black, the head
ferruginons in front; densely covered with brownish scales, the pro-
* Our artist has omitted to show this in the figure.
collected in Australia and Tasmania. 379
thorax and elytra with numerous coarse, granular elevations, those
on the elytra serially arranged, these elevations bearing long, erect,
fine bristly hairs ; antenne and legs rufo-testaceous. Prothorax in
the middle about as long as broad, the sides rounded and coarsely
crenate, the anterior angles produced and prominent, the base
rather deeply sinuate on either side of the broad median lobe, the
hind angles obtuse, the broad anterior prolongation truncate in
front (when viewed from above) and extending forwards nearly
as far as the front of the head; elytra not wider than the prothorax,
subparallel to beyond the middle, with the shoulders rounded, the
granular elevations closely placed and forming about six irregular
rows on each elytron; beneath, when denuded of scales, ferruginous,
shining, the flanks of the prosternum and the middle of the meta-
sternum with coarse, scattered granular elevations. Length 2
mm.
Hab. Tasmania—Launceston and Hobart.
Two specimens, found under bark. The upper surface
is so densely covered with adherent, earthy-looking scales
that the granular elevations are alone visible, the rest of
the sculpture being completely hidden. The hairs on the
thorax and elytra are perfectly erect.
‘TRIBOLIUM.
Triboliwum, Macleay, Annulosa J av., 1825, p. 47.
This cosmopolitan genus is not included in Masters’s
Catalogue.
Tribolium ferrugineum,
Trogosita ferruginea, Fabr., Spec. Ins.,i., p. 324.
Hab. Tasmania—Hobart.
ALPHITOBIUS.
Alphitobius, Stephens, Il. Brit. Ent., v., p. 11 (1882).
Alphitobwus piceus.
Helops piceus, Oliv. Hnt., iii., No. 58, p. 17, t. 2,
figs. 13, a, b.
Alphitobius piceus, Muls., Col. Fr., Latig., p. 237.
Hab. N. W. Australia—Adelaide River.
One specimen of this cosmopolitan insect has been sent
by Mr. Walker to the British Museum. The species is
not included in Masters’s Catalogue.
380 Mr. G. C. Champion on the Tenebrionide
Toxicum.
Toxicum, Latreille, Gen. Crust. et Ins., ii., p. 167.
Toxicum punctipenne.
Toxicum punctipenne, Pascoe, Journ. Ent., ii., p. 454.
Toxicum addendum, Blackb., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. W.,
i. (2), p. 1481.
Hab. N. W. Australia—Port Darwin, Adelaide River.
Many specimens of both sexes. In the male of this
insect the anterior femora are subangularly dilated on the
inner side towards the base; of this no mention is made
by Mr. Blackburn. I have examined the types of 7.
punctipenne, Pasc.; the length given 24 millim.” is
evidently a misprint for “54 milim.” Mr. Blackburn’s
specimens of ‘1’. addendwm were from the northern
territory of South Australia. Found under logs and
loose bark (Walker).
PARATOXICUM, n. gen.
Mentum nearly as broad as long, widest in front and gradually
narrowing behind ; last joint of the maxillary palpi broad ovate,
short, very obliquely truncate at the tip, that of the labial pair
narrow, ovate ; inner lobe of the maxille armed with a curved
claw at the tip; labrum not prominent; mandibles bifid at the
tip ; head unarmed, short, almost trapezoidal, sunk into the pro-
thorax up to the eyes, the antennary orbits a little swollen,
extending completely across the eyes behind and obliquely con-
verging in front, the epistoma broad, truncate in front, and limited
behind by a rather deep groove ; eyes small, oblique, moderately
coarsely granulated, the upper and lower portions equal ; antennz
about reaching the base of the prothorax, similarly sculptured
throughout, stout, gradually widening outwardly, joints 1 and 2
short, 3 about twice as long as 2 and considerably longer than 4,
4—11 decreasing in length and increasing in width, 8—11 strongly
transverse, 11 bluntly rounded at the tip ; prothorax transverse,
bisinuate at the base and apex, the apex broadly, feebly lobed in
the middle ; scutellum short, transversely triangular ; elytra nearly
three times as long as, and at the sides forming a continuous
outline with, the prothorax, parallel for two-thirds of their
length, sharply margined laterally ; prosternum narrow, produced
behind, the mesosternum not excavate for its reception; inter-
collected in Australia and Tasmania. 381
mediate coxal cavities open externally, the trochantin prominent ;
intercoxal process of the abdomen subtriangular ; elytral epipleure
entire, broad, equal in width from opposite the metathoracic epimera
to near the apex, widened towards the base ; legs rather short ;
anterior tibiz flattened and subtriangularly dilated, with rather
long spurs, the four hinder tibiz with very short spurs; tarsi
simple, sparsely clothed with long hairs beneath ; posterior tarsi
with the basal joint short, joints 1—3 united very little longer than
the apical one; body elongate, parallel, winged.
This genus is proposed for a Tasmanian insect allied
to Toxicwm (and Anthracias), from which it chiefly
differs in having the head unarmed, the antennez
gradually widened to the apex (their three or four outer
joimts not forming a club nor densely punctured and
pubescent), and the epipleurse broad and entire. Epi-
towicum, I". Bates, is also an allied genus. ‘The head is
not swollen on either side near the eyes as in the females
of Toxicum, nor cornute. The antennal joints are shining
and similarly sculptured throughout. The sex of the two
specimens received has not been ascertained.
Paratoxicum iridescens, n. sp. (Plate VIIL., figs. 8, 8a—c.)
Elongate, narrow, parallel ; the head, oral organs, antenne, and
legs ferruginous, the prothorax and elytra dull black, the prothorax
in one specimen indeterminately ferruginous towards the sides and
apex, the entire upper surface iridescent. Head densely, very
minutely punctate, the epistoma a little smoother; prothorax about
one-third broader than long, rather convex, strongly bisinuate at
the base and feebly so at the apex, the sides parallel from about the
middle to the base and rounded in front, the hind angles acutely
rectangular, the anterior angles rather sharp, the base very finely
margined and obsoletely foveate on either side, the entire surface
densely, minutely punctate ; elytra a little flattened on the disc,
with regular rows of fine punctures, the interstices flat, smooth ;
beneath shining, obscure castaneous, closely and finely punctured
along the middle, the sides of the metasternum (but not the
episterna) with coarser punctures, the ventral segments 1—3 more
sparsely punctured towards the sides, the flanks of the prothorax
finely strigose. Length 52, breadth 2 mm.
Hab. Tasmania—New Norfolk.
‘Two specimens, found under bark of Hucalyptus.
382 Mr. G. C. Champion on the Tenebrionidx
HELzts.
Helzus, Latreille, Régne Anim., ed. 1, ii., p. 301
(1817).
Helzxus perforatus.
Helxus perforatus, Latr., Régne Anim., ed. 2, u1., p.
32, t. 3, fig. 6 ; de Bréme, Essai Monogr. Cossyph.,
i. p. 55, t. 6, fig. 2, and t. 1, figs. 1, 2; 5—3);
Macl., Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. W., ii. (2), p. 641.
Hab. W. Australia—Fremantle.
Originally described from Kangaroo Island. Under
stones in sandy places (Walker).
PTEROHELZAUS.
Pterohelzus, de Bréme, Essai Monogr. Cossyph., 1.,
p- 27, t. 1, figs. 1—4, B (1842).
Pteroheleus nigricormis, 1. sp.
Pterohelxus nigricornis, F'. Bates, in litt.
Broad oval, moderately convex, above and beneath, the legs
and antennz black, the upper surface opaque. Head smooth, the
epistoma separated on either side from the front by a fine oblique
groove, the sides of the front broadly arcuately expanded, slightly
raised, and projecting beyond the eyes ; the latter not prominent,
very finely faceted, and separated by a space about equalling the
width of one of the eyes as seen from above ; prothorax almost
smooth, strongly transverse, fully three times as wide at the base
as it is long in the centre, very deeply emarginate in front, deeply
bisinuate behind, the sides arcuately and very rapidly converging
from the base, the disc moderately convex and sometimes with
indications of a fine impressed central line, the margins broadly
explanate, the outer edge reflexed, the anterior angles rounded,
the hind angles sharp and prolonged backwards; scutellum smooth;
elytra a little wider than, and nearly four times the length of, the
prothorax, rapidly arcuately narrowing from the middle, obliquely
truncate on either side at the base, and with rather obtuse humeri,
the disc moderately convex, somewhat abruptly declivous beyond
the middle; each elytron with seven or eight equidistant coste,
which become altogether obsolete on the apical declivity, the
interspaces each with a double row of very fine, lightly impressed,
punctures not extending to the apex; the margins broadly ex-
collected in Australia and Tasmania. 383
planate, the outer limb reflexed ; beneath slightly shining, almost
smooth, the ventral segments 1—3 feebly longitudinally wrinkled ;
prosternum produced behind and received by the rather deeply
excavate mesosternum. Length 173—183, breadth 123—13}3 mm.
Hab. N.W. Australia—Port Darwin and Adelaide River.
Three specimens, two of which have been sent by Mr.
Walker to the British Museum; also contained in Mr. F.
Bates’s collection, where it is labelled with the name I
have adopted. less elongate and more oval than P.
walkeri, de Bréme, P. piceus, Kirby, and P. cornutus,
Macl., the elytra smooth at the apex, the legs and
antenne entirely black. Two of Mr. Walker’s specimens
were dead and mutilated when found.
Pterohelzus reichet.
Pteroheleus vreichei, de Bréme, Hssai Monogr.
Cossyph., i., p. 35, t. 2, fig. 2; Macl., Proc. Linn.
Soc. N. 8. W. (2), i1., p. 531.
Hab. Tasmania—Hobart.
Several specimens, agreeing well with de Bréme’s
figure. Found under loose bark of Eucalyptus.
Pterohelzus parallelus.
Pteroheleus parallelus, de Bréme, Essai Monogr.
Cossyph., i., p. 33, t. 2, fig. 7; Macl., Proc. Linn.
Soc. N.S. W. (2), i, p. 542.
Hab. W. Australia—Fremantle.
One specimen of this species has been sent by Mr.
Walker to the British Museum. The type was obtained
at Swan River.
Pterohelxus bullatus.
Pterohelxus bullatus, Pascoe, Journ. Ent., ., p. 462;
Macl., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. W. (2), u1., p. 536.
Hab. W. Australia—Fremantle.
One specimen.
Pterohelxus speltoides.
Pteroheleus peltoides, Macl., Proc. Linn. Soc. N.8. W.
(2), i1., p. 546.
Hab. S. Australia—Port Adelaide.
One specimen.
384 Mr. G.C. Champion on the Tenebrionide
Pterohelxus peltatus.
Cilibe peltata, Hr. in Wiegmann’s Archiv, 1842, p. 175.
Pieroheleus wpeltatus, de Bréme, Essai Monogr.
Gossyph.;.1.,.p. 34, t. 2, fig. 1; Macl§ Proc.
Luinn. Soc. N.S. W.. (2), m5 p. 540.
Hab. 'Tasmania—lLaunceston and Hobart.
Originally described from Tasmania. Found under
loose bark of Hucalyptus.
SYMPETES.
Sympetes, Pascoe, Journ. Ent., ii., p. 464 (1866).
Sympetes tricostellus.
Encephalus iricostellus, White, Voy. Capt. Grey, App.,
p. 464 (1841) ; de Bréme, Essai Monogr. Cossyph.,
lpg 0 Ody, ts 0, fig.6.
Sympetes tricostellus, Macl., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. W.,
u. (2), p. 652.
Hab. W. Australia—Albany.
A specimen of this species in the Hope Collection. at
Oxford bears the MS. name of latipennis, Hope, in _ his
own handwriting. Sandy places, under stones (Walker).
Sympetes patelliformis.
Saragus patelliformis, Pascoe, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.
(4), v., p. 100.
Hab. W. Australia—Fremantle.
One example, agreeing pretty closely with Pascoe’s
type, but differmg from it in having the prothorax more
densely punctured and with sharper anterior angles. A
specimen of this species is contained in the Hope
Collection at Oxford, with the name swbrugosus, Hope,
attached, but it does not agree with the description or
figure of S. subrugosus, de Bréme; and there is also
another in Mr. F. Bates’s Collection, from Clampion Bay.
Sympetes duboulan.
Saragus duboulai, Pascoe, Journ. Ent., 1., p. 466;
Macl., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W., 11. (2), p. 670.
Hab. W. Australia—H. Wallaby Island in the Hout-
mann’s Abrolhos Group, and Fremantle.
collected in Australia and Tasmania. 385
The type of this species was from Champion Bay. S.
duboulait seems best placed in Sympetes, the prosternum
being declivous behind and not received by the meso-
sternum. At roots of bent grass, on sandhills (Walker).
SARAGUS.
Saragus, Hrichson, in Wiegmann’s Archiv, 1842, 1,
pale
Suragus levicollis.
Silpha levicollis, Fabr., Syst. Ent., p. 73; Oliv.,
Hint.) in, 015 yp. 02) 't. 2. fea
Saragus levicollis, Er., in Wiegmann’s Archiv, 1842,
ft, p. 172, +.’ 4, figs. 7, a0; de Breme, ssa
Monogr. Cossyph., i., p. 44, t. 3, fig. 1; Hope,
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1848, p. 56, t. 7, fig. 5;
Macl., Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. W., ii. (2), p. 657.
Cilibe costatus, Sol., Studi Hnt., p. 355, t. 18, figs.
10-13 (1848).
Hab. Tasmania—Hobart and Launceston.
Sandy places, under stones and at roots of herbage
(Walker).
Saragus bicarinatus, n. sp. (Plate VILI., fig. 10.)
Moderately elongate, broad, convex, subparallel, very obtuse
behind, brownish-black, opaque. Head deeply sunk into the pro-
thorax (the eyes only just visible from above), thickly and finely
punctate, the epistoma limited at the sides and posteriorly by a
shallow groove ; prothorax strongly transverse, deeply emarginate
in front, the sides rapidly converging from the base, a little
rounded anteriorly, the base slightly emarginate in the middle,
rounded to the outer limit of the disc, and then very obliquely
truncate to the acute, deflexed, posteriorly-produced hind angles,
the anterior angles rather obtuse, the disc convex, obsoletely
canaliculate in the middle, and very finely, closely punctate, with
the interspaces (viewed under a strong lens) densely minutely
punctured, the margins broadly, horizontally explanate, shagreened
and minutely granulate, the exterior edge not reflexed ; elytra
about two and a half times longer than the prothorax, and of the
same width at the base, parallel to about the middle, very obtuse
behind, strongly trisinuate at the base, with subacute, deflexed,
386 Mr. G. C. Champion on the Tenebrionidx
outwardly directed humeri, each elytron with three longitudinal
equidistant coste extending to considerably beyond the middle, the
inner one stout, smooth, and shining, and strongly raised, the other
two faint and slightly crenulate, the external one curving inwards
at the base, the space between the first costa and the suture (which
is not raised and slightly shining) quite flat, and between it and
the lateral margin obliquely declivous, the interspaces shagreened
and very minutely granulate, and with rows of subobsolete punc-
tures, a row of coarser impressions midway between the outer
costa and the margin, the margins moderately horizontally ex-
planate, the exterior edge not thickened ; the legs and under
surface fusco-ferruginous ; the prosternum granulate, longitudin-
ally wrinkled at the sides, the prosternal process rugosely punctured,
the latter subhorizontally produced, and received by the deeply
excavate V-shaped mesosternum; the rest of the under surface
thickly punctured and wrinkled, the pleura smoother ; anterior
tibiz with a short fine tooth at the outer apical angle. Length 164,
breadth 10 mm.
Hab. N.W. Australia—Roebuck Bay.
One specimen. Very near S. confirmatus, Pasc., from
W. Australia, but much larger, broader, and more robust,
the legs much stouter; the innermost costa on the
elytra stouter, more raised, and shining, the other costz
faint (not being any more prominent than they are in
S. confirmatus); the prothorax not wider than the elytra
at the base. Another closely allied, perhaps undescribed,
species, from Nicol Bay, is contained in Mr. F. Bates’s
collection. S. bicarinatus is apparently not described in
MacLeay’s monograph of the genus.
Saragus intricatus, n. sp.
Oblong-oval, very convex, black, subopaque. Head sparsely
and very finely punctate, the interocular space more coarsely and
more closely punctured ; prothorax at the base more than twice as
broad as long, broadly and very deeply emarginate in front, the
sides rapidly and arcuately converging from the base, the base
feebly emarginate in the middle, broadly rounded to the outer
limit of the disc, and then very obliquely truncate to the sharp
posteriorly-produced hind angles, the disc transversely convex,
shallowly longitudinally grooved in the middle behind, and thickly,
very finely punctate, the margins strongly horizontally explanate,
and finely shagreened, the outer edge not reflexed, the anterior
angles rounded ; scutellum smooth; elytra slightly wider than,
collected in Australia and Tasmania. 387
and three times as long as, the prothorax, parallel to about one-
third from the base, arcuately and rapidly narrowing posteriorly,
conjointly rounded at the apex, and with rather obtuse humeri,
each elytron with three sinuous subequidistant feeble carina (the
first straight and more sharply raised anteriorly), and with a still
more feeble carina midway between each of these, all connected
here and there by transverse or oblique rami, the interspaces with
interrupted series of coarse, exceedingly shallow punctures, the
space between the first costa and the suture (which is not raised)
flat, the sides abruptly declivous, the margins very slightly dilated
at the base; beneath very sparsely minutely punctate, and also
longitudinally wrinkled, and clothed with a few scattered hairs ;
the prosternal process thickly punctured, strongly horizontally
produced, and received by the deeply excavate V-shaped meso-
sternum ; the femora very sparsely, the tibie closely and roughly,
punctured, the anterior tibe feebly toothed at the outer apical
angle. Length 143, breadth 9} mm.
Hab. N.W. Australia—Adelaide River.
Three examples, two of which are contained in the
British Museum. Apparently distinct from al! the
numerous described species of the genus. In the sculp-
ture of the elytra it approaches S. reticulatus, Haag,
from Endeavour River.
Saragus infelix.
Saragus infeliz, Pasc., Journ. Ent., 11., p. 466.
Hab. Tasmania—Launceston.
One specimen of this species has been sent by Mr.
Walker to the British Museum. The type was from
Tasmania,
Saragus sp. (?).
Hab. N.W. Australia—Montalivet I.
One mutilated specimen (without head), perhaps be-
longing to an undescribed species, sent by Mr. Walker
to the British Museum.
Saragus brunnipes.
Celibe brunnipes, Boisd., Voyage de |’Astrolabe, Ent.,
i., p. 264.
Cilibe brunnipes, de Bréme, Essai Monogr. Cossyph.,
I, peor, t. 8, fig. 4,
388 MraG:C, Champion on the Tenebrionidx
Saragus brunnipes, Macl., Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. W.
(2), u.,"p. 669.
Hab. W. Australia—Cape Leeuwin.
Three examples, probably belonging to this species.
They closely resemble S. macleayi, Blackb., but are flatter,
and have the expanded margins of the thorax and elytra
ferruginous, and the humeri more angular.
NycrTozoIuus.
Nyctozoilus, Guérin, Voy. Coquille, Ent. 1, p. 92
(1830).
Sphenogenius, Solier, Studi Hnt., p. 35,
Nyctozoilus sexcostatus,n. sp. (Plate VIII., fig. 9.)
Oblong ovate, convex, rather broad, dull black, very sparsely
clothed with exceedingly short, fine, appressed, yellowish-brown
hairs. Head broad, slightly depressed in front, thickly and finely
punctate, the epistoma feebly arcuate-emarginate at the apex, the
antennary orbits prominent and extending more than half-way
across the eyes; antenne piceous, ferruginous at the tip, not
reaching the base of the prothorax, thickening a little outwardly,
joint 3 elongate, about two and a half times as long as 4, 4—7
decreasing slightly in length, 8 as broad as long, 9 and 10 strongly
transverse, 11 twice as long as 10, rounded at the tip ; prothorax
transverse, widest at the middle, a little wider at the base than at
the apex, moderately convex, with the sides flattened and hori-
zontally explanate, the apex broadly and deeply emarginate, the
base (viewed from behind) very broadly and feebly arcuate-
emarginate, distinctly margined, the sides strongly rounded at the
middle, obliquely converging anteriorly, and constricted and deeply
sinuate before the base, the anterior angles sharp and very pro-
minent, the hind angles obliquely produced behind and overlapping
the elytra, the lateral margins, and the apical margin (except in the
middle), feebly reflexed and slightly crenulate, the entire surface
very minutely shagreened and with shallow, scattered, fine irregular
punctures (each bearing a short hair), which are more crowded
towards the middle of the disc, the latter with an indistinct
median groove and a broad shallow depression on either side of it
a little behind the middle ; elytra very much wider than, and about
twice as long as, the prothorax, a little rounded at the sides,
strongly so at the base, each with three fine, sharp, slightly
sinuous, smooth carine (the first and third almost confluent behind
collected in Australia and Tasmania. 389
and enclosing the shorter median one, the first curving a little
outwards, and the second and third curving a little inwards, at the
base), the suture smooth and similarly raised, the interspaces very
minutely shagreened, feebly transversely wrinkled, and with
scattered fine setiferous punctures, which become coarser towards
the sides; beneath blackish-brown, dull, more thickly pubescent
(except at the sides), very minutely shagreened, and somewhat
closely impressed with fine, muricate punctures, the propleurz with
widely scattered, simple, shallow punctures, each bearing a hair ;
prosternum very broad, horizontal, strongly produced, rounded at
the tip ; mesosternum broad, subangularly raised on either side in
front; metasternum very short; intercoxal process exceedingly
broad, subparallel, rounded in front ; epipleures very broad at the
base, gradually narrowing behind, and extending to the apex ; legs
pitchy-brown, rather slender, closely punctured. Length 14,
breadth 7} mm.
Hab. N. W. Australia—Adelaide River.
I am unable to identify this very distinct species with
any of those described by F. Bates, Macleay, or Haag;
it agrees with the type, NV. obesus, Guér., in its structural
characters. One specimen, found under a stone on a dry
bank (Walker).
HYpavLax.
Hypaulax, F. Bates, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1868,
p. 259, Nat. Hist. (4), xii., p. 16.
Hypaulax ampliata.
Hypaulax ampliata, F. Bates, Am. and Mag. Nat. Hist.
(A), xiii., p. 19.
Hab. N. W. Australia—Roebuck Bay.
Numerous examples, found under the dry bark of
stumps, etc. Originally recorded from W. Australia,
Hypaulax vridescens.
Hypaulax iridescens, Blackb., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. W.
(2), 11, p. 1433.
? Platynotus insularis, Hope, Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond.,
1842, p. 77; Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1845, p. 107.
Hab. N.W. Australia—Port Darwin, Adelaide River.
390 Mr. G. C. Champion on the Tenebrionidzx
Many specimens from these localities, varying in
length from 94—17 mm., agree very nearly with the
Rev. T. Blackburn’s description of H. iridescens, the
original examples of which were obtained in the northern
territory of 8. Australia. The species is distinct from all
those described by Mr. F. Bates. It is not improbable
that this is the Platynotus insularis, Hope,* from Melville
Island and Port Essington. Iam unable to find the type
of Hope’s species in the Oxford museum. ‘The hairy
mentum is a mark of the male sex. Under loose bark
and also under logs lying in dry places (Walker).
MENEPHILUS.
Menephilus, Mulsant, Col. Fr., Latig., p. 291 (1854).
The Australian species of this genus are found under
dry bark and in dry rotten wood, according to Mr.
Walker.
Menephilus longipennis.
Tenebrio longipennis, Hope, Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond.,
1842, p. 79; Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1845, p. 110.
Hab. Tasmania—Franklin, New Norfolk, George’s
Bay.
Originally recorded from Adelaide. I have examined
Hope’s type in the Oxford Museum.
Menephilus corvinus.
Tenebrio corvinus, Er. in Wiegmann’s Archiv, 1842,
eS nalioe
Tenebrio cyanipennis, Hope, Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond.,
1842, p. 79; Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1845, p. 111.
Hab. 'Tasmania—Launceston.
It is uncertain which name has priority, both having
been published in 1842. richson’s type was from
Tasmania, that of Hope from Adelaide.
Menephilus colydiordes.
Tenebrio colydioides, Er. in Wiegmann’s Archiv, 1842,
Lp. 7b:
Hab. Tasmania—Hobart, Launceston, and George’s
Bay.
Apparently a common insect in ‘T'asmania.
* Incorrectly referred to Cestrinus by Pascoe and Gemminger
& Harold.
collected in Australia and Tasmania. 391
Menephilus ruficornis, n. sp.
3. Moderately elongate, convex, shining, piceous or obscure
castaneous, the head more or less ferruginous in front, the elytra
violaceous, zneous with a violaceous lustre, or eneous; the antennez
rufo-testaceous ; the under surface pitchy-brown or castaneous ;
the legs piceous with the knees and tarsi castaneous, or entirely
castaneous. Head short, somewhat deeply sunk into the prothorax,
coarsely, closely punctured between and behind the eyes, the
punctures oblong in shape, the anterior portion much more finely
punctate, the epistoma limited at the sides and behind by a rather
deep groove ; the eyes moderately large and prominent, coarsely
faceted, the orbits impinging on them in front; antennz moderately
stout, thickening outwardly, scarcely reaching the base of the
prothorax, joint 6 wider than 5, 7—11 perfoliate, much wider than 6,
8—10 strongly transverse, 11 twice as long as 10, bluntly rounded at
the tip ; prothorax convex, broader than long, very little wider at
the base than at the apex, the sides sinuate behind and rounded
anteriorly, the base strongly bisinuate, the hind angles rectangular,
the anterior angles obtuse and declivous, the surface coarsely, closely
punctured, the apex smoother ; scutellum subtriangular, about as-
long as broad, faintly punctured ; elytra about three times as long
as, and considerably wider than, the prothorax, subparallel in their
basal half, with rows of coarse subapproximate punctures placed
upon rather shallow striz, the punctures becoming finer towards
the suture and coarser towards the sides, the interstices feebly
convex, sparsely, very distinctly punctate ; beneath shining, the
flanks of the prothorax with coarse, scattered punctures, the ventral
segments rather coarsely and moderately closely, the metasternum
very sparsely and finely, punctate; prosternum slightly declivous
and strongly produced behind the anterior coxze, grooved on either
side, the apex raised; epipleure extending as far as the last
ventral suture, rather broad; tibize slightly curved, pubescent on the
inner side towards the tip, the two hinder pairs feebly sinuous
within, the anterior pair with their outer apical angles obtuse.
Length 7—73, breadth 23 mm.
Hab. Tasmania—Hobart and George’s Bay.
Three examples, apparently all males. Allied to M.
corvinus, Hr., and M. cxrulescens, Haag, but much
smaller than either of these species, with the head, thorax,
and under-surface much more coarsely punctured, the
frontal suture deeper, etc. The elytra vary in colour
from violaceous to eneous. Found under bark (Walker).
392 Mr, G, C, Champion on the Tenebrionidee
MENERISTES,
Meneristes, Pascoe, Aun. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (4), i.,
p. 150 (1869).
Asiris, Motschulsky, Bull, Mosc., xlv., 2, p. 24 (1872).
Pascoe states that this genus only differs from Mene-
philus in the following characters—‘“‘tibiz calcarate,
femora incrassata.” He has overlooked the fact that the
tibiz in his typical species, M. laticollis, are very dis-
tinctly channelled on their outer edge; M. servulus,
Pasc., has the tibize rounded on their outer edge, and it
cannot be included in the same genus.
Meneristes australis.
abt io australis, Boisd., Voyage de l’ Astrolabe, Ent.
, p. 204; Bless., Hore Ent. Ross. sy lj: Pv St
ee istes laticollis, Pasc., Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.
(8), avs p. loos tte fig. 2 (nec Boisd.).
Asiris angulicollis, Motsch., Bull. Mosc., xlv., 2, p. 30.
Hab. Tasmania—Hobart and Launceston.
Under Hucalyptus bark, common (Walker).
I am unable to follow Pascoe in regarding this species
as the Baryscelis laticollis of Boisduval, though it may
be the Tenebrio australis of that author. The Rev. T.
Blackburn (Trans. R. Soc. 8. Austr., x., p. 282) unites
Boisduval’s species under the one aa. Meneristes
australis ; but to judge from the imperfect descriptions
(Voy. de V Astrolabe, 11., pp. 2038, 254) they cannot
possibly be synonymous. An insect sent me by Mr.
Blackburn as the Tenebrio australis, Boisd., agrees
with the type of M. intermedius, Pasc.; it differs from
M. laticollis in its smaller size, and in having less acute
hind angles to the prothorax.
PROMETHIS.
Promethis, Pascoe, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (4), 11.,
p. 148 (1869).
Mederis, Motschulsky, Bull. Mosc., xlv., 2, p. 24 (1872).
collected in Australia and Tasmania. 393
Promethis angulata.
Upis (Iphthinus) angulatus, Er. in Wiegmann’s Archiv,
1842, 1, p.174.
Promethis angulata, Pasc., loc. cit.
Hab. Tasmania—Hobart and New Norfolk.
Previously recorded from Tasmania and Victoria.
Under Eucalyptus bark, generally in company with
Meneristes (Walker).
L&EPisPILus.
Pachyccelia, Boisduval, Voyage de I’ Astrolabe, Ent. ii.,
p. 248 (1835) (nomen prevocc.).
Lepispilus, Westwood, Arcana Ent., i., p. 44 (1841).
Lepispilus sulcicollis.
Pachycelia sulcicollis, Boisd., Voyage de |’ Astrolabe,
Kint. u., p. 248.
Helops sulcicollis, Boisd., loc. cit., p. 268, t. 7, fig. 5.
Lepispilus sulcicollis, Westw., Arcana Ent., i., p. 44,
t. 12, fig. 4; Blanch., in Dumont d’Urville’s
Voyage au Pole Sud, iv., p. 172, t. 11, fig. 14.
Hab. Tasmania—George’s Bay and Hobart.
Originally described from Tasmania. ‘To judge from
the type, L. stygianus, Pasc., appears to me to be nothing
more than a worn (female) example of the same species.
Found on foliage and by sweeping low plants (Walker).
Omo.irus.
Omolipus, Pascoe, Journ. Ent., i., p. 127 (1860).
Omolipus oblongus.
Omolipus oblongus, F. Bates, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,
1873, p. 379.
Hab. W. Australia—Cossack.
Found in plenty by Mr. Walker in sandy places on the
seashore, at roots of bent grass. These specimens differ
from the mainland type in their smaller size, more
shining surface, and more obsoletely striate elytra; but
I do not think they represent more than a local form of
O. oblongus. 'The type is from Champion Bay.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1894,—PaRT I. (JUNE.) 2¢
394 Mr. G. C. Champion on the Tenebrionde
Omolipus cyanetpennis, n. sp. (Plate VIII., fig. 12, 3.)
Moderately elongate, obovate, black, the elytra cyaneous or
cyanco-violaceous, the entire upper surface subopaque. Head very
minutely and sparsely punctured, the epistoma separated from the
front by a fine impressed line, the eyes small ; antennz black, about
reaching the base of the prothorax, thickening outwardly, the
penultimate joints transverse, the apical one twice as long as the
tenth ; prothorax broader than long, moderately convex, very finely
margined at the sides, more distinctly so at the base, the sides
rounded anteriorly, obliquely converging behind, and feebly sinuate
just before the base, the hind angles distinct, the surface still more
minutely and more sparsely punctured than that of the head (the
punctures only visible under a strong lens) ; elytra about twice as
long as the prothorax, and a little wider than it at the base, sharply
margined at the sides and with the humeri rather prominent,
widest about the middle and then rapidly narrowing to the apex,
punctate-striate—the striz shallow, the punctures oblong in shape,
not very coarse, and rather closely placed, and becoming finer
towards the apex,—the interstices smooth and slightly convex ; be-
neath dull pitchy-black, the two basal segments of the abdomen
with a faint cyaneous lustre, the apical two or three segments
slightly shining, the venter sparsely and very minutely punctured ;
the prosternum canaliculate on either side, and declivous behind,
the apex conically raised ; legs black, shining ; the anterior tarsi
slightly dilated in the male. Length 54—84, breadth 2}—3} mm,
(d 2).
Hab. N. W. Australia—Baudin Island.
This beautiful species was found in some numbers by
Mr. Walker, under fragments of ironstone on the summit
of the island, at an elevation of about 250 feet, in
company with Metyche cxrulea. ‘The island upon which
it occurred was named by the officers of H.M.S. “ Pen-
guin,”’ during their surveying expedition to the coast of
N. W. Australia, O. cyaneus, Pasc., is an allied form.
Omolipus parvus.
Omolipus parvus, F. Bates, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,
1873, p. 379.
Hab. W. Australia—Fremantle.
A single male example, agreeing perfectly with the
type; the latter is from Swan River,
collected in Australia and Tasmania. B95
DercraLMa,
Decialma, Pascoe, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (4), iii.,
p. 291 (1869).
Decialma erichsoni, n, sp. (Plate VIIL., fig. 11.)
Decialma erichsoni, F. Bates, in litt.
d. Moderately elongate, black, the upper surface with a cwruleous
lustre, shining, glabrous. Head coarsely, rugosely punctured, the
vertex with a small transverse impunctate space in the middle ;
antenns pitchy-brown, slender, extending to a little beyond the
base of the prothorax, joint 3 nearly as long as 4 and 5 united, 9
and 10 a little longer than broad, obconic, 11 one-half longer than
10, bluntly rounded at the tip; prothorax short, very strongly
transverse, convex on the disc, broadly and deeply depressed
towards the sides, with a large broad space between the middle and
the base more deeply excavate, the lateral margins explanate and
strongly upturned, the sides feebly rounded, slightly convergent at
the base and more distinctly so in front, the apex very broadly
truncate in the middle, the anterior angles rounded, strongly, very
broadly produced, the base deeply bisinuate, the hind angles sub-
rectangular, the surface thickly, moderately finely punctate, a
median line on the dise and the lateral portion anteriorly almost
smooth ; scutellum smooth ; elytra considerably broader than, and
about four timesas long as, the prothorax, subparallel in their basal
half, moderately convex, thickly, irregularly, and rather coarsely
punctate (the punctures becoming much finer at the apex), and
with indications of irregular faint raised lines; beneath very
shining, the metasternum at the sides and the adjacent part of the
epipleura with coarse scattered punctures, the flanks of the pro-
thorax feebly wrinkled, the sides of the ventval segments longi-
tudinally wrinkled and with a few scattered punctures, the median
part closely and more finely punctured ; prosternum horizontal,
very strongly, convexly produced behind, and received by the
exceedingly deeply excavate mesosternum, the latter U-shaped,
horizontal, with the strongly raised sides vertical in front ; legs
pitchy-black, the tarsi paler ; anterior tarsi slender ; hind tibiz on
the inner side subangularly widened at about one-fourth from the
base and slightly sinuous. Length 10}, breadth 4% mm.
Hab. 'asmania—Denison Gorge, near Launceston,
Specimens of this insect are also contained in Mr. F.
Bates’s collection, labelled with the name I have adopted,
396 Mr. G. C. Champion on the Tenebrionidx
One specimen, found under bark of Atherosperma mos-
chatum. The genus Decialma, Pasc., is probably not
distinct from Olisthena, Er.
TITENA,
Titena, Hrichson, in Wiegmann’s Archiv, 1842, 1,
p. 178; F. Bates, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (4),
xil., p. 102.
Titsena columbina.
Titena columbina, Er., in Wiegmann’s Archiv, 1842,
1, p. 179, t. 4, figs. 9, a, 6; Blanch., in Dumont
d’Urville’s Voyage au Pole Sud, iv., Ins., p. 178.
Strongylium rugosum, Blanch., loc. cit., t. 12, fig. 2.
Hab. 'Tasmania—Hobart, Launceston, and Franklin.
Not uncommon, under bark of Acacia decurrens and A.
dealbata, locally known as wattle-trees.
Titena alcyonea.
Titena alcyonea, Er., in Wiegm. Archiv, 1842, 1,
p- 180.
Hab. 'Tasmania—Hobart.
One specimen ; also sent by Mr. Walker to the British
Museum. Examples of this insect are separated from 7’.
alcyonea, Er.,in Mr. F. Bates’s Collection and labelled
with the MS. name of cyanea, Bates; Mr. Walker’s
insect, however, accurately fits Hrichson’s description.
Titena tasmanica,n. sp. (Plate VIII, fig. 13.)
Titena tasmanica, F. Bates, in litt.
Elongate, narrow, very convex, «neous or cupreo-zeneous, the
head and prothorax usually of a greener tint, glabrous, the antennee
and legs rufous or pitchy-red. Head coarsely, confluently punc-
tured, the punctures on the epistoma finer and separate one from
another ; prothorax very convex, as long as broad, widest at
the middle, about equal in width at the base and apex, the apex
truncate, the base rounded at the middle and feebly sinuate on
either side, the sides a little rounded in front and slightly con-
verging behind, the anterior angles deflexed and obtuse, the surface
coarsely and densely punctured, the punctures here and there
longitudinally confluent ; elytra rather more than three times ag
collected in Australia and Tasmania. 397
long as, and considerably wider than, the prothorax, a little
narrowed in front, closely and very coarsely punctured, the
punctures variolose, here and there transversely confluent, and
arranged in irregular, closely packed, longitudinal series ; beneath
pitchy-brown, very coarsely punctured, the ventral segments more
finely punctured in the middle. Length 6—6}4, breadth 2} mm.
Hab. Tasmania—Launceston and Hobart.
Specimens of this insect are also contained in Mr. F.
Bates’s Collection, where they are labelled with the name
here adopted. Much smaller, shorter, and less parallel
than 7. columbina or T. alcyonea, Hr., the upper and
under surfaces glabrous. Found in rotten wood, old
posts, etc. (Walker).
Metytrra.
Melytra, Pascoe, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (4), iii.,
p- 34 (1869).
Melytra ovata.
Melytra ovata, Pascoe, loc. cit., t. 10, figs. 1, la, b.
Hab. 'Tasmania— Hobart.
Hymma.
Hymea, Pascoe, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (4), i1.,
p. 39 (1869).
Hymexa succinifera.
Hymea succinifera, Pascoe, loc. cit., p. 36, t. 10, figs.
3, da, b.
Hab. Tasmania—Launceston and Hobart.
Under bark of <Atherosperma moschatum and Lu-
calyptus coccifera, at elevations above 2,500 feet
(Walker).
KcrYcHeE.
Ectyche, Pascoe, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (4), iv.,
p. 143 (1869).
Eetyche cerulea,n. sp. (Plate VIII, fig. 15, d.)
Ceeruleous or violaceous ; the head and thorax dull, the elytra
shining and of a brighter metallic colour; the upper surface clothed
398 Mr. G. C. Champion on the Tenebrionide.
with very long, erect blackish hairs, those on the elytra serially
arranged and arising from the interstitial punctures. Head im-
pressed with oblong, rather coarse, scattered punctures, the
epistoma separated from the front by an impressed line, the eyes
strongly transverse; antennz pitchy-brown, hairy, extending a
little beyond the base of the prothorax, thickening a little out-
wardly, the joints perfoliate and submoniliform, 3—7 moderately
elongate, 8—11 shorter, 11 stouter than 10; prothorax feebly
transversely convex, strongly transverse, as broad as the elytra,
widest at the middle, the sides greatly rounded, explanate, and
abruptly notched immediately before the base, the entire surface
with scattered, oblong, coarse setiferous punctures, between which
are some very much finer and shallower non-setiferous impres-
sions, the dise with traces of a smooth space down the middle ;
elytra more than twice as long as the prothorax, ovate, parallel
anteriorly, coarsely crenate-striate, the punctures becoming finer
towards the apex, and not very closely placed, the interstices
moderately convex, each with a row of scattered, fine, transverse,
setiferous impressions, the base truncate, the humeri obtuse ;
beneath pitchy-black, very shining, with widely scattered, rather
coarse setiferous punctures ; legs piceous or brownish, hairy, with
intermixed much longer erect hairs.
¢ The anterior tibiz with the single spur at the inner apical angle
longer and sharper, the anterior and intermediate pairs more
curved ; the first ventral segment triangularly depressed in the
middle behind. Length 7—8 mm. (¢ 9 )
Hab. N. W. Australia—Parry Harbour, Troughton I.,
Baudin I., Condillac I.
Hasily known from the allied forms by its large size
and the bluish colour of the upper surface. LH. scabri-
pennis, I’. Bates, from Nicol Bay, is also a large species,
but differs from it in many respects, apart from colour.
Not rare, under large fragments of ironstone on the
summits of Baudin and Condillac Islands (Walker).
Hictyche erebea.
ee erebea, Pasc., Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (4),
i, p. 144, t. 11, fies, 1; la, v:
pe W. Australia—Fremantle.
Originally described from the same locality. LH. sculp-
turata, F. Bates, from Nicol Bay, approaches this species
very closely.
collected in Australia and Tasmania. 399
MIcREcTYCHE.
Micrectyche, ¥. Bates, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1873,
p. 362.
These insects are found at the roots of low plants on
sandy beaches, according to Mr. Walker.
Micrectyche intermedia.
Micrectyche intermedia, F. Bates, loc. cit., p. 363.
Hab. W. Australia—H. Wallaby Island in the Hout-
mann’s Abrolhos Group.
One specimen, agreeing perfectly with the type from
Champion Bay.
Micrectyche ferrugmea.
Micreciyche ferruginea, F'. Bates, loc. cit., p. 364.
Hab. W. Australia—Fremantle.
Three specimens. The type is stated to be from Swan
River.
PHENNIS, 0. gen.
Head short and broad, sunk into the prothorax up to the eyes,
with the sides of the front obliquely converging and not at all
prominent (not projecting over the points of insertion of the
antennz) ; the epistoma very short, truncate at the apex, limited
behind by a shallow groove ; labrum prominent, separated from
the epistoma by a coriaceous space ; the eyes small, transverse,
moderately prominent, rather finely faceted, feebly emarginate ;
last joint of the maxillary palpi ovate ; antennz hairy, moderately
slender, extending to a little beyond the base of the elytra, joints
1—8 more or less ovate, 1 stout, 2 about as long as 4, 3 nearly as
long as 4 and 5 united, 4—8 equal in thickness but gradually de-
creasing in length, 9 nearly twice as long as, and very much wider
than, 8, triangular, longer than broad, 10 triangular, as broad as
long, 11 oval, narrower than 10, blunt at the tip ; prothorax trans-
versely cordate, subtruncate in front and behind, coarsely, irregularly
dentate at the sides, the latter slightly expanded; scutellum strongly
transverse, transversely convex; elytra fully one-half broader than,
and about three times the length of, the prothorax, truncate at the
base, parallel in their basal half, each with ten rows of .coarse deep
punctures ; anterior coxal cavities closed behind ; legs rather short,
4.00 Mr. G. C. Champion on the Tenebrionidx
hairy, moderately slender, the penultimate joint of all the tarsi
small, simple, the tarsi clothed with long hairs beneath, the first
joint of the hind pair not longer than the following two joints
united, the tibial spurs short but distinct; the upper surface clothed
with long, erect bristly hairs, with intermixed short, appressed, fine
hairs, the latter forming well-defined patches on the elytra.
This genus is proposed for a single species from
Tasmania. It seems to be best placed near LHctyche.
The clothing of the upper surface resembles that of the
“ Amphidorides,” except that the finer hairs on the elytra
form well-defined patches. The form of the antenne is
peculiar—the ninth to the eleventh joints being stouter
than those preceding, the ninth and tenth triangular, the
ninth longer than the eighth or tenth.
Phennis fasciculata, n. sp. (Plate VIII., fig. 14.)
Oe Moderately elongate, rather convex, pitchy- brown, the front
of the head and the anterior margin of the prothorax paler; the
elytra with an oblong humeral patch and the suture indeterminately
testaceous, the interstices also paler towards the base ; the antenns
fusco-testaceous, with the three apical joints piceous ; the legs
fusco-testaceous, with the femora darker towards the base; the
upper surface sparsely clothed with long, erect, bristly, brownish
hairs, which are serially arranged on the elytra, and with intermixed
short, appressed, yellowish-cinereous hairs, the latter forming well-
defined patches on the elytra ; the legs and antennz clothed with
long, fine, bristly hairs. Head thickly, shallowly punctate ; pro-
thorax transversely cordate, much narrower at the base than at the
apex, transversely convex, coarsely and irregularly dentate at the
sides (with about six teeth on each side), the surface thickly covered
with coarse, rounded, very shallow punctures ; elytra parallel to
beyond the middle, flattened on the disc, with rows of coarse, deep,
closely placed punctures, the punctures subtransverse on the disc,
rounded towards the sides, the interstices narrow, sparsely, very
minutely punctate, the third, fifth, andseventh subcostate. Length
43, breadth 13 mm.
Hab. Tasmania—Hobart.
Of this species Mr. Walker has sent three specimens
to the British Museum, and one to myself; the description
is entirely taken from the latter. They were all found
under the bark of Hucalyptus.
collected in Australia and Tasmania. 4.01
CoRIPERA.
Coripera, Pascoe, Journ. Ent., ii., p. 483 (1868) ; F.
Bates, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (4), xui., p. 112.
The name Pseudhelops, Guér., is incorrectly adopted
for this genus in the Munich Catalogue, cf. I’. Bates,
op. cit.
Coripera deplanata.
Adelium deplanatum, Boisd., Voyage de |’Astrolabe,
Eni. u1., p. 277, Ins., t. 7, fig. 6 (1835).
Hab. Tasmania—Launceston and Hobart.
Not uncommon. Under logs and stones in rather
damp places, especially between 2000 and 4000 feet
elevation, on Mount Wellington (Walker).
ADELIUM.
Adeliwm, Kirby, Trans. Linn. Soc., xu., p. 420 (1818).
Adeliwm licinordes.
Adeliwm licinoides, Kirby, Trans. Linn. Soc.,xu.,p. 421;
Boisd., Voyage de |’Astrolabe, Ent. 11., p. 276.
Adelium cisteloides, Er. in Wiegmann’s Archiv, 1842,
1, p. 176; Blessig, Horze Ent. Ross., i., p. 101.
Hab. Tasmania—Hobart, Launceston, and Franklin.
Not uncommon. Erichson’s A, cisteloides was from
Tasmania,
Adeliwm vicarium.
Adeliwm vicarium, Pasc., Journ. Ent., ., p. 480.
Hab. W. Australia—Darlington.
Two specimens, apparently belonging to this species ;
they are much larger than the type.
Adelium scytalicum.
Adeliwm scytalicum, Pasc., Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.
(4), i., p. 137,
Hab. W. Australia—Fremantle.
Three specimens, perhaps referable to this species,
from the type of which they differ in their less shining
thorax and elytra. Described from Swan River.
4.02 Mr. G. C. Champion on the Tenebrionidx
Adelium abbreviatum.
Adeliwm abbreviatum, Boisd., Voyage de |’Astrolabe,
Ent. i, p. 281.
Adelium impressum, Blanch. in Dumont d’Urville’s
Voyage au Pole Sud, iv., Ins., p. 177, t. 11, fig. 18.
Hab. Tasmania—Hobart, Launceston, and Franklin.
Not uncommon. Ascends to 4,000 feet on Mount
Wellington (Walker).
Adelium latwm.
Adelium latum, Pasc., Journ. Ent., ii., p. 482.
Hab. Tasmania—Launceston.
Four specimens, agreeing with the type. This species
is a very close ally of A. abbreviatum, but it has the
thorax more convex and with more obtuse hind angles.
Adeliwm brevicorne.
Adelium brevicorne, Blessig, Hore Ent. Ross., i.,
p. LOL, tS, tis. 12.
Adelium neophyta, Pasc., Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.
(4), ui., p. 136.
Hab. SS. Australia—Port Adelaide.
Numerous examples.
Adeliwm porcatum.
Carabus porcatus, Fabr., Syst. Ent., p. 239 ; Ent. Syst.,
L, p. 147; Oliv., Hnt., i., 35, p. 37, t. 7, fig. 84.
Calosoma porculatum, Fabr., Syst. Hleuth., i., p. 211.
Adeliwm caraboides, Kirby, Trans. Linn. Soe., xii.,
p. 466, t. 23, fig. 7; Boisd., Voyage de l’Astrolabe,
Ent. 11., p. 274.
Hab. 'Tasmania—Hobart.
Adelium strigipenne.
Adelium (Setrotrana) strigipenne, F. Bates, Trans.
Ent. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 365.
Hab. N.W. Australia—Adelaide River.
Three specimens, apparently referable to this species,
and differing a little zmter se in the intricate elytral
sculpture. The type of A. strigipenne, which I have
examined, is labelled ‘* Australia.’’
collected in Australia and Tasmania. 4.03
Adeliwm sp. (?)
Hab. W. Australia—Albany.
One specimen, perhaps an extreme form of A. lindense,
Blackb., from Port Lincoln.
Adeliwm commodum.
Adelium commodum, Pasc., Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.
(4), iii., p. 139.
Hab. Tasmania—Hobart and New Norfolk.
Not uncommon. Described from Tasmania. The
entire upper surface is brassy in all the specimens
received, Pascoe describes the insect as black, with the
elytra eneous.
Adelium tasmanicum, n. sp.
Rather elongate, narrow, moderately convex, black or pitchy-
brown, with a brassy lustre, feebly shining; the oral organs,
antenne, the base of the tibiz, and the tarsi and coxe ferruginous.
Head broadly flattened anteriorly, thickly and finely punctured, the
epistoma arcuate-emarginate in front and limited behind by a well-
defined groove ; antenne rather elongate in the male, about reaching
the base of the prothorax in the female, the penultimate joints
transverse, the apical one stout; prothorax as long as broad,
truncate in front (as viewed from above), broadly and feebly
emarginate at the base, slightly narrower at the base than at the
apex, the sides a little rounded anteriorly, gradually and somewhat
obliquely converging behind, the anterior angles rounded and
declivous, the hind angles obtusely rectangular, the base obliquely
foveate on either side, the surface closely, finely, distinctly
punctured, and with a few widely-scattered setiferous impressions ;
elytra about two and one-third times as long as the prothorax, and
wider than it, feebly rounded at the sides, which are sharply
margined anteriorly, a little flattened on the disc, with rows of fine,
distinct, approximate punctures placed upon almost obsolete strix,
the interstices flat, thickly and minutely. punctured, the second,
fourth, sixth, and eighth with a few widely scattered setiferous
impressions, the humeri very obtuse ; beneath thickly and finely
punctured ; anterior tarsi with the four basal joints moderately
widened in the male. Length 74—10, breadth 3—34 mm.
Hab. Tasmania—Hobart and Launceston.
4.04, Mr. G. C. Champion on the Tenebrionidx
Three examples. Closely allied to A. commodum,
Pasc., and occurring at the same localities, but differ-
ing from it in having the thorax closely and distinctly
punctured, the elytra with rows of fine but distinct punc-
tures placed upon almost obsolete strize (in A. commodum
the striz are sharply cut and indistinctly punctured) ; the
setiferous punctures on the elytra are less distinct than in
A. commodum, and placed on the second, fourth, sixth,
and eighth, instead of on the third, fifth, seventh, and
ninth interstices.
Adelium nodulosum, n. sp.
Q. Rather elongate, narrow, moderately convex, pitchy-brown,
the elytra obscure castaneous in their outer half, the entire upper
surface with a brassy lustre and feebly shining; the oral organs,
antenn, the base of the tibie, and the tarsi ferrugimous. Head
somewhat flattened anteriorly, thickly and moderately finely
punctured, the epistoma feebly arcuate-emarginate in front and
limited behind by a well-defined groove ; antennz extending to a
little beyond the base of the prothorax, the penultimate joints as
long as broad ; prothorax as in A. tasmanicum, but more densely
and more distinctly punctured ; elytra as in A. tasmanicum, but less
rounded at the shoulders, with rows of fine, distinct, approximate
punctures placed upon almost obsolete striz, the interstices flat,
thickly, very distinctly punctate, and each with a series of feeble
nodular elevations, which become more distinct and subtuberculiform
towards the apex. Length 83, breadth 35 mm.
Hab. ‘Tasmania—Launceston.
One example. This insect closely resembles A.
tasmanicum, but differs from it in the denser punctuation
of the thorax, and in having a series of rather closely
placed nodular elevations on each of the elytral interstices,
these elevations becoming tuberculiform at the apex.
From Brycopia tuberculifera (which has somewhat similar,
but fewer, elevations on the elytra) it may be known by
the more transverse and less prominent eyes, the much
finer punctures of the elytral striz, the coarser punctures
of the interstices, etc. The elytra are subtruncate at the
base.
Dryoria.
Dinoria, Pascoe, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (4), ii,
p. 141 (1869).
collected in Australia and Tasmania. 4.05
Dinoria picta.
Dinoria picta, Pase., loc. cit.
Hab. 'Tasmania—Hobart.
Apparently a common insect at Hobart. Under bark
and among chips in damp situations (Walker).
Dinoria celioides.
Dinoria celioides, Pasc., Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.
(4), v., p. 1038.
Hab. Tasmania—Hobart.
Originally recorded from Queensland. Same habits as
D. picta (Walker).
Brycopia.
Brycopia, Pascoe, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (4), i.,
p. 141 (1869).
Brycopia tuberculifera, nu. sp.
Brycopia tuberculifera, F. Bates, in litt.
Moderately elongate, rather narrow, convex, pitchy-black with
an eneous lustre, shining; the oral organs and antenne ferru-
ginous, the basal joints of the latter usually darker ; the legs
pitchy-brown, the tarsi ferruginous. Head sparsely, finely, irre-
gularly punctate, and also with a few coarse setiferous impressions
in front, the epistoma not clearly defined, feebly arcuate-emarginate
in front, and limited behind by a rather broad transverse
depression ; the eyes moderately large, coarsely granulated, convex,
prominent, rounded as seen from above ; antennz rather elongate,
thickening outwardly, the apical joint very stout; prothorax
subquadrate, convex, as long as broad, subtruncate in front (as
viewed from above), feebly bisinuate at the base, the sides
moderately rounded anteriorly and sinuous and converging behind,
the hind angles acute, the anterior angles obtuse and declivous, the
base obliquely depressed and foveate towards the sides, the surface
very finely and rather closely punctured, and with a few coarse, deep,
widely scattered setiferous impressions ; elytra about two and one-
third times as long as the prothorax, and wider than it, somewhat
oval, with rows of moderately coarse, subapproximate punctures
placed upon almost obsolete strie, the interstices flat, sparsely,
finely punctate, and with scattered, feeble tubercular prominences,
406 Mr. G. C. Champion on the Tenebrionidex
which become more distinct towards the sides and apex, the third,
fifth, and seventh each with three or four setiferous impressions,
the humeri very obtuse. Length 8?—9j, breadth 3;—3} mm.
Hab. Tasmania—Hobart, Launceston, and Franklin.
Four specimens have been sent to me by Mr. Walker,
and others are contained in Mr. F. Bates’s collection, the
latter bearing the name I have adopted. LB. tuberculifera
has very much the facies of Adeliwm commodum, Pasc.,
an insect occurring in the same localities ; but it may be
easily known from that insect by the prominent and
more rounded eyes, the imperfectly defined epistoma, the
tuberculate elytra, ete.
CHALCOPTERUS.
Chalcopterus, Blessig, Horee Ent. Ross., 1., 1, p. 103
(1861); Blackburn, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. (2),
vil, p. 415 (1892), and viii., pp. 53—56 (1893).
Chalcopterus longipennis.
Amarygmus longipennis, Hope, Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond.,
1842, p. 79; Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1845, p. 109
(? 2ec Blackburn).
Hab. W. Australia—Fremantle.
One specimen, also another in the British Museum-set,
agreeing with Hope’s type. The Rev. IT’. Blackburn in
his description of this species (Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W.
(2) vii, p. 456) states that the tarsi are clothed with
black hairs beneath ; in the insect before me the hairs are
fulvous, but as I did not examine the tarsi of Hope’s
type, the identification with his C. longipennis is perhaps
not quite certain.
Chalcopterus howittr.
Amarygmus howitti, Pasc., Ann. and Mae. Nat. Hist.
(4), ii., p. 348.
Chalcopterus cwpripennis, Blackb., Proc. Linn. Soe.
N.S.W. (2), vi., p. 422 (nec Hope).
Hab. Tasmania—Hobart.
Not hitherto recorded, I believe, from Tasmania. It
is a common species in Southern Australia.
collected in Australia and Tasmania. 407
Chalcopterus wridicolor.
Chalcopterus iridicolor, Bless., Horse Ent. Ross., 1.,
p. 107, t. 4, figs. 8, 6 (1861) ; Blackb., Proc. Linn.
Soc. N.S.W. (2) viii., p. 67.
Hab. Tasmania—Hobart.
I refer with some doubt a very variable Chalcopterus
obtained in plenty in Tasmania by Mr. Walker to this
species, the type of which was from Melbourne. The
Rev. T. Blackburn in his recent papers on the genus
Chalcopterus does not mention any species specially as
from ‘l'asmania.
Chalcopterus semiticus.
Amarygmus semiticus, Pasc., Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.
(4), ii., p. 349 (1869).
Hab. N. Australia—Cape Bougainville.
One specimen of this species has been sent by Mr.
Walker to the British Museum. It agrees well with the
type from Port Denison. C. semiticus is apparently
unknown to Mr. Blackburn (cf. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W.
(2), viii., p. 69).
AMARYGMUS.
Amarygmus, Dalman, Anal. Ent., p. 60 (1823) (par-
tim); Blackburn, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. (2),
vii., p. 415 (1892), and viii, p. 87.
Amarygmus tyrrhenus.
Amarygmus tyrrhenus, Pasc., Ann. and Mag. Nat.
Hist. (4), v., p. 105; Blackb., Proc. Linn. Soe.
N.S. W.. (2), vii., p. 91.
Hab. W. Australia—Albany.
One specimen.
Amarygmus perpleaus.
Amarygmus perplewus, Blackb., Proc. Linn. Soc.
N.S.W. (2), viii., p. 102 (1893).
Hab. N.and N. W. Australia—Port Darwin, Adelaide
River, Roebuck Bay.
4.08 Mr. G. C. Champion on the Tenebrionide.
Sent in plenty by Mr. Walker. The numerous speci-
mens from Adelaide River have the elytra more or less
cyaneous, instead of black, as in the type and in the
examples from Port Darwin. Mr. Blackburn’s specimens
were from the North Territory of 8. Australia; he has
examined some of Mr. Walkerv’s examples.
EXPLANATION OF Prats VIII.
Fic. 1. Diphyrrhynchus ellipticus, @.
2. Ennebeus australis.
2a. ~ % antenne.
3. Ennebeopsis pruinosus.
3a. 3 85 antenne.
4. Diphyrrhynchus apicalis, @.
5. Edylius canescens, 2.
5a. fe i labium.
5D. 98 » maxilla and maxillary palpus.
6. Lyphia tasmanica.
7. Caanthus gibbicollis.
7a. 5 e maxilla and maxillary palpus.
7b. a FF antenne.
8. Paratoxicum iridescens.
8a. 5 e maxilla and maxillary palpus.
8b. " e labium.
8c. * 4) antenne.
9. Nyctozoilus sexcostatus.
10. Saragus bicarinatus.
11. Decialma erichsoni.
12. Omolipus cyaneipennis, ¢.
13. Titena tasmanica.
14. Pheennis fasciculata.
15. Ectyche cerulea, 3.
0005
XII. Description of the Larva and Pupa of Papilio
homerus, Fab. By Cuarues B. Taytor, F.E.S.
[Read February 28th, 1894.]
Axsout two or three years ago, a lady residing in the Bath
district of the Parish of Saint Thomas, and a diligent
collector of insects, discovered seven examples of a large
Caterpillar of a beautiful green colour, on a tree bearing
large subovate glossy green leaves (botanical name un-
known) growing near a certain locality known as the
“Fountain Road.” Of these she was good ‘enough to
send me four specimens, which unfortunately, however,
never reached my hands, as they were lost in transit,
while I shortly afterwards heard that the other three
examples had died before assuming the pupal state, as a
result of confinement and want of proper attention.
Towards the middle of last year Mrs. Swainson found
another of these Caterpillars, which she sent down to the
Museum of the Jamaica Institute for identification. It
arrived at a time when there was no experienced
Entomologist in charge (the post of Curator being then
temporarily vacant), but on seeing it I ventured to express
the belief that it was the larva of P. homerus. This
individual also died during the process of casting the
larval skin. Through the kindness of Lady Blake I was
enabled to make a special expedition to Bath during
November last, in search of this larva, and the day after
my arrival (the 27th) had the good fortune to find an
almost full-fed specimen, which developed a male
homerus on the 29th of December following. It is
worthy of note that all these Caterpillars were obtained
from the same tree, notwithstanding that there were many
others of the same species in the immediate neighbour-
hood.
Larva. Length about 2} inches, general appearance incrassated,
the body being thickest from the 3rd to the 5th segments, from
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1894,—PaRT 1. (JUNE.) 2D
A10 = On the larva and pupa of Papilio homerus.
thence tapering gradually to the anal extremity, which is abruptly
truncated. Head small, pale ochreous or brown, deflected, and,
when the larva is at rest, almost completely obscured by a pro-
jection of the anterior margin of the 1st segment.
Colour protective, harmonizing closely with the tint of the leaf
of the food plant. Upper surface a rich deep chrome-green
extending down to about the spiracular region, where it terminates
with a more or less irregular or sinuous outline, most pronounced
towards the posterior segments, where the green is sharply divided
from the colour of the under surface by a narrow edging of
white. 1st segment with a short transverse dorsal bar of pale dun
or ochreous brown; a broad, curved band of the same colour,
bearing a few lines and spots of black, runs in a posterior direction
across the dorsal surface of the 3rd segment, and down to the sides
of the 4th segment, where, curving slightly upwards, it ends in
club-shaped dilations, enclosing a simple ocellus coloured as
follows: On a comma-shaped ground patch of black is drawn a
rather broad ring of dun, bordered below with bluish-grey followed
by a black iris, with a bluish-white pupil. Across the posterior
margin of the 5th segment is drawn a most conspicuous luniform
stripe of white, having a raised appearance, as if laid on with
several coats of body colour, and which is in turn marked with
little transverse bars of pale lavender, five in all; the horns of the
crescent have this time a slightly anterior direction, and terminate
at the sides between the 4th and 5th segments just at the junction
of the green with the brown of the under surface.
Anterior margin of the fifth segment, immediately in front of
the white stripe, finely irrorated with white ; between the 5th and
6th segments is a broad transverse band of deep black, more or less
completely hidden by the segmental fold, except when the larva is
in motion, when it is very conspicuous. Ventral surface, including
abdominal legs, dull dark brown. A broad band of this colour,
suffused with a lavender-grey tint, bearing a few scattered spots of
blue-grey, and having a very irregular or jagged outline, is con-
tinued obliquely upwards in a posterior direction from the 8th
segment, and, meeting on the dorsal surface of the 10th segment,
descends again, obliquely, narrowing rapidly however before joining
the brown of the under surface, thus enclosing an irregular
diamond-shaped patch of green. Segmental folds strongly marked
on the ventral surface.
Pura, of usual shape, not greatly angulated. Colour, wholly
dark wood-brown, with two puirs of white tubercles on the dorsal
surface of the middle abdominal segments.
€ 4h 5
XIII. Notes on Dorydium (?) westwoodi, Buchanan
White, with observations on the use of the name
Dorydium. By Wituiam F. Kirsy, F.L.S., F.ES.,
Assistant in Zoological Department, British
Museum (Nat. Hist.), South Kensington.
[Read February 28th, 1894.]
A. rew days ago I received a letter from Mr. Herbert
Clark, of Christchurch, New Zealand, enclosing two
specimens of a very curious Homopterous insect, which I
have succeeded in identifying with Dorydiwm westwoodi,
Buchanan White.
Mr. Clark writes, ‘‘ I found it on the rushes which grow
in damp situations. In colour and shape it so much
resembles a piece of dried rush that I have never been
able to find a specimen except by switching the net
amongst them. I think they are scarce and very local, as
the specimens I have captured were taken in a space a
few yards square, and I have never been able to collect
them elsewhere. The place where they were found was in
a plantation of Pinus insignis about a quarter of a mile
from the sea, and a few chains from the river. The time
of appearance is from the beginning of November to the
end of the year.”
The insect belongs to the family Jasside, and the
references are as follows:
Dorydium westwoodi.
Buchanan White, Ent. M. Mag., xv., p. 215 (1879) ;
Signoret, Ann. Soc. Hnt. France (5), x., p. 43,
pl. 1, fig. 38, details (1880).
One of the specimens received from Mr. Clark is a
perfect insect (a male, I think), and the other a pupa, as
may be seen by the rudimentary tegmina. The mature
specimen measures 9 lines in length, and agrees with
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1894.—ParT Il. (JUNE.)
412 Mr. W. F. Kirby on Dorydium (?) westwood,
Buchanan White’s description better than with Signoret’s,
except in size (Signoret gives 11 mm., and Buchanan
White 14). The insect is probably variable in size and
markings, or in the absence of markings, or there may
be more than one allied species; without a good series,
and perhaps observation of the living insects, it might be
difficult to clear up this point.
Buchanan White received three specimens from Wake-
field, which had been taken by Fereday near Christ-
church. He remarks, ‘‘'This curious species strongly
resembles the seed of one of the larger grasses.”
Signoret received his specimens from John Scott ; they
appear to be darker than the types; but the allied
Australian species described by G. R. Waterhouse
(Trans. Ent. Soc.,i1., p. 195) under the genus Cephalelus,
differ much in size and colour. They differ, too, from the
species referred to Dorydiwm by the longer and more
tapering frontal prominence,
There is a curious confusion relating to the genera
Cephalelus and Dorydiwm which I will try to clear up.
In 1832, Percheron (Mag. Zool. Cl. ix., pl. 48) described
and figured a species from an unknown locality, which he
called Cephalelus imfumatus.
In 1839, Burmeister (Handb. Ent., u1., p. 106) de-
scribed an insect from the Cape under the name of
Dorydium paradovwm, but at p. 1006 stated, that his
insect was identical with Percheron’s, and shortly after-
wards figured it as such in his “Genera Insectoram.”
Instead of dropping the generic name, as he was bound
to do, he used it again for an allied insect from Sicily,
which he described and figured as Dorydiwm lanceolatum.
This figure is referred to at p. 1006, and appears to have
been published while Part II. of the ‘‘ Handbuch” was
passing through the press, and would, therefore, have
priority over it.
Nor does the confusion end here. In 18387, Herrich-
Schiffer described (Panzer, Heft 144, pl. 6) an insect
from Nuremberg as Jassus paradoxus; oddly enough,
another species with a long frontal prominence, though,
judging from the figure, I should say that it is certainly
not congeneric with either Dorydiwm I. (Cephalelus), or
Dorydium I. Signoret (Ann. Soc. Ent. France (5),
ix., pp. 259-265) confuses everything. Firstly, he gives
the genus Cephalelus with four species : infumatus,
with observations on the name Dorydium. A13
Perch., and percheroni, Guér.,* from South Africa, and
C. marginatus and brunneus, G. R. Waterhouse, from
Australia. I may say that the two latter are closely allied
to, if not actually congeneric with, Dorydium (?) west-
woodi, and do not belong to the South African genus
Cephalelus. Next to Cephalelus, Signoret places the
genus Dorydiwm, with the two species, D. lanceolatum
and paradovum, Burm.; but for the latter he gives the
locality Paris; and his insect is evidently paradowus,
Herrich-Schiiffer ; Burmeister’s species being, as we have
seen, Cephalelus infumatus, Perch., or a closely-allied
species.
It is clear that D. lanceolatum, Burm., must be
regarded as the type of Dorydiwm, and that most of
the species referred to Dorydiwm will have to be
removed either to Cephalelus or new genera formed for
them, if necessary. But this task I will leave to the next
specialist who takes up the Jassidz.
** T cannot find a reference to this species, and suspect it ma
) Pp
be an error.
oan. i
XIV. Some new species of Membracide. By the Rev.
Canon Fow ter, M.A., F.L.S.
[Read 14th March, 1894.]
I wave for some time past been engaged in working out
the Membracidz for the Biologia Centrali-Americana, and
in the course of my work I have received a large number
of specimens from the Vienna Museum through the
kindness of Dr. Ganglbauer and Herr Handlirsch, and
from the Belgian Museum through the kindness of M.
Severin; I am also much indebted for help to Dr.
Aurivillius of the Stockholm Museum, but as_ the
specimens he has sent me are exclusively Central Ameri-
can there are none that I can here notice; among the
others, however, there are several interesting species
which lie outside the scope of the Biologia, and a few of
these I have described below.
At present there is great confusion with regard to
certain of the genera of this very extensive and interesting
group of insects, partly owing to the fact that Walker’s
work, though embracing a large number of genera and
species, was very slight, and in some cases most con-
fusing, as he places the most dissimilar insects under one
genus, and partly because Stal, if in doubt, appears to
have disregarded Walker’s work, and redescribed the
species.
Tropidoscyta transiens, sp. n.
Parva, brevis, testacea, aureo-pubescens, capite magno, antice
rotundato, pronoto inzequali, antice in cornu brevissimum rotun-
datum fuscum producto, carinis duabus supra humeros valde
elevatis, humeris ipsis prominulis, dorso remotius punctato, carina
centrali instruct, a latere viso pone medium fortiter sinuatim
depresso, apice fusco perobtuso ; tegminibus apicem prothoracis
longe superantibus, hyalinis, venis testaceis, maculisque quibusdam
obscure brunneis ; corpore subtus fusco, postice testaceo ; pedibus
testaceis.
TRANS. ENT, SOC. LOND. 1894,—PART II. (JUNE.)
416 Rey. Canon Fowler on some
A small short species, testaceous, with the metopidium, the very
short bluntly rounded horn of pronotum, the apical portion of the
two strong caring above shoulders, and the very blunt apex fuscous:
the dorsum if viewed from the side is much depressed behind
middle, and is extended into a short, blunt, very slightly deflexed
apex ; if viewed from the front the metopidium is large and broad,
and appears to be furnished with five points formed by the anterior
. horn, the apex of the two suprahumeral carinz and the slightly
prominent shoulders ; tegmina hyaline, with obscure dark markings,
underside fuscous, hinderpart testaceous ; legs testaceous. Long,
cum tegm., 5 mm. ; lat. int. hum., 3 mm.
Hab. Rio Janeiro. ¢. (Belgium Museum Collection.)
This species is closely allied to Hrecthia bicolor, Walk.,
and also resembles Tropidoscyta torva, Stal (Membracis
torva, Germ.) ; it is one of the species that complete the
transition from Membracis to Bolbonota; no two genera
can well be less alike than these, yet connecting forms
occur which make it almost impossible to separate the
intervening genera satisfactorily.
Bolbonota rufo-notata, sp. n.
Parva, nigra, pronoto carinato, a latere viso fere sequali, apice
depresso, humeris, dorsoque plus minusve, rufo-ferrugineis ;
tegminibus pellucidis, basi nigré vel nigro-brunned, venis fuscis ;
pedibus rufis vel ferrugineis.
A small species, variable in colour, black with the shoulders and
more or less of the disc of the pronotum of a ferruginous red
colour, sometimes the black and sometimes the red colour pre-
vailing ; the pronotum is carinate and uneven if viewed from ahove,
but if viewed from the side the central carina is almost level to
apex, where it is depressed ; punctuation coarse but obscure;
tegmina transparent, hyaline, with the base black or brownish-black,
sometimes ferruginous internally, veins dark and conspicuous; legs
red or ferruginous. Long. 2 mm. ; lat. int. hum., 13 mm.
Hab. New Granada (Nolken), (Vienna Museum
Collection) ; five examples.
The species is allied to B. pusto, Germ., but the latter
species is considerably larger, longer in proportion, quite
black, and more coarsely punctured, with the dorsum
more level and the apex differently formed; it is also
closely akin to B. inxqualis, Fab., but, apart from the
colour, it is much more finely punctured than that species
and has the dorsum more level if viewed from the side.
new species of Membracide. ALT
Bolbonota auro-sericea, sp. n.
Opaca, dilute-testacea, pube aureo-sericed dense vestita ; capite
pronotoque sat dense subtiliter punctatis, illo elongato sat angusto,
hoc carina centrali integra, carinisque tribus utrinque supra humeros
instructo, dorso a latere viso «quali, recto, mox ante apicem de-
presso, apice utrinque carin’ brevi obliqué ; tegminibus flavis, ad
medium dilutioribus, ad basim apicemque brunneo-variegatis ;
corpore subtus pedibusque testaceis, pectore femoribusque ad
partem infuscatis,
A rather large light testaceous species, thickly clothed with fine
golden pubescence ; pronotum very finely punctured with the
central keel and three abbreviated keels on each side above
shoulders, and a small oblique keel on each side of apex, distinct,
the rest of the surface even, dorsum almost straight, if viewed from
the side, depressed just before apex ; tegmina yellow, dark before
apex and near base; underside and legs testaceous, chest and
upper part of femora infuscate. Long. cum tegm.,5 mm. ; lat.
int. hum., 3 mm.
Hab. North America. ¢. Coll. Signoret (Vienna
Museum Collection).
As far as I know this is the only species of Bolbonota yet
recorded from North America; the genus is omitted in
Dr. Goding’s synopsis (Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., xix., 253) ;
it is a very distinct species.
Triquetra obtusa, sp. n.
Testacea, unicolor, pronoto tectiformi, sat fortiter ad latera
subrugosius punctato, dorso recto antice altissimo in cornu haud
producto, sed obtuse angulato, metopidio longo, fere recto, cornubus
humeralibus porrectis, acutis, apice longo, acuto usque ad apicem
tegminum extenso ; tegminibus totis hyalinis, venis dilute testaceis;
pedibus testaceis.
A large species of a unicolorous testaceous colour, with the pro-
notum tectiform, rather strongly and at the sides subrugosely
punctured, with the dorsum continued in a straight line from apex
(which is long, sharp, and acute) to the metopidium, which is then
abruptly declivous in almost a straight line ; at the place where the
dorsum and metopidium meet there is no trace of a horn as in the
allied species; tegmina entirely hyaline, with the veins light
testaceous ; legs testaceous, Long. 14—15 mm.; lat. int. corn.
hum., 10} mm,
418 Rev. Canon Fowler ow some
Hab. New Granada (Nolken), (Vienna Museum Collec-
tion), three specimens; Ecuador (H. de Ville), (Belgium
Museum Collection), four specimens.
This species may easily be distinguished from 1’. grossa
(with which latter species 7. virgata and T’. virescens are
synonymous) by the shape of the front part of the
prothorax. I found the specimens above referred to
among the unnamed material of the Stockholm and
Vienna Museum Collections, and set on one side as a
new species; it may possibly be referred to Triquetra
grossa as a hornless variety, but I have examined a very
large number of the last-named species, and have not
found one specimen like 7’. obtusa among them.
Potnia jansoni, sp. n.
Testacea, capite sat magno, metopidio supra caput plicato,
pronoto antice in cornu brevissum. obtusum, rufescens late nigro-
marginatum extenso, fortiter punctato, cariné centrali, costisque
utrinque quattuor vel quinque sat regularibus instructo, humeris
leviter prominulis, lateribus sensim in processum longum extensis ;
tegminibus prothoracem vix superantibus testaceo-hyalinis, apice
ipso fumoso ; corpore subtus pedibusque testaceis.
Somewhat elongate for a Potnia, testaceous, with the pronotum
strongly punctured, produced in front into a very short blunt horn,
which is reddish, with the margins broadly black, the black colour
being extended for a short distance on the dorsum, central keel
and four or five regular coste on each side well marked, apical
process long, very slightly deflexed; tegmina produced very slightly
beyond prothorax, testaceous hyaline with the apical margin
smoky ; legs and underside testaceous. Long. cum tegm., 8 mm. ;
lat. int. hum., 3} mm.
Hab. Demerara (Janson), ¢. (Belgium Museum
Collection.)
Potnia perobtusa, sp. n.
Precedenti affinis, sed minor, colore dilutius testaceo, pronoto
antice minus porrecto et perobtuse angulato, processuque postico
breviori et rectiori, apice magis obtuso, distinguendus,
Very like the preceding, but smaller and lighter coloured and
less strongly punctured, with the pronotum very obtusely angled
and not extended into a horn, and with the posterior process
shorter and straighter ; the tegmina are hyaline with the veins
testaceous. Long, cum tegm, 7 mm. ; lat. int, hum., 3 mm.
new species of Membracide. 419
Hab. Rio Janeiro and Botafogo, Brazil; a fair series.
(Belgium Museum Collection.)
Both these species have the facies of Hnchotype, rather
than of Potnia, the pronotum being distinctly and
regularly ribbed ; but the presence of four apical areas on
the wings prevent their being classed with the former
genus as at present constituted.
Enchotype concimna, sp. n.
Parvula, castanea, pronoto fortiter rugose punctato, linea cen-
trali aliisque utrinque irregularibus utrinque elevatis, humeris a
fronte viso obtuse prominulis, cornu antico fere recto, brevi, lato,
acuto, unicarinato, apice postico longo, acuto ; tegminibus hyalinis
venis testaceis, apicem versus fuscis ; pedibus testaceis.
A small dark castaneous species,, with the pronotum coarsely
and rugosely punctured, with the central line and others on each
side elevated, and with the shoulders, if viewed from the front,
obtusely prominent ; anterior horn situated just above metopidium,
short, broad, and almost upright, and sharp at apex; tegmina
vitreous, with the veins testaceous towards base, darker towards
apex; legs testaceous. Long. cum tegm.6mm,, lat. int. hum. 4 mm.
Hab. Cuba (Mayr., Vienna Museum Collection).
This species is closely allied to Hnchotype fairmairet,
Stal. (Hoplophora fairmairei, Guér.), but differs in the
shape of the prothoracic horn, which is much shorter,
less porrect, and more upright, and also in the smaller
size, less strong pubescense and darker venation of the
tegmina.
Enchotype is a sub-genus of Stal, which is closely
allied to Potnia, from which it is chiefly separated by the
fact that the wings have three instead of four apical
areas ; it is very distinct from Hoplophora, of which it is
by some authors reckoned as a sub-genus. ‘The species
above described is plainly an Hnchotype, but it has
besides the three apical alar veins a very minute fourth
one on the exterior margin, which appears to be a thick-
ening of a vein and to be quite distinct from the exterior
area of Potnia.
Hoplophora unicolor, sp. n.
Longa, lata, parallela, capite et pronoto toto rufo-ferrugineo
unicolori, ille parvo, hoe fortiter punctato, humeris prominulis,
420) Rev. Canon Fowler on some
dorso a latere viso fere recto, haud elevato, lined centrali et tribus
vel quattuor aliis utrinque sat regularibus, elevatis, apice acuto ;
tegminibus elongatis, testaceo-hyalinis, immaculatis, venis totis
testaceis ; corpore subtus infuscato, pedibus rufo-testaceis.
A long, broad, parallel species, with the head and pronotum
entirely rufo-ferruginous, unicolorous ; head small, thorax very
coarsely punctured, with a central raised line and three or four on
each side which are almost regular and very little broken, apex
sharply pointed; tegmina long, testaceo-hyaline, without any dark
spots, and with all the veins testaceous ; underside infuscate, legs
rufo-testaceous. Length sine. tegm. 10 mm. ; cum tegm. 15 mm. ;
lat. int. hum. 7 mm.
Hab. Colombia.
Two female specimens (Vienna Museum Collection).
This species is related to H. gigantea, and is very closely
allied to a new species which I have described from
Mexico, under the name of H. signoretv.
Hille ecuadorensis, sp. n.
Elongata, brunnea, pronoto dense et fortiter subrugose punctato,
carina centrali, lineisque quibusdam elevatis utrinque instructo,
cornu dorsali lato obtuso tricarinato infuscato, in metopidium
dorsumque sensim descendente ; tegminibus brunneo-hyalinis, parte
dimidia basali fortiter punctat&, opac&; corpore subtus nigro ;
femoribus infuscatis.
A small elongate castaneous-brown species, with the pronotum
thickly and strongly and subrugosely punctured, with a central
keel and four or five elevated lines on each side, and with an obtuse
dorsal horn, which is tricarinate and infuscate and slopes gradually
down to the metopidium and the dorsum; tegmina brownish
hyaline, with the basal half strongly punctured ; underside black.
Long. 7 mm. ; lat. int. hum. 3} mm.
Hab. Hceuador (Coll. Signoret. . Vienna Museum
Collection).
Telamona prealta, sp. 0.
Fusco-brunnea vel fusca, carin’ centrali prothoracis nigra,
capite pronoto multo angustiori, illo fortiter punctato, humeris
prominentibus, subauriculatis, ad latera rugose carinato, protu-
berantid dorsali magn4, prealtd, apice antice late rotundato, postice
minus alto margine recto, angulo postico obtuso, ad basim utrinque
fortiter impressd ; tegminibus externe hyalinis, ceteris, preecipue
ad apicem, fumosis ; corpore subtus pedibusque fusco-brunneis.
new species of Membracide. 421
Dark fuscous browa, with the central carina of the pronotum
and sometimes apical portion of the dorsal protuberance black ;
pronotum strongly punctured with a very large and elevated dorsal
protuberance ; this is strongly declivous behind and in front, and
in front is broadly sinuate before metopidium ; its apex is broad,
rounded and elevated in front, less high and with a straight margin
behind, and with the posterior angle obtusely rounded, but marked;
tegmina hyaline externally, with the base and apex dark and the
central portion smoky ; underside and legs fuscous. Long. cum
tegm., J—10 mm.; lat., 5—6 mm.
Hab. Saguenay, Brazil (V. Huart); several speci-
mens (Belgium Museum Collection),
Telamona ruficarinata, sp. n.
Sat angusta, capite nigro rufo-variegato, pronoto rugoso, fortiter
punctato, brunneo-testaceo fusco-variegato, cariné centrali rufa a
capite usque ad apicem extensa, et carinis quibusdam insequalibus
et rugosis utrinque instructo, protuberantié dorsali paullo ante
medium, magna, laté, rotundaté, cornubus anterioribus ad humeros
latis, porrectis, subauritis, paullo reflexis, ad apicem rotundatis ;
tegminibus nigro testaceoque variegatis, venis rufescentibus, apicem
versus dilutioribus; abdomine, basi segmentorum flavescenti
excepta, nigro ; pedibus testaceis, ad partem infuscatis.
Comparatively narrow, with the pronotum testaceous-brown
variegated with black, and with a red carina running from just
above head to apex; tegmina variegated with fuscous and testaceous
and with the veins rufescent ; abdomen black with the apex of the
segments yellowish ; chest black ; legs testaceous, partly infuscate;
prothorax rugose, strongly punctured, irregularly carinate on each
side of the central line, with a large broad protuberance a little
before middle, descending in front abruptly to the dorsum, and so
leaving a flat and level space before metopidium ; anterior horns
porrect, broad, rounded at apex; apex of prothorax extending
nearly to apex of tegmina. Long. cum tegm., 10 mm. ; lat. int.
hum, 5 mm.
Hab. Bogota (Coll. Signoret. Vienna Museum Collec-
tion) ; one male specimen.
Lucilla intermedia, sp. n.
Elongata, angusta, ab humeris pronoti leviter obtuse prominulis
ad apicem sensim angustata, griseo-brunnea, capite sat magno,
pronoto perobscure fusco-variegato, carina centrali, lineisque
utrinque tribus vel quattuor, sat regularibus, instructo, dense et
fortiter punctato, dorso a latere viso late et persensim ad medium
422 Rev. Canon Fowler on some
elevato postice depresso; tegminibus hyalinis ad basim externe
punctatis, opacis, pedibus testaceis.
An elongate narrow species, of a griseous brown colour, with a
few obscure fuscous markings on pronotum, which is almost uni-
colorous ; head rather large, ocelli distinctly nearer to one another
than to eyes, central keel strong and distinct throughout from just
above head to apex, which reaches beyond or at least as far as apex
of tegmina and is very gradually and bluntly pointed ; the lateral
carine are fairly regular, three or four on each side ; the dorsum if
viewed from the side is very broadly and slightly elevated, depressed
towards apex, and almost imperceptibly and broadly truncate to
metopidium ; tegmina hyaline, punctured towards base ; legs testa-
ceous. Long., 7 mm. ; lat. int. hum., 3 mm.
Hab. Ecuador (Coll. Signoret. Vienna Museum
Collection).
I have referred this species to Stal’s genus Lucilla, as
it is very closely allied to Oxygonia viridula, Fairm.,
which Stal mentions as his type of the genus. I am
somewhat doubtful, however, as to the generic value of
Hnnya and Lucilla, and they cannot be separated from
the Hille group on the character assigned by Stal (v.,
Ofv. af. Kongl., Vet. Ak. Férh., 1867, No. 7, p. 555),
*corio areola discoidali destituto,” as a discoidal area is
certainly sometimes present. JL. intermedia differs from
L. viridula in its more eiongate form and in the shape of
the dorsum, which is much flatter and highest behind
middle, whereas in the last-named species it is highest
before middle; the sculpture is also different. The two
types of Oxygonia viridula in Signoret’s collection, from
the Vienna Museum, are before me. I believe, how-
ever, that they belong to two different species.
Paradarnoides, nu. g.
Oblongus, capite longitudine latiori, fronte angust4, ocellis
inter se quam ab oculis distincte magis remotis, oculis promi-
nentibus ; pronoto ad humeros leviter obtuse prominulos latissimo,
deinde sinuatim angustato et in processum longum, ad basim latum,
postice subparallelum, a latere viso leviter deflexum, acutum,
utrinque ad latera ab humeris usque ad apicem profunde im-
pressum, producto, dorso a latere viso ad basim processus leviter
sinuato, carina centrali per totum percurrenti ; tegminibus apicem
prothoracis vix superantibus, areis apicalibus quinque, discoidalibus
tribus ; alis areis apicalibus quattuor.
new species of Membracide. 423
Oblong, subparallel, with the ocelli evidently further removed
from one another than from eyes, which are prominent ; pronotum
with the shoulders, which are set far back, obtusely prominent,
behind these gradually narrow, with a gentle sinuation and con-
tinued into a long process, which is strongly and broadly impressed
at margins from shoulders to apex, and if viewed from the side is
gradually deflexed and evidently carinate, the carina being con-
tinued to the frontal margin of the metopidium ; tegmina slightly
exceeding the apex of prothoracic process, with five apical and three
discoidal areas, the areas being for the most part subequal and
oblong ; wings with four apical areas ; legs rather slender.
This genus appears to be allied to Darnoides as re-
presented by its type Darnoides limbata, but may be
easily known by the position of the ocelli, the more
prominent eyes, and the fact that the tegmina have three
discoidal areas; the form, moreover, is more subparallel
and less narrowed behind, and the shape and sculpture
of the prothorax behind shoulders is very different.
Paradarnoides severini, sp. n.
Major, capite fusco, rugoso, pubescenti, metopidio rugosé punc-
tato, fusco-testaceo, maculis duabus fuscis antice convergentibus,
interdum fere deficientibus, pronoto pone humeros fortius punctato
vitt’ lata fused, deinde dilute testaceo, apice longo fusco ; tegmini-
bus fusco-hyalinis, ad basim punctatis, venis testaceis ; corpore
subtus fusco pubescenti; pedibus testaceis plus minusve infuscatis.
Head rugose, pubescent, fuscous, pronotum testaceous in front,
then broadly fuscous behind shoulders, and then light testaceous,
the apex being fuscous or reddish fuscous; on the metopidium
there js a broad fuscous patch on each side of the central carina
(which is testaceous) ; these however are sometimes confused or
almost wanting ; punctuation of prothorax rugose, strongest be-
hind shoulders ; tegmina fusco-hyaline, with the base more or less
broadly fuscous and punctured, veins testaceous, underside fuscous,
strongly pubescent in front; legs testaceous with the femora and
tibiz more or less infuscate. Long. cum tegm., 9 mm. ; lat. int.
hum., 3} mm.
Hab. Guadaloupe (Delauney), (Belgian Museum Collec-
tion); three female specimens.
There is a larva of this species in the Belgian Museum
Collection ; it is onisciform, broad and subparallel, but
rather wider behind, with the front parts uneven, and the
424 Rev. Canon Fowler on new species of Membracide,
abdominal segments furnished at the sides with broad
oblong processes, fringed with setz ; the colour is dirty
testaceous, but has probably considerably faded.
Paradarnoides ignipes, sp. n.
Preecedenti affinis, sed minor, colore nigro,rmetopidio longiori,
processu pronoti ad medium albido-marginato, prothorace dis-
tinctius et minus rugose punctato, pedibusque miniatis facile
distinguendus.
Allied to the preceding, but smaller, with the shoulders set very
far back so that the metopidium is only slightly declivous; of a
black colour, with the margins of the pronotum narrowly edged with
white behind shoulders, and the apex ferruginous; the eyes are
very prominent, and the front part of the head is clothed with
golden pubescence ; the pronotum is more closely and less rugosely
punetured than in the preceding species; the tegmina have the
base of the claws and the external margin of carina towards base
black, and the veins large and fuscous ; the underside is black with
the front parts strongly pubescent, and the legs are bright scarlet,
with the exception of the coxe and tarsal claws, which are fuscous.
Long. cum tegm., 7} mm. ; lat. int. hum., 3 mm.
Hab. Guadeloupe (Delauney), (Belgian Museum Collec-
tion) ; one male specimen.
It is just possible that this may be the male of the
preceding, but I do not think that this can be the case,
as the insect differs considerably in the structure of the
front part of the pronotum, which in P. ignipes is much
longer from the shoulders to the eyes than in P. severini;
in general appearance they are quite distinct.
( 425 )
XV. Temperature Hxperiments in 1893 on several species
of Vanessa and other Lepidoptera. By Fxreperic
MerririEbp, F.E.S.
[Read March 14th, 1894.]
PuaTE IX,
In my last paper (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1893, p. 57) I
described some experiments on pupex of P. napi, off-
spring of the spring emergence, and mentioned that I
had some pup offspring of the summer emergence.
The parents consisted of two males and two females,
taken at Hailsham, and kindly sent to me by Mr. Vine
on the 30th July, and two females taken at Petworth on
the 5th August, and kindly given to me by Mr. Fletcher.
From these I had several hundred eggs, which were laid
much more freely on cardamines than on cabbage,
though the larva seemed to feed as willingly on the
latter as on the former.
Early in September nearly all pupated. Ten were
placed at 90° for ten days, a period amply sufficient to
have caused their emergence had they belonged to the
earlier brood, but it produced no effect either on the date
of their emergence, when afterwards placed out of doors,
or on their markings or colouring. The rest were kept
out of doors. Some were forced about the middle of
February, and some more early in March, emerging in
from eight to seventeen days. The difference in appear-
ance between these and the rest, which emerged out of
doors between the 20th April and 9th May (except one
which emerged 6th June), is the same in kind (though
somewhat less in degree) as the difference between
those of the summer emergence, which were forced all
_ through, and those of that emergence which were cooled
for the greater portion of their pupal period, as
described Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1893, p. 57.
Consequently I may apply to the winter pupating
brood the general remark made there, as to the brood
which pupates in the summer, viz., that a part but not
all of the characteristic seasonal colouring of this species
depends on the temperature to which the individual is
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND, 1894,—PaRT III. (SEPT.) 25
426 Mr. F. Merrifield on Temperature Heperiments
subjected, adding that the spring emergence appears
to be less sensitive than the summer emergence is to
temperature. Neither of the broods experimented on
by me has proved so sensitive as those operated on
by Prof. Weismann, and described by him (“Studies in
Heredity ”’).
Pararge egeria. This insect has two well-known climatic
forms, the light spots in the South Kuropean form
having the bright ochreous colouring of P. megera,
instead of the straw colour of the English var.
(egerioides). But the experiments tried afford little or
no reason for supposing that these differences in appear-
ance are the direct result of temperature.
I obtained, between the 25th May and the middle of
June, more than one hundred pup, which were sub-
jected to various temperatures from between 80° and
90° down to 33° (for many weeks), with various trans-
fers from the lower to the higher temperatures.
The chief difference, in general appearance, is between
Classes I. and II. (forced) on the one hand, and Classes
IV.-XIV. (those at 56° and under). ‘The former have
the light spots smaller and less clearly defined, and the
dark ground colour considerably lighter, and im many
cases freckled with small dark brown spots. Class III.
(open air, at about 66°) are not quite so dark as Class
TV., but much nearer to them than to the forced.
Though the light spots in those forced are smaller
than in the others, they are somewhat more numerous.
Class VIII. (iced and then forced) have the ground
colour dark, but the light spots as numerous as in those
which were forced, and as large as are the spots in those
at the lower temperatures. One of these indeed, which
I exhibit, has an inner row of light spots or traces
of them on the secondary wings in nearly all the
interspaces, and on the underside a perfect submarginal
chain of six light spots, pupilled with dark brown, ona
light ground colour.
A few examples I reared from eggs laid in August
showed the same effects generally as those from the
eggs laid in April and May, so that there does not
appear to be any marked constitutional difference in this
respect between the spring and summer emergences of
this species; my experiments would, however, lead me
to expect those which emerge in spring to be in general
on Vanessa and other Lepidoptera.’ 427
more vivid in their markings and colouring than those
which emerge later, after a spell of hot weather.
Cidaria silaceata. 'This is known to be very variable
in its markings, and I was tempted to experiment on it
by the remark of M. Guenée that the spring and summer
broods appear to vary asin the Selenias, and by other
observations (Ent. Record, i1., 297), to the effect that
the summer brood is smaller, and the band across the
forewings less broken.
Mr. Nicholson kindly gave me some eggs early in
April, from which I had pup, which were subjected to
about the same variety of temperatures as were the
pupe of P. egeria, above mentioned.
The main difference is between those at or over 80° and
the rest; the latter being more strongly marked than
the former, the transverse band perhaps showing a
shghtly greater tendency to be broken, and _ their
light markings being of a rather more ochreous tint ; as
a consequence, those at 80° or over have a duller and
more uniform appearance than the others.
But the most distinctive feature is in the size.
Those at or over 80° are, as a class, smaller than
the others. This species, therefore, must be added to
those in which temperature, during the pupal period,
affects the size of the imago. ‘The difference in colour-
ing and marking is hardly as great as I should have
expected, and seems scarcely so great as that some-
times met with between the spring and summer natural
emergences, though it is in the same direction. I
intended to experiment on the winter pupating brood,
but a brood which I had from the second emergence
came out as a third emergence, and were nearly all
spoiled before I discovered that they had emerged.
Araschnia levana. Desiring to experiment with pup
of the summer emergence (var. prorsa) for their whole
pupal period, I obtained, through Mr. Edwards, from
North Germany, a large number of pupz from which I
had, towards the end of April, thirteen good pairs, which
I placed over growing nettle, in headless casks, and
fed on orange, etc. All circumstances, including abun-
dant sunshine, appeared most favourable; but I only
obtained thirty-two eggs, laid (I believe by a single
parent) mostly in strings of from two to eight, pro-
jecting from the undersides of the leaves. Only eleven
428 Mr. F. Merrifield on Temperature Experiments
hatched, beginning 15th May, and all of them pupated.
Three were forced at 80°, producing in from six to
seven days the characteristic black prorsa form; four
others were, at from one to eight hours’ old, placed in
the refrigerator on the 18th June, and remained there,
at about 48°, till 80th or 31st August (seventy-three or
seventy-four days), when, observing signs of emergence,
I placed them in the room at about 65° to 70°, and there
three of the four emerged in a day or two, the fourth not
until thirty-two days more, 7.e., on the 2nd October.
The remaining four were placed at 33° till 29th Sep-
tember (eighty-four days), then moved to the refrigerator
at about 48°, whence, after twenty days more, they were
moved to the room, about 59°, three of them emerging
respectively in ten, eighteen, and twenty days more
(total 114-124 days). ‘The first of them was a cripple,
and the fourth died. This left six of the eight subjected
to a low temperature. These six all emerged in perfect
condition, and were unmistakably of the true levana type ;
two of those cooled, without having been iced, showing
slight traces of the intermediate porima form, but the other
four being of the pure levana type, and nearly as different
in colouring from the three that were forced as one of
the common fritillaries—say A. selene—is from a “ white
admiral” (Z. sibilla). I exhibit examples of the two forms.
I now proceed to describe some experiments on four
species of the genus Vanessa. In reference to these I
have had the great advantage of submitting the speci-
mens experimented on in the manner described in this
paper, to the careful examination of Dr. Dixey, whose
paper on the phylogenetic significance of the wing-
markings in certain genera of the Nymphalidx will be
found in Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1890, p. 89, and he has
favoured me with valuable observations upon them,
which I am permitted to append ; they are distinguished
by being placed within brackets. The “series” and
“spots 7” referred to in these observations are described
in Dr. Dixey’s paper, and may be indicated generally as
follows, V. urtice and V. polychloros being convenient
examples for the purpose:—Four dark patches on the
costa, continued in series more or less perfectly across
the wings, distinguished by the Roman numerals I., II.,
III.,1V., the latter including the dark submarginal band.
on Vanessa and other Lepidoptera. 429
Four lighter areas, A, B, C, D, alternating with the dark
ones, A being the innermost, and coming before I.; these
also continued in series more or less across the wings.
Vanessa polychloros. There were sent me on the 6th
May, a brood of between 130 and 140 larvee found on
sallow in the New Forest; they were about three-
eighths of an inch in length. I found they would eat
cherry and birch, but seemed to prefer willow, on which
accordingly I placed them, at first in two, and after-
wards in four, large sleeves. On the 27th May, one had
begun to spin, and all were brought indoors and fed on
cut willow. There were 138; by the 31st 127 had spun
up, and the rest followed in a few days. Their pupz
were subjected to temperatures ranging from 100° to
32°, being in many cases transferred, after a time of
varying length, from the lower to the higher tempera-
yi vice versa. I proceed to give their treatment in
etail :—
Class I., forced at from 90° to 100° (Plate IX., fig. 1). Most of
these died, but afew at 90°, or a few degrees lower, did well; forced
as pupating larve or pupe under twelve hours, they emerged in seven
days. A second lot of ten (Class II.) were put in a shady place
out of doors, where the temperature averaged about 62°, and all
emerged in from twenty to twenty-two days. A third lot
(Class III.) were placed in a cellar at a temperature averaging
about 56°, where all emerged on the fortieth day. A fourth lot
(Class IV.) were placed in the refrigerator at about 48°, and, after
periods ranging from fourteen to forty-six days, transferred to
(a) the forcing box at 80°-90°, emerging in from three to five
days more; (b) the cellar at 58°, emerging in from twelve to
twenty-five days more ; or (c) the room, at 68°-75°, where they
emerged in from four to five days more. A fifth lot (Class V.)
were iced for periods ranging from fourteen to forty-two days, and
then (a) placed at 80°-90°, emerging in five to seven days more ;
(b) in the cellar at about 59°, emerging in twenty-seven to thirty
days more ; or (c) the refrigerator at about 49°, for from six to
thirty-two days, and then, either the cellar at 58°, emerging in from
twenty-two to twenty-three days more, or the room at about
68°-75°, emerging in two to twenty-eight days more. With the
exception of a few that were injured by accidents, of those that
were killed by excessive heat, as mentioned before, and of four or
five among those longest iced, all emerged, and except among some
of those iced, there were no cripples.
430 Mr. F. Merrifield on Temperature Hxpervments
The effect on colouring was as follows :—
Class I. (forced at about 90°, or upwards), emerging in seven
days). The ground colour of a lighter and yellower hue of brown
than is normal, with many yellowish clouds and broad streaks,
especially in the interspaces of the nervures on the outer half of
the forewings. [Black spots generally are more sharply defined
than in normal specimens. ‘There are no blue submarginal cres-
* cents in the forewings, but many bluish scales on the extreme
margin. The spots in “Series D” are particularly well-defined
near the costa, and are not pupilled. |
Class IT. (shade, out of doors, at 519-69°, averaging about 62°,
emerging in twenty to twenty-two days). Ground colour of a
redder brown, and with few yellowish clouds ; the yellow sub-
marginal outer line is especially reduced, and the dark band inside
it widened and darkened.
Class ITT. (cellar at 54°, rising to 58°, averaging 56°, emerging
in forty days). Effects intensified ; the yellow submarginal line
has almost disappeared, and there is a scattering of dark spots on
the ground colour, in some cases forming a streak in front of the
inner edge of the forewings. [There are indications of blue sub-
marginal crescents in the forewings, but less blue in the fringe or
extreme margin than in I. The spots in “Series D” sometimes
bear minute black pupils. ]
Class IV.a (refrigerator, about 49°, fourteen to forty-six days ;
then forced at 80°-90°, emerging in five days). Effect rather a
mixture of those in Classes I. and III.; the scattering of dark
spots exists, but the yellowish clouds and yellow submarginal
streaks are partially restored ; in those exposed to the low tempe-
rature for forty-two days, there were several that died or were
crippled, and the dark markings in some others are varied with a
paler hue, giving rather a “greasy” appearance to these dark parts.
[The spots of “Series D” often with minute black pupils ;
‘Series C” is indicated in the hindwings by a row of black points;
a new dark spot tends to be formed between “II.8” and “TITI.8.”]
Class IV.b (refrigerator at about 49°, fourteen to forty-six days;
then cellar at 56°-60°, emerging in twenty-five to twelve days, or
room 65°-75°, in five to four days). Much like Class IIT., except that
the ground colour is duller, and the submarginal blue tends to be
supplanted by black ; in those longest exposed to cold, the dark
parts tend to spread. [Tendency to formation of new dark spots
continues, |
Class V.a (iced at 33°, fourteen to thirty-eight days, then forced
at 80°-90°, emerging in seven to five days). These, unless iced
ow Vanessa and other Lepidoptera. 431
twenty-nine days or more, are very like IV.a ; iced for that ora
longer period, they are darker; in all cases they show a return of
the yellowish markings.
Class V.b (iced at 33°, fourteen to forty-two days, then at various
temperatures, such as cellar at 59°, emerging in twenty-seven to thirty
days ; or refrigerator at about 49°, six to thirty-two days, and then
in cellar or room, emerging in twenty-one to two days more). These
are classed together, because the effects seem to depend on the
duration of the icing. No great effect is produced under twenty-
nine days’ icing ; the extreme darkness, often without crippling, is
produced by icing thirty-six days, followed by the refrigerator
at 49°, for six to nine days (Plate IX., fig. 3); but some taken
straight from the ice to the cellar are nearly as dark. Of those
iced from thirty-eight to forty-two days nearly all died, or were
more or less crippled ; one of the latter has nearly all the four spots
on the forewings obliterated ; and it may be observed that the
icing for thirty-six days or more, followed by the refrigerator,
which produces the extreme dark effect, has a tendency to cause
the normal spot near the inner edge, which is nearest the base of
the forewing, to disappear.
As regards the general appearance of those which show the
extreme effect of the low temperature, it may be said that they
much resemble V. xanthomelas. [Tendency to formation of new
dark spots continues. An additional dark spot may also appear in
cell (forewing) below “I” and “II.” The border may become
uniformly dark. ]
A second company of V. polychloros, just changing their last
skin, reached me on the 2nd June, also on sallow. Sleeved on
cherry they did very well. Some were forced, emerging in six and
a half to seven days. Others, placed out of doors at a temperature
ranging from 67° to 59°, averaging about 64°, emerged in sixteen
to seventeen days. This was a rather lighter coloured company
of butterflies. There is the same kind of difference in appearance
between the forced and the others, as there is between Classes I.
and II. of the first company, but it is less in quantity.
V. polychloros, general conclusions. The colouring is
considerably affected by temperature in the pupal stage,
low temperatures producing a deepening of the ground
colour and an extension of the dark markings; and high
temperatures producing a lightening of the ground colour
and an extension of the yellowish markings. The blue
and bluish markings are strongest in those at moderately
432 Mr. I. Merrifield on Temperature Hxperiments
low temperatures, Classes III. and IV., in many of which
they form some rather bright crescents on the forewings ;
but at the extremely low temperatures they tend to be
supplanted, in some cases entirely so, by black.
[Forcing invariably tends to produce yellow, whether
pupa previously warmed or cooled. Refrigeration pro-
duces increased breadth of dark brown, whether followed
or not by forcing.|_ Imay add that among the specimens
I exhibit, one belonging to Class LV.a (refrigerator thirty-
eight days, then cellar four days, and forced three days)
(Plate IX., fig. 2), to which my attention has been directed
by Dr. Dixey’s observations, is particularly interesting,
showing “ Series D” as a nearly complete chain of faint
yellowish spots, or rather clouds, on both forewings and
hindwings, the anterior three or four on the forewings,
and all those on the hindwings having each a small black
point in the centre. It seems as if it required cold,
succeeded by heat, to cause this chain of yellowish spots
centred with black to be brought out.
Nothing has been said about the colouring of the
under sides. ‘This varies moderately in darkness or
lightness, but I have not been able to associate this
variation definitely with temperature.
Vanessa atalanta. In looking carefully, and aided by
a strong light, at the V. atalanta upon which experiments
were made in 1892, as recorded, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.
1893, pp. 58-62, I noticed a feature which had escaped me
before, viz., that eight out of the ten which were subjected
to the high temperature of 80°-90° had a few dull orange
scales on the upper side of the forewings, between the
large white costal blotch and the row of smaller white
spots nearer the hind margin.
I determined to develop this tendency by exposing
some pup to a greater heat. The effect was a great
development of this orange colour, both in intensity, it
becoming distinctly scarlet, and in quantity, so as to form
a scarlet cloudy patch sufficient to attract attention on
casual observation. I exhibit several examples. This
patch is between the large white costal patch and the
third of the row of white spots beyond, and tends to form
a scattered ring around this third spot; other scales, from
golden brown to scarlet, are developed along the outer
part of the costa and near the base, and elsewhere on the
forewing.
on Vanessa and other Lepidoptera. 433
The following is a description of the treatment to
which the pupe were subjected, and of its results :—
A considerable number of pup were placed at a temperature of
about 100°, at which nearly all died, after progressing so far as to
show their imaginal colouriug. I then lowered the temperature to
about 90°-95°, with the result that the great majority of them
show these markings, the scales being scarlet instead of dull orange,
and in several cases being so increased in quantity as to form a
scarlet clouding sufficient to attract attention when the insect is
held at arm’s length and more. These scarlet scales follow the
nervure which separates the second from the third of the row of
white spots above referred to; they are not on the nervure, but on
each side of it, and in some cases extend to the nervure next below,
and have a tendency to form a scattered ring round the third of the
white spots. These scarlet scales are also to be found on the costa,
extending in some cases from the beginning of the large white
costal patch almost to the apex of the wing (an ochreous colouring
in this region is to be observed in captured specimens). Asso-
ciated with these markings is an increase of the brightness and
warmth of the golden-brown colouring of the costa and nervures
in the basal part of the wing ; in some crippled specimens this
golden-brown is very vivid, and makes some approach in hue
towards the scarlet band across the wing ; in some of these also a
patch of the scarlet scales is to be found between the middle of the
scarlet band and the large white costal spot.
In my paper on the experiments of 1892, I mentioned that on
the underside of two out of ten specimens at from 80° to 90°, a
new small scarlet spot appeared between the scarlet band across the
forewings and the inner edge. In only six individuals out of those
subjected to a high temperature in 1893 do I find scarlet in this
region. I find it occurs in two places, both below the median
nervure, viz., (a) just before it forks, (4) a little below the lower
branch of the same nervure. One specimen (No. 4) shows both
(a) and (b); three (Nos. 21, 39, and 49) show (a) only, and
two of them but slightly; and two (Nos. 48 and 188) show
(b) only.
The scarlet scales on the upper side are found in the great
majority of those (about thirty) that were subjected to a tempe-
rature of 90°, or upwards, during their whole pupal period, and in
three out of thirty-three that were subjected to 80°-100° during
the earlier part of their pupal period ; they are not found in any
of the forty or so that were subjected to lower temperatures. The
434 Mr. F. Merrifield on Temperature Hxperiments
scarlet patches on the under side are only found in six out
of forty-eight which were subjected to 99° or upwards, and five
out of the six were so exposed for practically their whole pupal
period.
In the opposite direction of low temperature, I tried
further experiments with V. atalanta, the most marked
results of which I exhibited at the meeting of the Ento-
mological Society on the 8th November, 1895. ‘They con-
firm, and in some cases carry further, the results obtained
in the previous year. The low temperature causes much
substitution of white, lavender, or metallic blue-green
scales (one of these colours seeming readily in this insect
to pass into another of them) for the black in normal
specimens ; the large white spot on the costa is greatly
enlarged and spread, and the tendency of the third of the
row of submarginal spots to ocellation which is above
referred to, as caused by a high temperature, is shown in
a different manner by the low temperature, which tends
to form a whitish ring round, and very near to it
(this third spot is on the underside ocellated in normal
specimens),
The extreme low temperature forms are, on the
whole, so decidedly smaller than the average, that I am
inclined to think the low temperature is a cause of
reduced size in this species, more especially as those at
the high temperatures, even where this is so extreme as
to kill some of them, are all of full size.
[ Yorced.—Resolution of inner margin of red band fairly
marked.
Refrigerated.—Marginal blue much extended, especially
about anal angle of hindwing and in centres of spots of
“Series IV.” ; spots of “Series D”’ often ringed with
pale blue, apart from ocellation; indications present of
bluish centres to ‘ Series III.” in hindwings; greater
general blackness. |
Mr. J. J. Walker has kindly given me a specimen from
Gibraltar which resembles, in its main features, some of
my earliest individuals. It was taken, recently emerged,
on the 17th February, and I find that the mean tem-
perature of January and February at Gibraltar may be as
low as 48°7° and 50°9°, Dr. Chapman has kindly sent
on Vanessa and other Lepidoptera. 435
me some atalanta of a very late brood reared last
October and November at Hereford, which also present
some of the characteristic appearances of my cooled
specimens.
Vanessa (Grapta) c-album. Owing to the kindness of
Mrs. Hutchinson, who sent me some eggs laid by hiber-
nated butterflies in the spring, and of Mr. Nesbitt, of
Llandogo, who sent me larvz of the second brood at the
end of July, I have been able to ascertain that while both
broods are affected by temperature in the pupal stage, the
first brood is much the more sensitive of the two. It is
remarkable that there should be so great a difference in
constitution between these two broods, as, under natural
conditions, the pupz of both broods are exposed to tem-
peratures differing by a very few degrees, the one passing
the pupal stage in England about June, and the other
about August. It is entirely consistent, however, with
Mr. W. H. Edwards’ experiments and observations on
the two closely-allied American species, Grapta inter-
rogationis and Grapta comma, as described in the
“Canadian Naturalist’? for 1877 and 1878, and much
light is thrown on the subject by Prof. Weismann’s
observations on Mr. Edwards’ experiments, in the Pro-
fessor’s “‘ Studies in Heredity,” by Prof. Meldola, vol. i.,
p. 149. The individuals experimented on, eight of the
first brood and eleven of the second brood, were not
sufficiently numerous to justify me in describing the
results in detail; but I hope to try experiments on a
much larger scale during the present year.
Vanessa to. Mr. Morris, of Lewes, kindly gave me a
company of about one hundred and twenty larvee, all in
their last skins, or nearly so, on the 15th June, which in
the extraordinarily early season of 1893 was late for
them. I was much occupied in other ways, and perhaps
it was owing to insufficient attention that I did not
obtain more than about sixty pupz, and those were a
little under the full size. They were subjected to various
temperatures from about 100° downwards. ‘Those at
100° all failed to emerge. Sixteen, which were at $0°
for six days, and then at 80°, all emerged in one day
more, making seven days. As the temperature was
lowered, there appeared a gradual tendency to disinte-
gration of the ocellus on the forewing, until in one
436 Mr. F. Merrifield ov Temperature Experiments
(Plate IX., fig. 4), iced at 33° for twenty-two days, then in
the refrigerator for twenty days, and then in the cellar for
eighteen days, it ceases to be an ocellus, being resolved
into a chain of small white spots, which are bright, with
only a very slight bluish shade about them, and affording
a remarkable confirmation of Dr. Dixey’s views of the
origin of that ocellus, as exemplified in the plate attached
to his paper in the Transactions for 1890. In these
iced and cooled specimens the blue becomes more vivid,
and a narrow dusky marginal band, slightly darker in hue
than the chestnut brown ground colour, appears, with a
submarginal incomplete row of small dusky spots, very
distinct. On the hindwing there is little change, but a
tendency to disintegration of the blue in the ocellus.
Dr. Chapman kindly sent me, on the 30th August,
part of a second brood he had found rather more than
half grown. From about forty larve I obtained thirty-
eight fine and healthy pupz, but nearly all were killed
by the severe cold to which I subjected them, though
only a little in excess of that to which No. 6L was
exposed.
[I. Forced: a tendency shown to the development of
dark spots at the apices of the interspaces (‘Series IT.”’);
tendency towards fusion of bluish constituents of ocellus
in hindwing. II. Cooled: tendency of “IV.” (marginal
chain) to separate from “D” (light apical spots) ;
“JV.” rendered more distinct in forewing. III. Iced:
separation of ‘“D” and “IV.” asin II. ‘ Claw-mark ”
tends to lose regular curve, and to become angulated.
Bluish constituents of ocellus in hindwing tend to be-
come separated into two parallel series—“III.” and
“TV.,” @.e., a marginal and submarginal. |
V. antiopa. About seventy pupx, mostly rather
fresh, were obtained for me from near Berlin by Mr.
Edwards, on the 19th July, and were subjected to
various temperatures from about 100°, emerging in from
three to five days, and 80°, when they took a day or two
more, downwards. ‘The most severe temperature sur-
vived, without injury, was twenty-seven days in the
refrigerator, at about 47°. All that were placed in ice
(33°) for twenty days or upwards died, except one that
was a cripple. The results are negative, as none show
any marked differences in marking or colouring that can
be assigned to temperature. The absence of positive
on Vanessa and other Lepidoptera. 437
results is very probably owing to the circumstance that
the pupe were all of them several days old when they
reached me.
The experiments now recorded confirm in general the
conclusions drawn from such as have preceded them, and
some of which may be briefly enumerated as follows :—
(1) The effects of temperature are different when applied
at different periods of the pupal stage. (2) A great range
of temperature may cause but little difference in appear-
ance, while a very few degrees near the top or bottom of
the range the imsect will bear may cause a great
difference. (3) There may be a great constitutional
difference in sensitiveness to temperature between two
seasonal emergences of the same species. (4) This may
be so even when both pass the pupal period at about the
same temperature (this is in accordance with Mr. W. H.
Edwards’ observations above referred to). (5) While
some kinds of effect seem to be what may be called the
direct result of temperature, in others, and perhaps the
most important, temperature appears to operate by
causing the individual to “throw back” to some
ancestral form; this last circumstance has been con-
sidered to explain the reason why a low temperature in
some species causes darkening of the colours, and in
other species produces the opposite effect. (6) In these
cases of “‘reversion,” the kind of effect produced appears
to depend on the stimulus applied, low temperatures
producing one class of effects and high temperatures
a different class of effects.
The whole subject is one of much complication, and
calls for further experiments in many directions. The
direction which mine have taken, following in the lines
initiated by Weismann and W. H. Hdwards, especially
if pursued with species belonging to regions where the
seasonal or other occasional differences of temperature
are extreme—North America, Siberia, Japan, or the
vicinity of mountains—will help to trace, and separate
from the rest, such of the causes of variation as depend,
directly or indirectly, on temperature. Systematic
experiments on a number of well-selected species
belonging to countries where the seasonal difference is
hygrometric rather than thermometric, would probably
produce valuable results. The nature of the food-plant,
438 Mr. F. Merrifield on Temperature Experiments.
which undoubtedly influences size and vigour, and is
generally considered also to influence markings and
colour, offers another line in which experiments of a
more systematic and comprehensive character than any
yet tried would undoubtedly well repay the labour
attendant upon them. ‘There are other natural sur-
roundings, most potent for many purposes, the effect
of which might usefully be tested by experiment, such
as light and electricity and magnetism. As to light, I
tried, in 1891, some experiments on B. cynthia and
S. illustraria, recorded in the Trans. Ent. Soc. for 1892,
p. 42; but, so far, with negative results. And in 1891.
I tried some experiments with strong magnetic currents
on some Lepidoptera in all their stages; but these
yielded no positive result.
Norre.—As this paper and Dr. Dixey’s, which succeeds it, con-
tain observations on some of the same facts by two different and
independent observers, there is necessarily some repetition, but in
order to reduce this as much as possible, I have greatly condensed
my own observations.
EXpLANATION OF Prate IX.
Fic. 1, Vanessa polychloros: pupa at 90°-95°, emerging in seven
days.
Fic. 2. V. polychloros: pupa about 49°, for thirty-eight days, then
about 58° for four days, then about 85°, emerging in
three days more.
Fic. 3. V. polychloros: pupa at 33° for thirty-six days, then about
49° for nine days, then about 58°, emerging in thirteen
days more.
Tia. 4. V. io: pupa at 33° for twenty-two days, then about 49°
for twenty days, then about 60°, emerging in eighteen
days more.
( 439 )
XVI. Mr. Merrifield’s Experiments in Temperature-
Variation as bearing on Theories of Heredity. By
Freperick A. Drxey, M.A., M.D., F.E.S., Fellow of
Wadham College, Oxford.
[Read March 14th, 1894.]
Tue results of Mr. Merrifield’s experiments on the varia-
tions produced in butterflies by the exposure of the pupa
to different conditions of temperature, are in themselves
of great interest. But the interest becomes enhanced
when it is recognized that many of the new features
which make their appearance under these conditions are
identical with those occurring normally in other species
more or less closely allied to the subjects of experiment ;
that in not a few instances the disturbance of natural
temperature-conditions appears to have caused reversion
to an earlier stage in the phylogenetic history of the
species; and further, that the ancestral.features thus
revived seem to vary with the nature of the disturbance.
Examples of these phenomena, from a previous series
of experiments, were given in ‘Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.
1898, p. 55, and were commented on by me (Ibid. p. 69).
The latest results obtained by Mr. Merrifield, besides
confirming many of the former, furnish further instances
of the same nature, as follows :—
I. VANESSA ATALANTA.
A. Warmed.
(1) The occurrence of red scales in the dark ground-
colour between the middle of the scarlet band and the
large white costal spot c. This is an approach to the
condition in V. huntera and V. myrinna, and more
remotely to that in Grapta and Argynnis. A correspond-
ing feature is seer in V. to, which in this respect is
more ancestral than V. atalanta.
(2) The tendency towards the formation of a scattered
ring of red scales round the spots 8 and ¥y of Series D.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1894,—parT III. (SHPT.)
440 Dr, F. A. Dixey on Mr. Merrifield’s Experiments
This again recalls a common condition in V. myrinna and
V. huntera.
(3) The appearance of a new red spot on the under-
side of the forewing, just below the stem of the median
nervure before bifurcation. ‘This represents a pale patch
of various shades in V. callirrhoe, V. myrinna, V. hwntera,
V. cardwi, etc.
(4) The appearance of another red spot on the under-
side of the forewing, just below the first median nervule.
This represents a patch visible on both surfaces of V.
callirrhoe, and fully developed in all the species nearly
allied to V. carduwt.
(5) The tendency towards resolution of the inner
margin of the red band, as in V. callirrhoe.
(6) The suffusion of the dark ground colour with
golden brown, also as in JV. callirrhee.
Of these, Nos. (1) (2) and (3) are points now
observed for the first time; while (4) (5) and (6) are
confirmations of previous results. (See a former paper
by the author in Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1893, p. 70.)
B. Cooled.
(1) Much substitution of lavender or metallic blue-
green scales for black. This points to the ancestral
condition seen in the females and parts of the males in
many species of Argynnis, e.g., A. paphia, var. valesina,
A. sagana ¢, A. niphe 3 and ¢, and A. diana ¢.
(2) The presence of minute patches of bluish scales
near the margin of the dark ground-colour in the hind-
wing, indicating the blue centres of the almost com-
pletely merged Series I11.—an ancient feature of Vanessa
and Grapta.
(3) The marked increase of marginal blue, especially
about the anal angle of the hindwing. This appears to
represent the condition seen in Argynnis niphe, and
ultimately to point back to the primitive Argynnid
colouring of A. valesina and A. diana &.
These are all confirmations of former results.
II. VANgEssa 10.
In this species, warming tends to revive, in the fore-
wing, a series of dark spots (ID), occurring normally in
in Temperature- Variation. 44]
Araschnia levana. Cooling tends in the first place to
separate certain constituents of the ocellus, and when
carried to a high extent has the remarkable effect of
causing an unmistakable resolution of the ocellus in the
forewing, the appearance finally produced being that of
the ordinary Vanessa character in a comparatively un-
modified form. It is interesting to see how completely
these cooled specimens bear out the views which I ven-
tured to express, some years ago, on the origin and
constitution of this ocellus (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.,
1890, pp. 99, 100, pl. i, fig. 12). The ocellus of the
hindwing is also affected in the same direction.
III. VaNnEssA POLYCHLOROS.
Cooling tends to produce several features which
appear to be ancestral. The chief of these are (1) the
pupilling with black of the spots of Series D in the fore-
wing; (2) the occasional indication of Series III. in the
hindwing; and (3) the tendency towards the formation
of a new dark spot between II.8 and III.8. These
points approximate towards the condition in Grapta.
TV. GRapra C-ALBUM.
In both broods cooling tends to induce or increase a
darkness of ground-colour; this being undoubtedly an
ancestral character.*
In all cases of this kind the obvious question occurs—
are we to consider these phenomena as true instances of
reversion, or is it merely that like causes have produced
de novo a like effect in descendant and ancestor? ‘I'he
latter explanation may account for some of the facts, but,
I think, not for all. It may perhaps give the reason for
a general diffusion of bluish scales, or for a change of the
ground-colour from black to brown, but it is scarcely
adequate to explain the special formation of a definite
pattern, as of Series III. with its blue centres in JV.
atalanta, or the reduction of the ocellus in V. 1o to the
primitive Vanessa condition. Without raising the vexed
question of sexual selection, we may yet affirm that
* The observations on the three last species are new ; those on
V. atalanta, as has been seen, are partly new and partly old. On
the whole subject of the ancestral markings in Argynnis and
Vanessa, see the author’s paper in Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1890.
TRANS. ENT. Soc. LOND. 1894,.—parv 1. (SEpr.) 2 F
412 Dr. F. A. Dixey on Mr. Merrifield’s Experiments
among the features induced or revived by altered tem-
perature-conditions, there is at least a residuum which
must have owed its first origin to causes other than the
direct action of temperature on the organism. Nor,
again, are these to be considered as cases of “arrested
development”; for the stages reproduced are stages in
the phylogeny of the species, not in the ontogeny of the
individual.
If, then, these revived features are really ancestral, -
how is their revival to be accounted for? The whole
subject of reversion abounds with difficulty. An expla-
nation commonly offered is that the characters last
developed in the history of a species, or of an individual, |
are less stable than those that have a longer history
behind them, and that have become firmly established,
under the operation of a long-continued process of
heredity. Any disturbance—such as an exceptional con-
dition of temperature—of the normal course of growth,
may therefore be expected to act in the first place on the
newer and less stable features, interfering with their
usual line of development, and shaking back the species
as it were to an earlier and more firmly-founded stage
of its development—just as in an earthquake the freshly-
built wing of a house, where the mortar was not yet dry,
might fall and leave the older portions standing. Such
an explanation, however, is in itself at best but partial,
for it gives no real reason why the newer features should
be less stable than the old; and indeed it comes to little
more than restating the difficulty in another form.
The two attempts to find a more definite explanation
of reversion which may be said at present to hold the
field, are those which pass respectively under the names
of Darwin and Weismann. If the Darwinian assumption
of centripetal “ gemmules” be granted, the commonest
case of reversion, that namely which results from hybridi-
zation, especially between recently-established species, is
capable of explanation under the hypothesis of pan-
genesis. But it may be questioned whether pangenesis
as stated by Darwin is capable of accounting for such
cases as the present, inasmuch as in them the condition of
full maturity is almost reached before the introduction of
the modifying disturbance. Although the ovum from which
the individual has originated may under the Darwinian
hypothesis have contained numerous gemmules of an
in Temperature-Variation. 443
ancestral type, which though usually dormant might
under certain circumstances become active in the onto-
genetic process, it would yet seem a legitimate conclusion
from the hypothesis, that the introduction of any cause
analogous to hybridization in its action on the developing
organism must belong to a far earlier stage in the onto-
geny than the beginning of the pupal condition ; it must
belong, in fact, to the stage of fertilization of the ovum.
There are, however, a few facts on record, such as the
assumption of ancestral characters by an old hen (Darwin,
« Animals and Plants under Domestication,” 1868, vol. ii.,
p. 54), and the appearance of an earlier vertebrate con-
dition in limbs of Amphibia reproduced after amputation
(Ibid., 11., p. 15), which seem in some respects analogous
to the present instances, as being apparently cases in which
a disturbance of normal conditions at a comparatively
late ontogenetic stage has in some way led to reversion
in the course of the individual growth. These cases are
regarded by Darwin as not incompatible with pangenesis,
though not fully explained by it.
Tf, on the other hand, we postulate with Weismann the
existence of “ids”? and ‘‘ determinants,’”? endowed with
the nature and properties that he supposes, the instances
that we are considering become more explicable. For
according to this theory every feature in the structure of
the individual organism is the result of a “ struggle of the
ids” in ontogeny, the final character of each histological
unit being fixed at the moment of the liberation of its
proper determinants by the disintegration of the “ids.”
The competition between the carriers of heredity, many of
which must under the theory be ancestral in character, so
far from being confined to the ovum, is being waged
throughout the entire ontogeny, and is renewed at every
successive stage of development. This being the case, it
is to be expected that any external influence, such as
temperature, on coming into force at any given stage,
should be able to exert an effect upon the struggle pro-
ceeding at that particular time between determinants
which are just beginning to play their parts in the onto-
geny, and should in consequence be able to modify pro
tanto the resulting adult organism. It would be, more-
over, natural to expect the different determinants to be
affected by different temperatures, nor would it be sur-
prising to find that temperature-conditions, which are
444 Dr. F. A. Dixey on Mr. Merrifield’s Experiments
ex hypothesi diverse from those normal to the species,
should favour one or other set of ancestral determinants
at the expense of those more proper to the species. ‘This
would explain why the effect of heat differs from that of
cold, though both lead to reversion.
There is, however, one fact which shows that the above
explanation is not entirely adequate—the faci, namely, of
the hereditary transmissibility of certain temperature
modifications, as determined in the case of Polyommatus
phleas by Weismann himself (“ ‘The Germ-Plasm,” 1893,
p. 399). This phenomenon admits of a ready explanation
under the theory of pangenesis ; the point that pangenesis
fails to explain is the reversionary character of the original
change, unless, indeed, we suppose a ‘‘ struggle of gem-
mules,” analogous to the “ struggle of determinants,” and
continued, like the latter, throughout the ontogeny; in
which struggle certain conditions favour the ancestral
rather than the modern gemmules. But just as the
theory of pangenesis seems to require some such addition
as that suggested, so also, under the rival hypothesis, it
seems necessary to supplement the explanation above
given with another supposition already propounded by
Weismann, namely, that the temperature-conditions are
capable, in some cases, of actually altering the consti-
tution of unexhausted determinants wherever they occur,
even in the germ plasm of the ovum itself.
Jam myself inclined to think that, granting Weismann’s
general theory of heredity, the more special cases of
reversion are to be chiefly explained, as above, by tie
critical influence of the temperature-conditions on the
struggle of the determinants, rather than by an intrinsic
effect on the determinants themselves. The latter may
account for such cases as a general lightening or darken-
ing of the ground-colour, as in Weismann’s P. phleas,
which strictly speaking are not really but only acci-
dentally reversionary ; it will not, however, account in
my opinion for the special ancestral marks shown by
Mr. Merrifield’s V. atalanta and J. io.
The point is capable of verification. If it be true that
there is a selective influence which is exerted upon the
actual struggle of the determinants, that influence would
find a different expression in the adult according to the
particular stage in the ontogeny at which the influence
was applied, as it would affect those determinants only
in Temperature-Variation. AAS
between which at that time the struggle was being
waged,* If, on the other hand, there is no such influ-
ence, but the effect is entirely a direct one and modifies
the individual determinant, then all the as yet unex-
hausted determinants that are capable of reacting to this
particular disturbance would be affected in some degree ;
though no doubt, as Weismann supposes, to a greater
extent if they had reached the point of disintegration than
otherwise.
Again, it seems to me to be of great importance to
ascertain if possible which of these modifications are
transmissible to descendants. If all the modifications,
including those which I have supposed to be produced
in the first way, can be shown to be hereditarily trans-
missible, this would amount to a demonstration that the
second explanation is adequate ; and the first may then
be abandoned as unnecessary. Should only some be
inheritable, the presumption would be in favour of the
co-existence of both modes of action; moreover, the
greater the number of non-transmissible variations that
can be produced, the more will the case be strengthened
against pangenesis, and in favour of the “ centrifugal”
theory. .
I am anxious to see, if possible, the results of breeding
experiments on specimens like these for yet another
reason. It seems to me that by comparative experi-
ments, with and without artificial selection, on such
variations as may be transmissible, a measure might be
obtained of the relative importance of selection and the
mere action of external influences in the transformation
of a species. I think, too, that no better group for such
experiments as these of Mr. Merrifield’s could be selected
than the Vanessas. For, in the first place, it is only
among poikilothermic animals that the direct effects of
temperature can be fully studied ; then among these the
Lepidoptera are pre-eminent for the extremely delicate
register of variation afforded by their wings ; and, lastly,
* The fact that in V. polychloros forcing invariably tends to pro-
duce a certain effect, whether preceded by warming or cooling ;
while refrigeration brings about another definite effect, whether
followed or not by forcing, seems so far favourable to this hypo-
thesis. See above, p. 432.
446 Dr. F. A. Dixey on Temperature-Variation.
among the Lepidoptera the Vanessas belong to an
assemblage the phylogeny of which may claim to be at
any rate partially known.* It is hardly necessary to point
out how much service may be rendered to researches of
this kind by the careful working out of the true internal
affinities of Lepidopterous groups. In proportion as their
phylogeny is placed on a secure basis, we shall be able to
pronounce with confidence on the real character, whether
reversionary or not, of these remarkable variations; and
shall accordingly be able to estimate at its proper value
the evidence they bring towards the solution of the great
problem of Heredity.
* See the author’s paper already referred to, in Trans. Ent.
Soc. Lond., 1890, p. 89.
XVII. Description of new Cicindelidee from Mashunaland.
By Louis Pirinevey, F.E.S.
[Read March 28th, 1894.]
In my ‘Catalogue of the South African Cicindelidee”
(Trans. South Afric. Phil. Soc. vii, 1893), I expressed,
as my opinion, that this catalogue could not be regarded
as final, as Gazaland and Ovampoland would, in all
probability, yield new forms of the wingless genera,
Myrmecoptera, Dromica, and Cosmena; but I was not
prepared to receive, a few months later, no less than five
Myrmecoptera and one Cosmema, hitherto undescribed,
and all found in one locality of the newly-opened-up
northern territories of South Africa, which will be known
hereafter as Zambezia.
All these species were captured round Salisbury at
the beginning of the rainy season, by my esteemed cor-
respondent, G. A. K. Marshall, Hsq., who has gone lately
to reside in Mashunaland. Matabeleland and Mashunaland
would seem to be the home of Myrmecoptera, for besides
the five new species here described, Mr. Marshall has
also captured the hitherto extremely rare M. polyhir-
moides, Bates, and M. bilunata, Dohrn. Mr. F. HW.
Selous, while recruiting at Buluwayo from the effects of
a wound received in the Matabele war, captured there
the equally rare M. mauchi, Bates, and M. limpopoiana,
Pér. These two species were very abundant, [ am in-
formed by Mr. Selous, who, however, captured only one
example of each species, as he had no means of storing
them. Mr. Marshall also writes that M. ivicta and
some of the other species were fairly common. I have
now recorded twelve species of Myrmecoptera from
Matabeleland and Mashunaland, and two Cosmema.
The other Cicindelide captured near Salisbury by Mr.
Marshall were Megacepvhala regalis,* Cicindela clathrata,
* Occurs also near Buluwayo.
TRANS. ENT. SOC, LOND. 1894.—part 111. (SEPT.)
448 M. Louis Péringuey on descriptions of
C. disjuncta, Jansenia angusticollis, and Cosmema lepida,
He had not met with any Mantichora as yet.
Gen. CictnpeLa, Linn.
C. mashuna, sp. n.
Supra obscure cuprea, subnitida, labro flavo utrinque bipunc-
tato ; prothorace quadrato, subtiliter granulato, albido piloso ;
elytris granulosis, margine sat lata, utrinque breviter tri-hamata
maculisque tribus pallide flavis notata.
Obscure bronze on the upper part, with the underside of the
prothorax glowing-red, and the abdomen dark blue, legs glowing-
red with the tarsi green; labrum elongate, convex, tridentate
at the apex, white, and with two setigerous punctures on each side,
one near the median tooth, the other near the outer angle; head
aciculate, with a few white decumbent hairs; prothorax short,
quadrate, rugose, covered with white decumbent hairs; elytra
elongate, subparallel, finely granulose, and having on each side a
moderately broad, pale-yellow marginal band, sending out three short,
blunt rami, and also three round spots of the same colour on each
side of the suture, the posterior one of which is nearly connected
with the apex of the median marginal ramus, but the median one
is not at all connected with the humeral ramus, and the basal one
is placed far above it ; the marginal band and also the dorsal round
spots are edged with dark bronze. Length, 10; width, 3mm.
This species, which might be taken at first sight for a
variety of (. marginella, Dej., is easily distinguished
by having a sub-basal spot on each side of the suture,
which could not be the interrupted end of the lateral
humeral ramus, whereas the other two spots following
the sub-basal one might be the continuation of the two
lateral spurs.
Hab. Mashunaland (Salisbury).
Gen. Myrmecortpra, Germ.
M. angusticollis, sp. n.
Supra eneo-nigra, subnitida, subtus cyanea; capite strigoso,
labro albido, nigro-marginato ; prothorace cylindrico, angusto,
valde elongato, transverse plicato ; elytris elongatis, pone medium
ampliatis, profunde punctatis, utroque plaga humerali elongata,
new Cicindelidee from Mashwnaland. 449
fascia transversa post medium posita vittaque postica supra-
marginali albis ornato.
Dark metallic blue, moderately shining on the upper part,
underside cyaneous ; labrum white, narrowly edged with black in
the male, broadly in the female ; joints of antenn foliate from
the fifth to the apical one ; head strigose; prothorax very narrow,
cylindrical, nearly twice as long as broad, very slightly narrowed
in front and behind, and finely plicate transversely ; elytra very
narrow at the base, gradually ampliated from the base to two-thirds
of the length, convex with the sutural part ending on each side in
a spine, longer and sharper in the male, broadly and deeply pitted,
with the punctures deeper in the interior part, and having on each
side a white humeral narrow band, a discoidal transverse post-
median band narrowed in the centre, and reaching from the outer
margin to two-thirds of the width of the disk, and a supra-
marginal narrow longitudinal band of the same colour, reaching
from the rounding of the posterior part to the apex ; legs cyaneous,
with the knees slightly reddish. Length, 124-13 ; width, 3-33 mm.
In shape, size, colour, and sculpture this species
resembles much IM. spectabilis, Pér.; the joints of the
antennee in M. angusticollis are foliate from the fifth to
the apical one, whereas in M. spectabilis only the 4th, 5th,
and 6th joints are foliate ; the prothorax is still narrower
than in the last-named species, and the punctures on the
elytra are not so broad; the humeral white band is
similar, but the posterior one is shorter, and does not
unite with the transverse discoidal one,
Hab. Mashunaland (Salisbury.)
M. mashuna, sp. n.
Aingo-nigra, supra subnitida; capite strigoso, labro nigro,
macula albida in medio; prothorace cylindrico, transverse plicato ;
elytris elongato-ovatis, utrinque quinque-costatis, costis longis,
sub-undulatis, interstitiis alveolatis.
Black, moderately shining, with a bluish tinge on the head and
prothorax, elytra dark bronze ; labrum black, witha median yellow-
ish white patch in the male, this patch being hardly distinct in the
female ; head conspicuously plicate; prothorax cylindrical, longer
than broad, distinctly constricted in front and behind, and trans-
versely plicate ; elytra elongated, gradually ampliated from the base
to about two-thirds of the length, convex, the male with two
moderately long sutural spines, the female without any, and having
450 M. Louis Péringucy on descriptions of
on each side five long raised lines, the outer two reaching from the
base to about three-fourths of the length, the three discoidal ones
somewhat shorter, apical part shagreened, intervals broadly foveate,
the fovex with ‘a golden sheen, no supra-marginal white spot or
band ; underside and legs very dark blue. Length, 17-19 ; width,
43-6 mm.
The nearest ally to this species is M. bertoloni; the
shape of the prothorax is the same, but in M. mashuna
the transverse folds are more raised and with a slightly
broader interval, the costew of the elytra reach much
nearer to the apex, and the alveolx on the disk are more
regular,
Hab, Mashunaland (Salisbury).
M. marshalli, sp. n.
/Enco-nigra, elytris weneis, subnitidis; capite strigoso, labro
nigro, in medio albo-maculato ¢ ; prothorace subcylindrico, antice
posticeque valde constricto, transverse plicato, vitta media albo-
tomentosa ; elytris elongato-ovatis, utrinque quinque-costatis, costis
post medium productis, interstitiis foveato-reticulatis, vitta basali
alba in elytro singulo, plaga discoidali post medium posita vittaque
postica supra-marginali albis.
Black with a bronze tinge, elytra brassy, moderately shining,
underside and legs black, with a bluish tinge; labrum black,
with a broad median yellowish-white patch in the ¢; head
very obliquely plicate between the eyes, and transversely so behind ;
prothorax subcylindrical, only a little longer than broad, with
the discoidal part somewhat raised on each side, narrowed in
front and behind, transversely plicate, and with a median band
of white hairs reaching from apex to base; elytra elongated,
gradually ampliated from the base to about two-thirds of the
length, ending in two sharp, long, sutural spines, convex, with
five cost reaching from the base to two-thirds of the length,
but the first and fifth longer than the three discoidal ones, inter-
vals foveato-reticulate, apical part shagreened, on each side a white
line running on the second costa from the base to about one-fourth
of the length, a more or less sublunar or rounded patch of the same
colour placed at the apex of the three discoidal raised lines, and a
narrow, supra-marginal posterior band, extending from the same
height as the discoidal patch to the apex. Length, 19; width,
5 mm,
I know the male only. The female will probably prove
new Cicindelidee from Mashunaland, 451
to be more ovate and more convex, with the labrum
nearly totally black.
In general facies, this species approximates to M. poly-
hirmoides, but the markings are different from those of
any other Myrmecoptera known up to date.
Hab, Mashunaland (Salisbury).
M. formosa, sp. n.
/Eneo-nigra, supra subnitida, capite strigoso, labro nigro, in
medio albo-vittato ; prothorace subquadrato, antice posticeque
constricto, disco utrinque elevato, transverse plicato ; elytris elon-
gato-ovatis, uirinque quinque-costatis, costis undulatis, interstitiis
secundo quartoque profunde-alveolatis, vitta basali alba medium
disci utriusque attingente plagaque triangulari ad apicem posita
albis.
Bronze-black, moderately shining on the upper part, dark
metallic-blue underneath ; head conspicuously strigose; labrum
black, with a median whitish longitudinal band in both sexes ; pro-
thorax nearly quadrate, narrowed in front and behind, with the
disk raised on each side and plicate ; elytra gradually ampliated
from the base to about. two-thirds of the length, convex, ending in
two moderately long apical spines, longer and sharper in the male
than in the female, each elytron with five coste, the first and second
near the suture very wavy, and reaching from the base to two-
thirds of the length, the third costa equally long, while the fourth
and fifth extend further, reaching to three-fourths of the length ;
the intervals between the suture and the first costa and those
between the second and fifth are broadly plicate, that between the
first and second costs divided into six or seven broad, deep fovez,
and the space between the fifth costa and the outer margin also
broadly foveate ; in the fourth interval runs a basal yellowish-white
band, reaching about the median part of the disk, and there is a
supra-apical, more or less triangular, broad patch of the same
colour, placed below the fourth and fifth costs; legs very dark
blue. Length, 18-20; width, 5-7 mm.
Allied to M. mauchi, Bates, but differentiated by the
broad and deep fovezw in the second interval on the
elytra; the dorsal longitudinal white band is longer in
proportion, and the apical one more broadly triangular,
Hab. Mashunaland (Salisbury).
452 M. Louis Péringuey on descriptions of
M. invicta, sp. n.
/Eneo-nigra, supra-subnitida ; capite strigoso, labro nigro medio
albo-vittato ; prothorace quadrato, antice posticeque constricto,
disco utrinque elevato, transverse plicato ; elytris elongato-ovatis,
quinque-costatis, interstitiis reticulatis linea basali medium disci
haud attingente, plagaque supra-apicali lata in singulo elytro albis.
Bronze-black, moderately shining on the upper side, underside
and legs cyaneous-black; head strigose ; labrum black, with a
median yellowish-white longitudinal band in both sexes ; prothorax
quadrate, narrowed in front and behind, with the disk raised on
each side and plicate ; elytra gradually ampliated from the base to
about two-thirds of the length, convex, ending in two acute spines,
long in the male, short in the female, each elytron with five cost
reaching from the base to two-thirds of the length, with the first
and second a little shorter than the other three, and the intervals
reticulate ; on the second costa runs a narrow white line, running
from near the base to about one-third of the length, and behind,
edging the dorsal costz and extending more or less diagonally
from the outer margin to the inner costa, isa sinuate silvery patch ;
this patch is generally broader in the ¢ than in the ¢?, and I have
seen a g¢ example where it had disappeared altogether. Length,
15-20 ; width, 5-6 mm.
A near ally to M. mauchi, Bates, but half the size; the
sculpture of the elytra is identical, but the costz are
better defined ; the inner one is shorter than the others,
the fourth and fifth unite towards the apex in the male,
but seldom in the female, while in the ¢ of M. mauchi the
first and fifth costee are the longest, and unite below the
others, and the posterior patch in the last-named species
is triangular, short, not transverse, nearer the apex, and
below the fifth costa.
Hab. Mashunaland (Salisbury).
Gen. Cosmema, Bohem.
C. dolosa, sp. n.
Elongata, nea, elytrorum lateribus cyaneis; capite strigoso,
antennis subcompressis, foliatis; prothorace cylindrico, postice
constricto, transverse plicato; elytris elongatis, postice leviter
ampliatis, crebre profundeque punctatis, convexis, ad apicem
utrinque bi-mucronatis, puncto humerali maculisque rotundatis
supra marginem positis albis.
new Cicindelidee from Mashunaland. 453
Dark bronze, with a greenish tinge; the lateral parts of the
elytra cyaneous; underside and legs dark greenish-blue, tibiz
rufescent ; antenne subcompressed and slightly foliate ; head finely
strigose diagonally ; labrum black, with the apical part somewhat
yellowish in the male, totally black in the female ; prothorax narrow,
cylindrical, constricted behind, finely transversely plicate ; elytra
elongated, covered with deep, closely set, moderately broad punc-
tures, convex, with the sutural part ending in two short spines on
each side, as in C. lepida, Boh., but much shorter, and having on
each side three ovate, supramarginal white spots, the first one
humeral and very small, the median one a little elongated, and the
posterior one ovate. Length, 10; width, 3 mm.
This species, owing to the tendency of the antennz to
become compressed and subfoliate, connects Cosmema
with Myrmecoptera; like (. lepida, it has two spines on
each side of the suture, but these spines are not so much
developed ; the supramarginal white markings are not
unlike those of C. elegantula, Boh., but in C. dolosa the
posterior one is a round or ovate patch, not a white line
or band.
Hab. Mashunaland (Salisbury.)
: a bsioes ved
4
Bae oh nt Len
ee b Val on WW
XVI. On Pyralidina from the Malay Archipelago.
By Epwarp Meyrick, B.A., F.Z.S.
[Read May “nd, 1894.]
THE collection which forms the subject of this paper
was made by Mr. W. Doherty, and is in the possession
of Mr. H. J. Elwes, who entrusted me with types of the
species for examination. The localities from which the
specimens came comprise the Island of Sambawa,
Celebes, Pulo Laut (Borneo), and §.E. Borneo. Many
of the species are new; the large number of new and
curious species of Oligustigma is especially remarkable.
The fauna of Sambawa has evidently felt the effects
of isolation, several of the species that occur there
varying in a marked manner from the normal type of
the same species occurring elsewhere.
PYRAUSTIDA.
ANISOCTENA, n. g.
Forehead oblique ; ocelli present ; tongue developed. Antenne
4,in ¢ with a sinuation at 4, basal fourth with short very uneven
pectinations, longest on sinuation, twice fluctuating between that
and base, with a notch above basal joint surmounted by a strong
tooth. Labial palpi rather long, curved, ascending, second joint
much thickened with dense projecting scales, terminal joint
moderate, thick, obtuse. Maxillary palpi moderate, terminally
dilated with scales. Thorax in ¢ with patagia forming a dense
central tuft. Abdomen in g with lateral hair-tufts beyond middle,
and dense black genital tuft. Posterior tibiee with outer spurs
about half inner. Forewings in g with inner margin densely tufted
with hairs towards base ; 3, 4, 5 approximated at base, 10 approxi-
mated to 9. Hindwings densely haired above towards inner margin
and on lower edge of cell towards base ; 3, 4,5 approximated at
base, 7 out of 6 near origin, anastomosing with 8 to +.
Allied to Margaronia, but with many curious characters.
The hairy margin of cell of hindwings is, of course,
abnormal in the Pyraustide.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1894.—PART III. (SEPT.)
456 Mr. E. Meyrick on
A. synomotis, sp. n.
3. 389 mm. Forewings somewhat elongate, hind margin oblique ;
rather dark fuscous, purplish-tinged ; a darker discal mark, and an
indistinct dot near before it. Hindwings rather dark fuscous.
Celebes; one specimen.
Margaronia laticostalis, Gn. Pulo Laut, Sambawa.
M. diaphanalis, Walk. Pulo Laut.
M. glauculalis, Gn. §8.E. Borneo.
M. aquosalis, Snell. Celebes, 8.E. Borneo.
M. pomonalis, Gn. Sambawa.
M. costiflexalis, Gn. Sambawa.
M. principalis, Walk. 8.H. Borneo. This species is
closely allied to M. prothymalis, Swinh., but differs in
the form of the large postmedian blotch of the forewings,
which is rounded-oblong, the two ends about equally
broad, whereas in prothymalis the blotch is triangular,
the upper end being very much broader.
M. badialis, Walk. S.E. Borneo.
M. bwwitralis, Gn. S.E. Borneo.
M. actorionalis, Walk. Pulo Laut.
M. conclusalis, Walk. Sambawa.
M. bicolor, Sv..ins. Sambawa.
M. stolalis, Gn. Pulo Laut, 8.E. Borneo.
M. sphenocosma, sp. n.
dg. 19—21 mm. Antennal cilia 2. Forewings moderate, hind
margin rather oblique ; fuscous-whitish; two straight, oblique,
dark fuscous fasciz near base ; beyond these a parallel white fascia,
edged with dark fuscous ; then a large transverse-oval dark fuscous
spot, reaching from near costa to submedian fold ; beyond this a
narrow triangular white spot from costa beyond middle, edged
with dark fuscous, reaching half across wing ; second line slightly
curved, dark fuscous ; terminal area beyond this wholly fuscous ;
cilia fuscous, tips at anal angle white. Hindwings white ; a dark
fuscous streak from costa near base to anal angle; a dark fuscous
median fascia, furcate above so as to enclose a triangular spot ;
second line straight, dark fuscous, terminal area wholly fuscous ;
cilia fuscous, tips white on lower half of hind margin.
Pulo Laut, S.H. Borneo; two specimens.
M. scapulalis, Ld. (lymphatalis, Swinh.). Pulo Laut.
M. tolumnialis, Walk. Pulo Laut.
Pyralidina from the Malay Archipelago. 457
Omiodes hiracia, sp. n.
é6- 30 mm. Forewings rather elongate, hindmargin rather
strongly oblique ; fuscous, costa somewhat lighter ; markings dark
fuscous ; first line straight, second serrate and slightly curved on
upper half, strongly broken inwards in middle, thence straight ; a
dot beyond first line, and a discal mark : cilia fuscous, tips towards
anal angle white. Hindwings grey ; a darker discal dot ; second
line dark grey, upper half moderately curved ; cilia whitish, base
dark grey.
Pulo Laut; one specimen.
O. erythrias, sp. n.
dé. 20 mm. Forewings moderate, hindmargin somewhat
oblique ; deep brown-reddish, ochreous-tinged anteriorly, more
fuscous posteriorly ; lines indistinctly darker, first nearly straight,
oblique, second strongly broken inwards in middle ; a darker discal
mark : cilia snow-white, base dark fuscous. Hindwings dark grey,
mixed with dark red in disc, costa whitish, inner margin suffused
with whitish ; cilia as in forewings.
Celebes; one specimen.
Coptobasis radicalis, Walk. Pulo Laut.
C. lunalis, Gn. Celebes, 8.E. Borneo, Sambawa.
C. monochromalis, Walk. Celebes.
TYLOSTEGA, g. 1.
Face rounded ; ocelli present ; tongue developed. Antenne 3,
in ¢ ciliated. Labial palpi moderate, curved, ascending, second
joint with dense somewhat rough scales beneath, terminal joint
moderate, obtuse or somewhat pointed. Maxillary palpi moderate,
filiform. Abdomen rather long. Posterior tibize with outer spurs
less than half inner. Forewings in ¢ above with impression in
cell containing a small flat scale-tuft, beneath with depression
covered by dense pecten of scales from upper edge (in 9 also
present, but less developed) ; 3, 4, 5 closely approximated towards
base, 10 closely approximated to 9. Hindwings with 3, 4, 5 closely
approximated towards base, 7 out of 6, anastomosing with 8 to
middle.
Nearly allied to Aripana, from which it differs mainly
in the scale-pecten of the forewings, and the shorter and
less acute terminal joint of palpi. Type 7’. chrysanthes.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1894,—Part 111. (SEPT.) 24
458 Mr. HE. Meyrick on
T’. chrysanthes, sp. n.
6. 17—19 mm. Antennal cilia of g 3. Forewings rather
elongate, hindmargin somewhat obliquely rounded ; orange, irregu-
larly blotched with fuscous ; lines rather irregular, dark fuscous,
forming blackish spots on costa, first hardly curved, second at ?
acutely angulated to below middle of disc, and again acutely
angulated to inner margin ; a blackish discal mark ; an almost hind-
marginal row of blackish spots: cilia orange, base obscurely
fuscous-spotted. Hindwings as forewings, but first line absent.
Pulo Laut; two specimens.
T. mesodora, sp. 0.
¢. 19mm. Differs from 7. photias as follows : antennal cilia
14; forewings somewhat shorter and broader, costal streak more
orange-tinged, hindmargin with a slender orange streak preceded
by a series of blackish spots ; hindwings shorter and more rounded,
marked as in forewings, except that there is a broad ochreous-
whitish antemedian band.
Pulo Laut; one specimen.
I
T. photias, sp. n.
¢. 20—21 mm. Antennal cilia 1. Forewings rather elongate,
hindmargin somewhat obliquely rounded ; fuscous ; inner margin
suffused with ochreous towards middle ; a suffused pale ochreous
streak along costa, with a projection beyond second line ; lines
dark fuscous, forming blackish spots on costa, first hardly sinuate,
second sinuate, acutely angulated from near anal angle to below
middle of disc, thence again to inner margin, buat obsolete at
extremity ; a blackish discal mark ; a blackish hindmarginal streak,
including a series of whitish dots: cilia whitish-grey, base dark
grey. Hindwings whrtish: base fuscous; a broad rather dark
fuscous hindmarginal band, anterior edge suffused with ochreous ;
a fuscous mark in disc near before this ; a hindmarginal series of
connected white dots ; cilia as in forewings.
Pulo Laut, S.E. Borneo ; two specimens.
T. (?), poltisalis, Walk. Pulo Laut; a 2; the generic
reference is therefore doubtful.
T. schematias, sp. n.
$@. 19—21 mm. Antennal cilia of g¢ minute. Forewings
somewhat elongate, hindmargin rather obliquely rounded ;
ochreous-yellow ; five small round black spots, viz., one on costa
at 3, two on inner margin before middle and towards anal angle,
Pyralidina from the Malay Archipelago. 459
one near hindmargin below middle, and one at apex; a black
transverse mark from costa beyond middle; cilia ochreous-
yellowish, tips paler. Hindwings pale ochreous-yellowish ; a small
black spot at apex, and another on middle of hindmargin .
Pulo Laut, S.E. Borneo, Sambawa, Celebes; four
specimens. In the Celebes specimen the spots are
partially indistinct.
Aripana meritalis, Walk. Sambawa.
A. abdicalis, Walk. Pulo Laut, S.E. Borneo, Sambawa.
A. lactiferalis, Walk. (paucipunctalis, Snell.). Pulo
Laut, Celebes.
A, glaucias, sp. n.
g-. 28 mm. Forewings white; a greyish-ochreous subcostal
streak from base to beyond middle ; black basal and subbasal dots
on costa, one beneath costa beyond these, and one on inner margin
towards base ; lines broad, fascia-like, pale greyish-ochreous, first
obsolete on upper half, second hardly curved, regular; a round
black discal ‘spot; a black dot on costa at 2, and another, whitish-
centred, on costal end of second line; a pale greyish-ochreous
hindmarginal streak, preceded by a black dot below middle : cilia
pale greyish-ochreous, tips paler. Hindwings white ; a black discal
dot ; second line and posterior markings as in forewings.
Pulo Laut; one specimen. Specially distinguished by
the large size, and broad fascia-like regular second line;
nearest to A. lactiferalis, but differs from it also by the
black dorsal dot towards base.
Rehimena phrynealis, Walk. Pulo Laut.
Conogethes clioalis, Walk. Sambawa.
C. haemactalis, Snell. Pulo Laut, Sambawa.
C. punctiferalis, Gn. Pulo Laut, Celebes, Sambawa.
C. iopasalis, Walk. Sambawa.
C. nilalis, Walk. (— usalis). Pulo Laut.
C. sublituralis, Walk. Celebes, Sambawa.
Nosophora scotaula, sp. n.
6. 27 mm. Forewings moderate, hindmargin obliquely
rounded ; dark fuscous, Hindwings dark fuscous.
Pulo Laut; one specimen. ‘The sexes in the genera
Nosophora and Analthes appear to differ strikingly in
some cases at least, and their relationships are at present
imperfectly understood. I consider it just possible that
this might be the d of the very different N. congenitalis,
of which I have seen only ?s.
460 Mr. E. Meyrick on
N. ochnodes, Meyr. Pulo Laut.
N. chironalis, Walk. Pulo Laut.
N. congenitalis, Walk. Pulo Laut.
Analthes semitritalis, Ld. Pulo Laut.
A. idyalis, Walk. (disjunctalis, Walk.) Pulo Laut,
Celebes. I consider it nearly certain that the
forms described under these two names are sexes
of the same species.
A, pyrrhocosma, sp. 0.
Q. 19 mm. Forewings rather elongate, hindmargin rather
oblique ; yellow ; markings deep brown-red ; a costal streak, costal
edge dark fuscous ; a basal spot, connected by a subcostal streak
with first line ; lines irregular, first nearly straight, second at 2
abruptly bent round to connect with discal spot, thence again
abruptly bent to inner margin; discal spot transverse-oblong,
containing a pale mark, and touching costal streak ; a broad,
irregular hindmarginal band, partially touching second line: cilia
blackish. Hindwings deep brown-red; basal half, a large oval
postmedian spot, and a spot on middle of hindmargin yellow; apex
suffused with blackish : cilia blackish.
S.E. Borneo ; one specimen.
Meroctena tullalis, Walk. Pulo Laut.
M. Staintonw, Ld. Pulo Laut.
MEROTOMA, g. n.
Face rounded ; ocelli present ; tongue developed. Antenne 3,
in g¢ moderately ciliated. Labial palpi moderate, subascending,
second joint much thickened with dense projecting scales beneath,
terminal joint very short, concealed, Maxillary palpi moderate,
filiform. Posterior tibiz in g extremely short, ~ of tarsi, fur-
nished with large tuft of hairs above, outer middle spur absent,
inner middle spur greatly dilated and enlarged. Forewings with
3, 4, 5 approximated at base, 10 approximated to 9. Hindwings in
g with inner marginal pencil of hairs ; 3, 4,5 approximated at
base, 7 out of 6 near origin, anastomosing with 8 to .
M. dairalis, Walk. Pulo Laut, Celebes.
SAGARIPHORA, g. 0.
Forehead rounded ; ocelli present ; tongue developed. Antenne
4 in @ moderately ciliated. Labial palpi moderately long, curved,
ascending, second joint with dense rough projecting scales beneath,
terminal joint rather long, with triangular taft in front. Maxillary
Pyralidina from the Malay Archipelugo. 461
palpi moderate, filiform. Abdomen rather long. Posterior tibiz
in ¢ strongly dilated with dense scale-tufts above and beneath on
jower half, basal joint of tarsi with dense rough scales beneath.
Forewings with 3, 4,5 approximated at base, 10 approximated to 9.
Hindwings in ¢ with inner marginal tuft of hairs; 3, 4, 5
approximated at base, 7 out of 6 near origin, anastomosing with 8
to +.
Nearly allied to Agrotera.
S. heliochlaena, sp. n.
g. 28 mm. Forewings moderate, hindmargin rather strongly
oblique ; ochreous-brownish, orange-tinged ; basal half ochreous-
yellow mixed with ferruginous-orange, limited by a rather curved
line ; second line formed by blackish dots, irregular : cilia ochreous-
brown, tips darker. Hindwings yellowish, paler anteriorly; a
cloudy longitudinal streak of blackish irroration from middle of
disc to hindmargin.
Sambawa; one specimen.
Agrotera effertalis, Walk., Celebes.
Aetholix flavibasalis, Gu., S.H. Borneo.
SAROSCELIS, g. n.
Characters of Notarcha, but posterior tibie in ¢ with dense tuft
of hairs.
S. nicoalis, Walk. Sambawa, S.H. Borneo.
Dichoerocis pandamalis, Walk. (frenatalis, Ld.) Pulo
Laut, S.E. Borneo, Sambawa. ‘This species varies
considerably in size, and in the form and position
of the second line of forewings. The Sambawa
specimens have the lines finer than those from
Borneo.
Notarcha (?) nigrofimbrialis, Snell. Celebes.
N. quaternalis, Z. Sambawa.
N. compsogramma, sp. n.
Q. 23mm. Forewings moderate, hindmargin rather obliquely
rounded ; whitish-yellowish; two straight orange subbasal trans-
verse streaks, first black-dotted on costa ; lines rather thick, orange,
marked with black spots on costa, first straight, second moderately
broken inwards below middle ; a round black discal spot ; a suffused
orange subterminal streak : cilia whitish, with blackish basal and
grey median lines. Hindwings as forewings, but without subbasal
462 Mr. H. Meyrick on
lines or black costal spots, discal spot orange, not touching either
line.
Sambawa; one specimen. Differs from N. tigrina,
Moore, chiefly in the discal spot of hindwings not being
connected with the second line.
N. pyrrhalis, Walk. Pulo Laut.
N. pyranthes, sp. n.
2. 21mm. Forewings anes hindmargin rather obliquely
rounded ; ochreous-yellow ; markings blackish ; subbasal and _ first
lines straight; a transverse discal spot outlined with blackish,
connected by a line with inner margin; an oblique streak from
costa near apex, reaching half across wing ; a straight streak from
apex to inner margin before anal angle, and a hindmarginal streak,
confluent at apex: cilia shining grey, base yellow. Hindwings
ochreous-yellow, with an orange anal blotch ; discal spot blackish,
connected by a bent line with anal angle ; an oblique blackish spot
before apex, and a narrower mark before middle of hindmargin ; a
black hindmarginal streak : cilia as in forewings.
S.HE. Borneo ; one specimen.
N. rigidalis, Snell. Pulo Laut.
N. xuthalis, Walk. (— usalis) (onustalis, Snell.) 8.E.
Borneo.
N. multilinealis, Gn. Pulo Laut, Celebes, Sambawa.
N. charesalis, Walk. (octasema, Meyr.) 8.H. Borneo.
N. homomorpha, sp. n.
d. 27 mm. Legs white, anterior pair banded with black.
Forewings moderate, hindmargin rather obliquely rounded ; light
ochreous-brown ; lines blackish, interrupted, first rather irregular,
second serrulate, sinuate on upper 2, thence abruptly broken
inwards to below middle of disc; a blackish dot in disc imme-
diately beyond first line, and a small blackish discal spot; an
interrupted blackish hindmarginal streak: cilia light brownish,
basal half barred with blackish. Hindwings light ochreous-grey,
darker grey towards apex ; a darker grey discal mark ; second line
faintly darker, formed as in forewings; a blackish hindmarginal
streak : cilia grey-whitish, basal half dark grey.
Pulo Laut; one specimen.
N. unitalis, Gn. Pulo Laut.
N. iophanes, sp. n.
6d. 35 mm. Abdomen with two expansible tufts of hairs at
base above. Forewings rather elongate, hindmargin rather oblique;
Pyralidina from the Malay Archipelago. 463
fuscous, purplish-tinged, costa and terminal area dark fuscous ; a
small purple-whitish spot in disc before very indistinct first line ;
a small dark fuscous spot in disc beyond first line, and a transverse
dark fuscous discal spot, separated by a larger square purple-
whitish spot, and followed by a small purple-whitish spot ; two
obscure purple-whitish spots between veins beneath central spot ;
=
second line dark fuscous, upper 2 curved outwards, edged pos-
teriorly by a whitish line ending in a rather large subcostal and
small subdorsal spot: cilia dark fuscous. Hindwings fuscous, with
a broad dark fuscous terminal band; a dark fuscous discal spot,
and twice strongly sinuate second line: cilia dark fuscous, towards
tips whitish on upper half of hindmargin.
S.E. Borneo; one specimen.
N. decialis, Walk. (— usalis). Pulo Laut.
Pleuroptya awrantiacalis, F.R. Pulo Laut, S.E. Borneo.
MErToporRTHA, g. n.
Forehead rounded, with long projecting spreading tuft of hairs
from between antenne ; ocelli present ; tongue developed. An-
tenn 3, in’ ¢ ciliated, with a sinuation and slight thickening of
rough scales on stalk rather near base, basal joint enlarged. Labial
palpi rather long, ascending, second joint rather shortly rough-
scaled, terminal joint moderate, obtuse. Maxillary palpi mederate,
terminally dilated with scales. (Legs broken.) Forewings with 3,
4, 5 approximated at base, 10 approximated to 9. Hindwings with
3, 4, 5 approximated at base, 7 out of 6 near origin, anastomosing
with 8 to 5.
M. dolopsalis, Waik. Pulo Laut.
Phlyctaenia itemalesalis, Walk. Sambawa.
Pyrausta inscisalis, Walk. Sambawa.
P. celatalis, Walk. Pulo Laut.
. ciniferalis, Walk. Pulo Laut, 8.H. Borneo.
. ablactalis, Walk. §S.E. Borneo, Celebes, Sambawa.
. damastesalis, Walk. Sambawa.
. detritalis, Gn. Pulo Laut.
. marginalis, Moore. §S.H. Borneo.
asnelachege) a
CryYPSIPTYA, 2. n.
Characters of Pyrausta, but antenne $, thorax in ¢ beneath
with large lateral extensible plate of greatly elongated scales.
}, nereidalis, Ld. Pulo Laut, S.E. Borneo.
46 | Mr. E. Meyrick on
Tsocentris aequalis, Ld. Celebes.
Ischnurges gratiosalis, Walk. Pulo Laut, S.H. Borneo.
I. octoguttalis, Feld. S.H. Borneo.
Dasyscopa, g. n.
Characters of Scoparia, but hindwings in g with subdorsal
groove, hairy above and filled beneath with dense hairs and with a
dense tuft of hairs from middle of its inner edge, outer edge with
long fine spreading hairs, 4 and 5 widely remote, parallel.
D. homogenes, sp. un.
gd. 16 mm. Forewings elongate, hindmargin rather oblique;
pale grey, mixed with whitish and coarsely sprinkled with blackish ;
a short black irregular streak from middle of base; lines whitish,
first nearly straight, edged posteriorly with blackish, second ob-
tusely angulated above middle; two small blackish spots repre-
senting orbicular and claviform touching black edge of first line ;
discal spot irregular, blackish; a broad irregular whitish sub-
terminal line, interrupted in middle. Hindwings pale grey ;
tufts of subdorsal groove blackish.
Sambawa ; one specimen.
IscHNOScopA, g. n.
Characters of Scoparia, but forewings with 7 absent, hindwings
with 5 absent.
I. chalcozona, sp. n.
36 @. 9—10 mm. Labial palpi elongate, pointed. Forewings
elongate, hindmargin rather strongly oblique; dark fuscous,
purplish-tinged ; lines rather thick, yellow, first hardly curved,
second angulated in middle. Hindwings dark grey.
Sambawa, over 3,000 feet; three specimens.
ENDOGRAPHIS, g. 0.
Forehead rounded ; ocelli present ; tongue developed. Antenne
4, in ¢ moderately ciliated. Labial palpi moderate, ascending,
second joint with long dense projecting scales beneath, terminal
joint rather short, obtuse. Maxillary palpi moderate, filiform.
Abdomen in ¢ with two or three long filaments from each side
above middle. Posterior tibie with outer spurs half inner. Fore-
wings with 3, 4,5 approximated at base, 10 approximated to 9.
Hindwings in ¢ with deep subdorsal groove, inner margin folded
over beneath and prolonged into a stiff projection at anal angle ;
Pyralidina from the Malay Archipelago. 465
4 and 5 short-stalked from point with 3,7 out of 6 near origin,
anastomosing with 8 to middle.
A genus of uncertain affinity.
Hi. acrochlora, sp. n.
¢. 15mm. Forewings moderate, apex rectangular, hindmargin
rather oblique ; whitish-fuscous ; costa suffused with whitish-
ochreous, more clearly posteriorly ; lines dark grey, indistinct,
forming blackish marks on costa, first curved, second strongly
curved on upper 3 ; an indistinct dark grey discal mark : cilia grey,
with a blackish line, base ochreous-white. Hindwings grey, more
whitish towards base and inner margin; second line dark grey,
partially indistinct : cilia as in forewings, on lower half of hind-
margin wholly whitish-grey.
Pulo Laut ; one specimen.
Stenia fauculalis, Walk. 8.H. Borneo.
Metasia hilarodes, sp. n.
¢. 20 mm. Antennal cilia minute. Forewings moderate,
hindmargin obliquely rounded ; yellow-ochreous ; lines fuscous,
first indistinct, second black-dotted on costa, followed by three
semi-transparent whitish dots on upper third, abruptly curved
outwards on middle third, thence strongly broken inwards and
obsolete to beneath middle of disc, whence it is continued to inner
margin ; a fuscous discal mark, preceded by a quadrate semi-
transparent whitish spot, beneath which is another similar an-
teriorly dark-edged spot preceding second line ; three dark fuscous
dots on costa posteriorly : cilia ochreous-yellow, tips paler. Hind-
wings ochreous-yellow ; second line as in forewings, but without
whitish spots.
Borneo (?); one specimen.
M. tampialis, Walk. (— usalis). Pulo Laut, 8.E.
Borneo.
M. didasalis, Walk. Sambawa.
M. melesalis, Walk. S.H. Borneo.
MB=TASIODES, g. 0.
Characters of Metasia, but face without prominence, labial palpi
ascending, rough-scaled beneath, terminal joint short, obtuse.
M. achromatias, sp. n.
¢. 14—16mm. Antennal cilial?. Forewings elongate, hind-
margin rather strongly oblique ; grey-whitish, irregularly mixed
466 Mr. H. Meyrick on
with dark grey ; some black scales towards base ; lines black, first
nearly straight, followed by a small black subcostal spot touching
it, second irregular, from + of costa to near anal angle, thence
strongly curved round to below middle of disc, and again bent to
inner margin at ? ; a transverse discal spot outlined with black ;
three small blackish spots-on posterior half of costa besides
extremity of second line; a dark grey spot on middle of hind-
margin ; a hindmarginal row of blackish dots: cilia whitish, basal
half spotted with blackish-grey. Hindwings with colour, second
line, hindmarginal dots, and cilia as in forewings.
Sambawa ; two specimens.
M. calliophis, sp. n.
dg. 13 mm. Antennal cilia 1. Forewings rather elongate,
hindmargin oblique ; ochreous-yellow ; a black spot on base of
costa; lines black, forming spots on costa, first nearly straight,
second irregularly sinuate from 3 of costa to near anal angle,
thence strongly curved round to beneath middle of disc, and again
bent to inner margin at 2; orbicular and transverse discal spots
outlined with black ; a small black spot on anal angle, and four
black dots on upper half of hindmargin : cilia whitish, with a
dark grey line. Hindwings with colour, second line, anal spot,
and cilia as in forewings ; a black discal dot; a black streak along
upper half of hindmargin.
Pulo Laut; one specimen.
M. lilliputalis, Snell. (?) Sambawa.
M. tholeropa, sp. n.
g. 9mm. Antennal cilia 4, Forewings elongate, hindmargin
rather oblique; whitish-fuscous, irregularly mixed with dark
fuscous ; costa blackish towards base ; lines black, forming spots
on costa, first nearly straight, second rather irregular from + of
costa to anal angle, which it touches, thence acutely angulated to
beneath middle of disc, and again strongly curved round to inner
margin at 2 ; a blackish subcostal spot beyond and touching first
line; discal spot transverse-oblong, outlined with black ; costa
ochreous-whitish on posterior half, with a small black spot in
middle, and a dot between this and second line; a hindmarginal
series of connected black dots : cilia whitish, with a blackish some-
what interrupted line. Hindwings with colour, second line, and
cilia as in forewings; a black discal dot ; a waved black hind-
marginal line.
Sambawa ; one specimen.
Pyralidina from the Malay Archipelago. 467
M. ceavalis, Walk. S.E. Borneo.
Tabidia insanalis, Snell. Celebes.
T’. aculealis, Walk. (trisignata, Moore) Pulo Laut.
T’. craterodes, sp. n.
$ @. 19—22 mm. Differs from 7. insanalis as follows :—
colour more whitish, markings thicker and darker, especially hind-
marginal band ; forewings with upper half of discal spot almost
wholly dark; hindwings with first line connected by suffused
longitudinal streaks with base, a well-marked blackish discal spot
beyond and more or less connected beneath with first line,
second line distinctly curved (in insanalis straight); apex of
abdomen in ¢@ rather dark ‘fuscous beyond the silvery-white
subapical ring.
Pulo Laut; two specimens.
SYNTOMODORA, g. n.
Forehead rounded ; ocelli present ; tongue developed. Antennz
4, in ¢ serrate, shortly ciliated. Labial palpi moderately long,
curved, ascending, second joint with rather long dense projecting
scales beneath, terminal joint moderately long, pointed. Maxillary
palpi moderate, filiform. Abdomen rather long. Posterior tibiz
with outer spurs }—2 of inner. Forewings with 3, 4,5 approxi-
mated at base, 10 approximated to 9. Hindwings with 4 and 5
stalked from near 3, 7 out of 6 near origin, anastomosing with 8 to
middle,
Apparently allied to Tabidia.
S. thoasalis, Walk. Celebes.
Ptilaeola collaris, Walk. Pulo Laut, Sambawa.
P. zebinalis, Walk. S.E. Borneo.
Archernis callixantha, Meyr. Pulo Laut.
Diathrausta profundalis, Ld. Sambawa.
Diasemia grammalis, Dold. 8.E. Borneo, Sambawa.
Agathodes ostentalis, Hb. Sambawa.
Syngamia castoralis, Walk. ( purpurescens, Moore).
Pulo Laut.
Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, Gn. §.H. Borneo.
Stegothyris diagonalis, Gn. Sambawa.
Pagyda salvalis, Walk. Pulo Laut.
P. amphisalis, Walk. Pulo Laut.
468 Mr. EH. Meyrick on
Platamonia ampliatalis, Ld. Celebes.
P. camillalis, Walk. Pulo Laut.
P. ptochura, sp. n.
3S. 23mm. Abdomen with two dark fuscous subapical rings,
not marked with white. Forewings moderate (broader than in
camillalis), hindmargin rather obliquely rounded ; pale ochreous-
yellowish ; a broad costal suffusion, broadest before middle, and a
broad hindmarginal band dark fuscous; lines blackish, partially
indistinct, first hardly curved ; second rectangularly but obsoletely
broken inwards in middle; a blackish linear discal mark: cilia
whitish, with a grey line. Hindwings with colour, second line,
hindmarginal band, and cilia as in forewings.
Pulo Laut; one specimen.
Pleonectusa macaralis, Walk. Pulo Laut, Sambawa.
Cometura lirisalis, Walk. (picrogramma, Meyr.) S.E.
Borneo.
Nistra caelatalis, Walk. S.E. Borneo, Sambawa,
Celebes.
Hydriris elutalis, Walk. Pulo Laut.
H. ornatalis, Dup. Pulo Laut, S.E. Borneo, Sambawa.
H. retractalis, Walk. (opalina, Moore). Pulo Laut,
S.E. Borneo, Sambawa.
Caprinia felderi, Ld. Pulo Laut.
Pinacia fulvidorsalis, Hb. Sambawa.
Sirtocauta testulalis, Hb. Sambawa.
Nausinoe globulipedalis, Walk. (columalis, Snell.)
Celebes.
N. ewroalis, Swinh. (rivulalis, Snell.) Pulo Laut.
N. conchylia, sp. n.
¢. 20 mm. Forewings elongate, hindmargin very oblique,
sinuate above anal angle ; cell with an irregular impression beneath,
2—5 approximated at base, 10 out of 9; prismatic whitish, thinly
scaled ; markings rather dark fuscous, ochreous-tinged ; first line
irregular, indistinct, furcate towards inner margin, second forming
an angular projection posteriorly in middle ; discal spot formed by
a large oval ring, lower extremity connected with second line ; an
irregular subterminal fascia, dilated to touch hindmargin in middle.
Hindwings broad, veins 2—5 closely approximated at base, 7
anastomosing with 8 almost to apex ; prismatic whitish, thinly
Pyralidina from the Malay Archipelago. 469
scaled; markings rather dark fuscous; a discal spot, lower ex-
tremity touching a large dorsal suffusion ; an apical blotch; a
triangular spot on hindmargin below middle.
Pulo Laut; one specimen.
N. trogalis, Walk. (ommatalis, Snell.) Pulo Laut.
N. lindalis, Walk. © Sambawa.
SYMMORACMA, &. Nn.
Forehead somewhat prominent ; ocelli present; tongue de-
veloped. Antenne 1, in ¢ slender, simple, in 2 minutely ciliated.
Labial patpi moderate, porrected, clothed with dense projecting
scales. Maxillary palpi moderate, filiform. Abdomen in ¢ very
long. Posterior tibiz with outer spurs about half inner. Fore-
wings with 3, 4, 5 approximated at base, 10 out of 9. Hindwings
with 3, 4, 5 approximated at base, 7 out of 6 near origin, thence
coinciding with 8 to apex.
Probably related to Nawsinoe.
S. spodinopa, sp. n.
6 2. 19—20 mm. Forewings elongate, hindmargin oblique ;
purplish-grey, irrorated with black; a small white spot on sub-
median fold before middle ; a white crescentic discal mark ; second
line whitish, middle third curved outwards ; a hindmarginal row
of white dots: cilia grey. Hindwings grey ; a fine darker post-
median line, formed as in forewings.
Sambawa ; two specimens.
Orphnophanes euceralis (— usalis) ( productalis, Ld.)
S.E. Borneo.
PmrRISYNTROCHA, g. 0.
Forehead rounded ; ocelli present ; tongue developed. Antennze
almost 1, in ¢ very shortly ciliated. Labial palpi moderate,
ascending, second joint rough-scaled beneath, terminal joint short,
obtuse. Maxillary palpi short, filiform, pointed. Abdomen in ¢
long. Posterior tibize with outer spurs about half inner. Forewings
with 4 and 5 stalked, 10 out of 9. Hindwings with 4 and 5
stalked, 7 out of 6 near origin, anastomosing with 8 to middle.
Allied to Nausinoe.
P. alienalis, Walk. (cuneolalis, Snell.; picata, Butl.)
Pulo Laut.
470 Mr. E. Meyrick on
Mixophyla venatalis, Walk. (— usalis) (erminea,
Moore). Sambawa.
Pterygisus fedalis, Gn. Sambawa, Pulo Laut.
Cymoriza fulvobasalis, Snell. §.H. Borneo.
Hydrocampa oxygona, sp. n.
gd. 21 mm. Forewings fuscous ; lines slender, white, first
curved, second angulated beneath costa, at 2 abruptly curved up-
wards to middle of disc, thence again abruptly curved downwards,
angulated above dorsum ; a subterminal row of uneven white dots.
Hindwings fuscous, lighter in disc; extreme base and a subbasal
line whitish; lines slender, white, first hardly curved, second
forming an acute angular prominence in middle ; a round blackish
discal spot ; a subterminal row of white dots.
Sambawa; one specimen.
Nymphula irialis, Walk. (—usalis). Pulo Laut.
N. responsalis, Walk. §.H. Borneo.
N. turbata, Butl. S.E. Borneo.
N, diminutalis, Snell. S.E. Borneo.
N. villidalis, Walk. (unilinealis, Snell.) S.E. Borneo.
OLIGERNIS, g. n.
Forehead rounded ; ocelli present ; tongue developed. Antenne
3, in ¢@ serrate, minutely ciliated. Labial palpi long, curved,
ascending, second joint loosely scaled beneath, terminal joint nearly
as long, acute. Maxillary palpi moderate, with loose spreading
scales. Posterior tibize with outer spurs almost: as long as inner.
Forewings with 3, 4, 5 approximated at base, 10 out of 9, 11
absent. Hindwings with 3 and 4 froma point, 7 out of 6 near
origin, anastomosing with 8 to near middle.
A specialised development of Nymphula. Type, O.
endophthalma.
O. endophthalma, sp. n.
&@. 11 mm. Forewings elongate-triangular, apex rectangular,
hindmargin bowed, little oblique ; white ; basal area suffused with
light fuscous ; first line white, indistinct, edged on costa with
ochreous-yellow, elsewhere with a cloudy dark fuscous suffusion ;
an ochreous-yellow streak from middle of first line to 3 of disc,
thence angulated to costa at ¢; a similar ochreous-yellow streak-
beneath and parallel to this, but more curved, not reaching costa.
Pyralidina from the Malay Archipelago. 471
Hindwings white ; first line white, indistinct, edged with a cloudy
dark fuscous suffusion ; posterior half mostly occupied by three
ochreous-yellow blotches, apical, central, and anal.
S.E. Borneo ; one specimen.
O. leucochrysa, sp. n.
?. 12 mm. Forewings elongate-triangular, apex rectangular,
hindmargin bowed, little oblique ; white; markings ochreous-
yellow ; margins of first line formed by two interrupted streaks ;
two parallel streaks from middle of disc to 3, thence angulated to
costa before apex; a submarginal streak, finely edged with
blackish anteriorly. Hindwings white ; three ochreous-yellow
rather irregular transverse fasciz, second dilated in disc ; sub-
marginal streak as in forewings.
S.E. Borneo; one specimen. A third species of the
same genus is in the collection from the same locality,
but not in condition to describe.
Oligostigma ceratucha, sp. n.
36 @. 19—24mm. Antenne in ¢ with eight lowest joints of
stalk clothed with long suberect scales above. Forewings very
elongate-triangular, hindmargin very oblique, rounded, in ¢ with
costal edge very narrowly folded over beneath on basal 2, and
roughly hairy towards base ; 10 and 11 out of 9; shining white ;
a fuscous costal streak from base to middle; a broad ochreous-
yellow dorsal streak from base to anal angle, enclosing a narrow
fuscous dorsal streak towards middle, tending to be connected by
an indistinct fuscous suffusion with costa ; a fuscous triangular
blotch on costa beyond middle, subcostal vein in this finely white ;
a yellow-ochreous streak, suffused with fuscous posteriorly, from
costa at + to apex of costal blotch ; an ochreous-yellow finely
black-edged hindmarginal streak, enclosing a hindmarginal series of
fine white lunulate marks. Hindwings abruptly sinuate below
apex, in ¢ with strong rounded anal prominence, and deep sub-
dorsal furrow beneath ; ochreous-yellow ; a white fuscous-edged
fascia before middle ; a white fascia beyond middle, not reaching
margins, edged anteriorly with fuscous and posteriorly with black ;
an interrupted black hindmarginal line, forming two small spots
below subapical sinuation, upper preceded by a silvery-white black-
edged dot.
Pulo Laut ; two specimens.
472 Mr. HE. Meyrick on
O. endosaris, sp. n.
@. 18 mm. Forewings very elongate-triangular, hindmargin
very oblique, rounded, posterior end of cell forming a subhyaline
impressed patch, inner margin with abnormally long cilia ; 10 out
of 9 ; light fuscous; a small dark fuscous spot on middle of costa,
preceded by a yellowish spot; a deep yellow transverse spot in
disc beyond middle ; two shining white posterior streaks from
costa, first reaching to 2, second to near dorsum, space between
them deep yellow anteriorly, second followed by a deep yellow
anteriorly blackish-edged hindmarginal fascia; a hindmarginal
row of blackish dots. Hindwings abruptly sinuate below apex,
in ¢ at anal angle with a large rough tuft of mixed black and
whitish hairs; deep yellow ; a white fuscous-edged fascia before
middle; apex white, with black marginal and submarginal lines ;
an interrupted black hindmarginal line, forming two or three
spots below subapical indentation, upper preceded by a silvery-
white black-edged spot.
Pulo Laut ; one specimen.
O. orthoteles, sp. n.
4¢@. 20—23 mm. Posterior femora in ¢ witha large dense
rough tuft of whitish and black hairs beneath. Forewings very
elongate-triangular, hindmargin straight, rather strongly oblique ;
10 out of 9 ; shining white; a deep ochreous-yellow streak along
costa from base to middle, thence to # of disc; a black mark on
middle of costa; a cloudy blackish median line from base to
beyond middle of disc, thence bent downwards to near anal angle,
and again acutely angulated to costa at 3, where it forms a yellow
spot ; a deep ochreous-yellow dorsal streak from before middle to
anal angle; a deep ochreous-yellow posteriorly fuscous-edged
fascia at 5, finely attenuated downwards, not reaching anal angle ;
a deep ochreous-yellow black-edged hindmarginal fascia. Hind-
wings angularly indented below apex; deep ochreous-yellow ; a
shining white black-edged median fascia ; black submarginal and
marginal lines, latter interrupted to form three black spots below
subapical indentation, uppermost preceded by a white black-edged
spot.
Sambawa ; two specimens.
O. aureolalis, Snell. Sambawa.
O. ochreipicta, Moore. Celebes.
O. idiotis, sp. n.
@. 18mm. Forewings elongate-triangular, hindmargin bowed,
oblique; 10 out of 9; fuscous mixed with orange, costa and
Pyralidina from the Malay Archipelago. 473
inner margin suffused with orange ; a white subterminal streak,
not reaching inner margin, preceded by a rather darker fascia, and
followed by an orange black-edged hindmarginal fascia. Hind-
wings abruptly sinuate below apex ; brownish-orange ; a grey,
darker-sprinkled patch occupying anterior half, except extreme
base and inner margin; a slender whitish subterminal streak on
dorsal half, edged anteriorly with fuscous, and posteriorly with
black ; a whitish, fuscous-edged anteapical dot; a black hind-
marginal line on lower half, forming three black spots below sub-
apical sinuation, two upper quadrate and edged anteriorly by
white black-edged spots.
Celebes; one specimen. Very like O. ochreipicta, but
entirely without the strongly-developed costal fold and
dorsal protuberance of that species.
O. gibbosalis, Gn. ( plicatalis, Walk. ; hamalis, Snell.)
Celebes, Sambawa; the Celebes form has the tri-
angular costal postmedian blotch in ¢ wholly
brown, the Sambawa form partly white; in the
g of both forms the blotch is similar, mostly
white.
O. tripunctalis, Snell. Sambawa.
O. melanodes, sp. n.
Q. 12 mm. Forewings very elongate-triangular, hindmargin
rounded, rather strongly oblique ; 10 out of 9 ; dark fuscous,
whitish-sprinkled ; a whitish streak from costa at 3, reaching half
across wing; a subterminal white streak, not reaching inner
margin, followed by a brownish-orange, blackish-edged hind-
marginal streak. Hindwings abruptly sinuate below apex ; dark
fuscous; three black orange-edged hindmarginal spots below
sinuation, preceded by white spots.
S.E. Borneo; one specimen.
O. argyropis, sp. 0.
o2¢. 16—20 mm. Middle femora in ¢ beneath with tuft of
long white hairs. Forewings very elongate-triangular, hindmargin
rounded, oblique, inner margin in ¢ forming a strong triangular
prominence at 2; 10 out of 9, 11 closely approximated ; shining
white ; a dark fuscous costal streak from base to 4, lower edge
forming a triangular projection beyond middle ; a light yellowish
curved streak from 1 of inner margin to beneath this projection ;
a rather broad orange hindmarginal fascia, edged with black marks
or dots, enclosing a fine silvery blackish-edged subterminal streak.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1894,—parT lI. (SEPT.) 24
474 Mr. E. Meyrick on
Hindwings abruptly sinuate below apex ; shining white, posteriorly
suffused with light yellow-cchreous, becoming orange on hind-
margin; a silvery submarginal streak before apex; five black
hindmarginal dots below sinuation, preceded by silvery-metallic
blackish-edged dots.
Celebes ; two specimens.
O. basilissa, sp. n.
g. 16 mm. Posterior tibia with two spreading tufts of
hairs at origin of spurs beneath. Forewings elongate-triangular,
hindmargin bowed, rather strongly oblique ; inner margin forming
a strong triangular prominence at +; 10 out of 9, 11 closely
approximated ; shining white ; an orange costal streak from base
to +, lower edge forming a strong triangular posteriorly blackish-
margined projection beyond middle; a broad ochreous-yellow
dorsal streak from base to 3, enclosing a blackish dorsal streak
from 1 to 2; a rather broad orange hindmarginal fascia, edged
anteriorly by a black streak not reaching inner margin, and en-
closing a silvery-white black-edged subterminal streak ; an inter-
rupted black hindmarginal line, forming a small spot at apex.
Hindwings abruptly sinuate below apex ; shining white, posteriorly
suffused with light ochreous-yellow, anterior edge of suffusion
marked with two black spots in disc; an orange hindmarginal
streak, at apex preceded by a silvery-metallic line, below sinuation
marked with five round black spots anteriorly edged with silvery-
metallic.
Sambawa; one specimen.
Margarosticha bimaculalis, Snell. Celebes.
Anydraula xanthobathra, sp. n.
9. 14 mm. Forewings whitish; a basal spot and inwardly
oblique fascia beyond it deep ochreous-yellow, fuscous-edged, on
costa suffused with fuscous; median area densely irrorated with
blackish, on costa suffused with fuscous; three posterior deep
ochreous-yellow fuscous-edged fascize (third hindmarginal) con-
verging from costa to anal angle, where they form a blotch
containing a metallic grey spot, lower half of space between
second and third shining grey ; hindmargin sinuate above anal
angle, sinuation more marked in dark basal portion of cilia,
Hindwings whitish ; an ochreous-yellow fuscous-edged fascia about
*, connected below middle by a slender metallic-edged streak with
anal angle ; median area irrorated with blackish, limited posteriorly
Pyralidina from the Malay Archipelago. 475
by a double blackish line; four large irregular black hind-
marginal spots, separated by narrow ochreous-yellow marks, and
containing pale bluish-golden-metallic dots.
Pulo Laut; one specimen. Near the Indian A. june-
talis, Hamps., but the yellow basal spot of forewings is a
sufficient distinction.
Cataclysta nyctopis, sp. n.
g. 14 mm. Forewings rather dark fuscous ; first line and
costal portion of second suffusedly darker ; dull brownish-orange
subterminal and hindmarginal streaks from costa reaching half
across wing, lower extremities separated by a shining prismatic-
grey spot ; a brownish-orange hindmarginal mark above anal angle,
preceded by a metallic-grey spot. Hindwings with 5 and 8 present ;
rather dark fuscous ; a whitish dark-edged sinuate transverse discal
mark ; second line obscurely whitish, edged with dark fuscous ; an
irregular black hindmarginal fascia, not reaching margins, obscurely
edged with ochreous-whitish anteriorly, and containing five ill-
defined bluish-leaden-metallic spots.
S.H. Borneo; one specimen.
Schoenobius punctellus, Z. Pulo Laut, $.H. Borneo.
S. celidias, sp. n.
g. 20—27 mm. Antennal ciliations 1. Forewings elongate-
triangular, hindmargin bowed, oblique; brown; a longitudinal
darker suffusion above middle of disc ; three dark fuscous dots on
fold, towards base and before and beyond middle ; a fourth in dise
beyond middle ; an ill-defined irregular dark fuscous line from
costa before apex to third dot on fold. Hindwings white at base,
changing gradually to light brown at apex.
S.E. Borneo ; two specimens.
Scirpophaga mnesidora, sp. n.
g. 24 mm. Labial palpi very long. Abdomen with a yellow-
ochreous subbasal band. Forewings with hindmargin nearly
straight, rather strongly oblique; white; a deep yellow costal
streak from base to apex, enclosing some metallic and blackish
scales towards base, elsewhere indistinctly margined with dark
fuscous beneath; lines dark metallic-fuscous, first somewhat
inwards-curved, preceded by a short projection from costal streak,
second from beyond 3 of costa to near anal angle, thence sharply
bent to middle of disc, and again angulated to 3 of inner
476 Mr. HE. Meyrick on
margin; a triangular projection from middle of costal streak,
edged with dark fuscous, touching angle of second line; anal
space enclosed by second line ochreous-yellow ; a metallic-grey
hindmarginal streak, partly edged anteriorly with dark fuscous ;
cilia deep yellow, tips whitish. Hindwings white.
Sambawa; one specimen. Although so differently
marked from an ordinary Scirpophaga, there is no
difference of structure except that the palpi are longer
than usual.
PYRALIDIDA.
Endotricha decessalis, Walk. Sambawa.
HH. orthotis, sp. n.
$- 15—17mm. Forewings with hindmargin straight, oblique ;
4 and 5 stalked; yellowish-crimson, posteriorly finely black-
sprinkled ; first and second lines straight, parallel, blackish, first
very indistinct: cilia crimson, with a black line, beyond this pale
yellowish from below apex to anal angle, at apex mixed with
black. Hindwings with hindmargin almost straight ; colour and
lines as in forewings: cilia pale yellowish, basal third crimson,
Sambawa; two specimens. Peculiarly distinguished
by the straight hindmargin.
Pyralis oenoalis, Walk. (— ealis). S.E. Borneo.
P. fuscicostalis, Snell. S.E. Borneo. —
P. manihotalis, Gn. Sambawa.
Balanotis euryptera, sp. n.
$- 16mm. Forewings triangular, hindmargin slightly rounded,
little oblique ; pale greyish-ochreous, suffused with greenish-
ochreous towards base ; a median series formed by a black dot on
costa, three in disc, and one above inner margin ; second line
fuscous, indistinct, marked witha black dot on costa and about
four in disc ; a fuscous hindmarginal band on costa sprinkled with
black. Hindwings fuscous-whitish ; a pale fuscous hindmarginal
fascia and faint line before it.
Sambawa ; one specimen.
CRASIGENES, n. g.
Face rounded ; ocelli present ; tongue developed. Antenne 2,
in ¢ minutely ciliated, basal joint with a small apical tubercle in
front. Labial palpi moderate, porrected, second joint thickened
Pyralidina from the Malay Archipelago. 477
with rough scales above and beneath, terminal joint very short,
concealed. Maxillary palpi rather long, porrected, towards apex
with rough spreading hairs. Posterior tibiz with outer spurs as
long as inner. Forewings with 3 and 4 short-stalked, 5 approxi-
mated, 7 and 8 out of 9, 10 closely approximated. Hindwings
with 3 and 4 stalked, 5 approximated, 7 out of 6 near origin,
anastomosing with 8 to about middle.
Somewhat nearly allied to Trichophysetis.
C. microspila, sp. n.
&@. 12 mm. Labial palpi deep yellow, tip blackish. Fore-
wings elongate-triangular, costa arched, apex very obtuse, hind-
margin much rounded, little oblique; ochreous-white, more
ochreous posteriorly ; first and second lines faintly ochreous,
hardly traceable, curved-angulated, first marked on costa with a
black dot, second double towards ccsta; a small black spot on
costa at 3, and a black dot on hindmargin above anal angle, con-
nected by a bent series of three indistinct blackish dots (con-
spicuously marked on lower surface) ; hindmarginal line and two
lines in cilia fuscous. Hindwings ochreous-white, becoming pale
brownish-ochreous posteriorly ; first and second lines fine, straight,
light brownish, on inner margin black ; hindmarginal line and two
lines in cilia fuscous.
Sambawa ; one specimen.
Diplopseustis heniophthalma, Meyr. Pulo Laut.
SICULODID.
Addza trimeronalis, Walk. Sambawa.
A, probolopis, sp. n.
2¢@. 16—18 mm. Antenne whitish-ochreous, ringed with
black. Forewings with hindmargin sinuate below subacute apex,
bowed, oblique ; reddish-ochreous, strigulated with reddish-brown ;
basal half much suffused with reddish-brown, limited by an an-
teriorly ill-defined narrow dark reddish-fuscous fascia somewhat
beyond middle, parallel to hindmargin, but rather angularly pro-
jecting in middle, becoming obsolete towards inner margin ; costa
with blackish scales and whitish dots ; a narrow brownish hind-
marginal suffusion. Hindwings with hindmargin nearly straight ;
reddish-ochreous, strigulated with reddish-fuscous ; a slightly
darker median fascia; a reddish-ochreous-brown suffused hind-
marginal fascia, strigulated with dark fuscous,
Pulo Laut, 8.E. Borneo; three specimens,
478 Mr. KE. Meyrick on
A. syndesma, sp. n.
@. 15 mm. Forewings with apex rectangular, hindmargin
bowed, oblique ; whitish-ochreous ; costal edge black, interrupted
with whitish ; an elongate-triangular brown patch, its base ex-
tending along anterior half of inner margin, its apex resting on
apical extremity of costa, including a blackish discal dot ; brown
subterminal and hindmarginal streaks, confluent above middle and
not reaching apex. Hindwings with hindmargin nearly straight ;
whitish-ochreous ; five brownish dark-edged straight parallel
transverse streaks ; a fuscous submarginal stria.
Pulo Laut; one specimen.
Stculodes emblicalis, Moore. Pulo Laut.
S. micacealis, Walk. Pulo Laut, Celebes.
SS. ancylosema, sp. n.
é. 22mm. Forewings with hindmargin bowed, oblique ; pale
brownish, indistinctly strigulated with darker brown ; about seven
round white costal spots, containing some fuscous scales, costal
interspaces dotted with black ; four pairs of whitish transverse
striez connected with costal spots, posteriorly only distinct towards
inner margin; between second and third a dark brown median
fascia, not reaching costa, its upper extremity forming a triangular
projection posteriorly ; a semicircular white mark below apex,
beneath which is a dark brown spot. Hindwings with hindmargin
irregularly bowed ; brownish-whitish, strigulated with brown ; a
straight dark brown fascia before middle ; some dark brown marks
towards anal angle ; a brownish transverse fascia before upper half
of hindmargin.
Pulo Laut; two specimens.
S. subrosealis, Leech. Pulo Laut.
S. imbutalis, Walk. Pulo Laut.
S. chalcosidera, sp. n.
$- 21—23mm. Anal prensors very long and densely haired.
Forewings with hindmargin bowed, rather strongly oblique ; deen
coppery-brown, strigulated with dark fuscous, more or less suffused
with whitish in disc and towards costa ; indications of about eight
slender darker fasciz, one in middle broader and conspicuous on
upper half ; subterminal and marginal series of metallic-grey spots,
and some others towards inner margin. Hindwings with hind-
margin rounded ; coppery-brown, with dark fuscous strigule ;
numerous scattered metallic-grey spots ; a suffused costally-broad
median, and narrower hindmarginal fascia dark fuscous.
Pyralidina from the Malay Archipelago. 479
S. platyntis, sp. n.
¢.- 15mm. Thorax with unusually broad scales. Forewings
broad-triangular, hindmargin rounded, rather oblique; brown,
strigulated with dark fuscous; a basal patch, partly obsolete
towards costa, an irregular median fascia, and a hindmarginal fascia
dark purplish-fuscous. Hindwings with hindmargin rounded ;
brown, strigulated with dark fuscous; subbasal, median, and hind-
marginal fascie dark purplish-fuscous.
Pulo Laut; one specimen.
S. pudicula, Gn. Pulo Laut, S.E. Borneo.
S. argentalis, Walk. Sambawa, Pulo Laut. The con-
spicuous dark blotch of the forewings is not
nearly so broad in the Sambawa form.
S. mochlias, sp. n.
$2. 18—22 mm. Forewings with hindmargin rounded ;
shining white, with scattered dark fuscous strigule; costal edge
black, marked with white dots; anterior half of costa suffused
with fuscous; a dark-fuscous narrow transverse mark beyond
middle of inner margin, reaching 4 across wing ; three black sub-
terminal dots below apex. Hindwings with hindmargin rounded ;
shining white, with scattered dark-fuscous strigule ; a subterminal
series of black dots, sometimes obsolete except near apex.
Pulo Laut; two specimens.
S. anticalis, Walk. Pulo Laut.
S. bastialis, Walk. (?) Pulo Laut; one rather doubtful
specimen.
PHYCITIDA.
Myelois pulchva, Butl. Sambawa.
Sulebria apotomella, Meyr. Pulo Laut.
Ephestia desuetella, Walk. Sambawa.
GALLERIADA.
PRASINOXENA, 0. &.
Antenne with basal joint swollen, in ¢ above with broad concave
horny projection, forming an eye-cap. Labial palpi in ¢ short;
curved, in ? moderately long, porrected. Forewings with 7 and 8
out of 9, 10 absent. Hindwingsin ¢ with inner margin narrowly
480 Mr. E. Meyrick on Pyralidina from Malay.
folded beneath, enclosing a hair-pencil ; 3 and 4 stalked or coinci-
dent, 5 absent, 7 out of 6 near origin, anastomosing with 8 to
beyond middle.
A curious genus; the specimens are rather imperfect,
hence the above description is not full, but I think
sufficient. ‘l'ype P. monospila.
P. monospila, sp. n.
49. 15—16 mm. Forewings elongate-triangular, costa arched,
hindmargin slightly rounded, oblique; bright green; a fuscous or
dark fuscous dot in middle of disc: cilia light brown, spotted
with blackish. Hindwings pale ochreous-yellowish.
S.E.. Borneo ; two specimens.
P. hemisema, sp. n.
@. 18 mm. Forewings more elongate thar in P. monospila,
costa less arched, hindmargin more oblique: bright green; a
fuscous, almost interrupted bar from inner margin before middle,
reaching half across wing: cilia yellow-brownish, spotted indis-
tinctly with blackish. Hindwings white.
Sambawa; one specimen.
CRAMBIDA.
Crambus malacellus, Dup. Sambawa.
ash |
XIX. Supplemental List of the Longicorn Coleoptera
obtained by Mr. J. J. Walker, R.N., F.LS.,
during the voyage of H.M.S. “ Penguin,’ wnder
the command of Captain Moore, R.N. By Caar.es
J. Ganan, M.A., FES.
[Read May 2nd, 1894.]
Tue Longicornia collected by Mr. Walker in Australia
and 'asmania are enumerated in a list which was
published in the Transactions cf this Society for 1893.
In order to complete the account of the beetles of this
family which were obtained by Mr. Walker during the
recent voyage of H.M.S. ‘‘ Penguin,” I now give a
list of the species taken at the other localities which
were visited. A few species, taken at Damma Island,
are, however, omitted from the list, and will be described
in a separate paper. Full references are only given
for those species which have been described since the
publication of the Munich Catalogue, and for one old
Fabrician species which has been omitted from that
work. ‘lhree species are described as new.
PRIONIDH.
1. Hurypoda antennata, Saund.
One example; taken at Nimrod Sound, Chusan
Archipelago.
2. Algosoma marginale, Fabr.
Hong Kong and Kowloon (8. B. T. Skertchley) ; two
examples.
3. Algosoma sinicum, White.
Shanghai; two specimens.
4, Philus antennatus, Gyll.
Hong Kong; three examples.
CERAMBYCIDH.
5. Xystrocera globosa, Oliv.
Shanghai; one example. Haining; one example.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1894,—PaRT III. (SEPT),
482 Mr. C. J. Gahan’s List of Mr. Walker’s
6. Cerambyx cantori, Hope.
Shanghai; one example.
7. Aolesthes aurifaber, White.
Silam in North Borneo (Skertchley) ; one example.
ee
Afolesthes sinensis, Gahan, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.,
ser. 6, vol. vi., p. 255 (1890).
Hong Kong; one example.
9. Rhytidodera bowringi, White.
Hong Kong; one example.
10. Gnatholea subnuda, Lacord.
Silam, N. Borneo (Skertchley) ; one example.
11. Ceresium raripilum, Newm.
Silam, N. Borneo (Skertchley) ; one exampie.
12. Oeresiwm simplex, Gyll.
Koepang, Timor; one example.
13. Pyresthes hematica, Pase.
Hong Kong; two examples.
14. Hrythrus fortunei, White.
Luhwang I., Chusan Archipelago; one exampie.
15. Aromia bungii, Fald.
Shanghai; one example.
16. Polyzonus bicinetus, Pall.
Nimrod Sound, Chusan Archipelago ; six examples.
17. Clytus chinensis, Chevr.
Shanghai; one example.
18. COlytanthus signaticollis, L. and G.
Chusan Island ; one example.
19. Dere thoracica, White.
Tamason Island, Chusan Archipelago.
Longicorn Coleoptera. 483
20. Sternoplistes temmincki, Guér.
One example; taken on the mainland opposite
Tygosan Island, Chusan Archipelago.
LaMiD%.
21. Dorcadida bilocularis, White.
Tasmania. ‘This species was accidentally omitted from
the first list.
22. Hpepeotes plorator, Newm.
Koepang, Timor ; one female example.
23. Psacothea hilaris, Pasc.
Haining.
24. Monohammus tesserula, White.
Shanghai, and Luhwang Island, Chusan Archipelago.
25. Monohammus luridus, Pasc.
Mainland opposite Tygosan Island, Chusan Archi-
pelago.
26. Cyriocrates horsfieldi, Hope.
Chusan Island.
27. Melanauster chinensis, Forst.
Hong Kong, Shanghai, and Pwanche Island, Chusan
Archipelago.
28. Melanauster glabripennis, Motsch.
Haining; one example.
29. Aristobia hispida, Saund.
Tygosan Island, Chusan Archipelago.
30. Blepephaeus succinctor, Chevr.
Hong Kong.
31. Xenolea tomentosa, Pasce.
Samboangan.
32. Xenolea tomentosa, Pasc., var.
Hong Kong. The subglabrous patches on the elytra
are blackish in colour.
33. Batocera lineolata, Chevr,
Shanghai.
484. Mr. C. J. Gahan’s List of Mr. Walker’s
34. Batocera davidis, Deyr., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1878,
p: lot
Pwanche Island, Chusan Archipelago; two examples
(¢ and ¢). ‘This species has previously been recorded
only from the interior of China.
35. Batocera thomsoni, Javet, var.
Silam, N. Borneo (Skertchley). In the single example
taken there is only one spot on each elytron, but it does
not seem to be otherwise distinct from DB. thomsoni.
36. Apriona rugicollis, Chevr.
Chinhae.
37. Rosenbergia megalocephala, v. de Poll, Notes from
the Leyden Museum, vii., p. 32, pl. 1, figs. 5
and 5a (¢). Id., vol. ix., p. 184 (g).
Port Darwin, North Australia ; one example.
38. Himantocera plumosa, Oliv.
Silam, N. Borneo (Skertchley).
39. Gnoma propinqua, Pasce.
Ternate, Malay Archipelago; g and 9? examples.
40. Coptops auguralis, Pasc.
Damma Island, Malay Archipelago ; one example.
41. Olenecamptus bilobus, Fabr.
Damma Island and Hong Kong.
42. Gerania bosci, Fabr.
Koepang, Timor.
43. Hestima floccosa, Pase.
Ternate.
44, Pterolophia illicita, Pase.
Ternate; one example.
45. Pterolophia costalis, Pasc.
Ternate.
46. Pterolophia obdueta, Pasc.
Koepang in Timor,
Longicorn Coleoptera. 485
47. Pterolophia, sp.
Manila (J. Green) ; one example.
48. Pterolophia rigida, Bates.
China, the mainland opposite Tygosan Island; one
example.
49, Ropica squamosa, sp. n.
Samboangan.
50. Ropica, sp.
_ Samboangan.
51. Ropica indigna, Pase.
Ternate.
52. Sybra umbratica, Pase.
Ternate.
53. Tetraglenes insignis, Newm.
Chusan Island.
54, Hvxocentrus, sp.
Shanghai; one example.
55. Agapanthia amurensis, Kraatz, Deutsche Ent. Zeit.
xxi. (1879), p. 115.
Shanghai.
56. Glenea elegans, Oliv.
Amboyna.
57. Glenea melia, Pasc.
Silam, N. Borneo (Skertchley).
58. Glenea fortunei, Saund.
Tamaon Island, Chusan Archipelago.
59. Glenea cantor, Fabr.
Lamia cantor, Fabr., Mant. Insect., vol. i., p- 142.
Hong Kong (Skertchley).
60. Phytcecia ventralis, Bates.
Tamaon Island, Chusan Archipelago.
486 Mr. C. J. Gahan’s List of Mr. Walker's
61. Oberea nigriceps, White.
Hong Kong.
62. Oberea inclusa, Pase.
Tygosan Island.
63. Oberea walkeri, sp. n.
Hong Kong.
64. Linda fraterna, Chevr.
sub Hemilophus fraternus, Chevr., in Cat. Gemminger
and Harold. = Oberea seminigra, Fairm., Ann.
Soc. Ent. Belge, 1887, p. 134.
Tygosan Island, Chusan Archipelago.
65. Chreonoma basalis, sp. n.
Hong Kong; one example.
Ropica squamosa, sp. 1.
Squamositate fulva et grisea induta; capite prothoraceque
minute haud dense punctatis, hoc lateraliter paullo rotundato ;
elytris dense sat fortiterque punctatis, utrisque postice lineolis
duabus fuscis et maculis minutis albis duabus vel tribus signatis ;
antennis quam corpore fere sesqui-longioribus, articulo 1° punc-
tato, fulvescente-pubescente, ceteris fuscis, cinereo-maculatis.
Long. 53—7 mm.
Hab. Samboangan.
Dark brown, clothed with minute scales, which are, for the most
part, fulvous-brown in colour, bat are of a greyish tint along the
sutural area on the anterior half of the elytra. The head and
prothorax are minutely and rather sparsely punctured. The elytra
are thickly and more strongly punctured, with the punctures partly
arranged in longitudinal rows, and each bearing a minute white
seta stretched across its opening. Some whitish scales are aggre-
gated to form two or three small spots a little beyond the middle
of each elytron, and from these spots there pass backwards two
very short dark-brown lines. Minute dark-brown spots appear at
intervals along the suture and on other parts of the elytra.
Ropica didyma, Pasc., seems to approach the present
species most nearly in general shape and colour ; but its
covering is of a different character, being in the nature
Longicorn Coleoptera. A87
of short hairs, as in the majority of the species of the
genus, and not in the form of minute flattened scales, as
in the present species and in R. servilis, Pasc.
Oberea walkeri, sp. n.
Fulva ; capite, antennis, elytris pygidioque nigris ; tibiis apice,
tarsisque et (in mare) segmentis intermediis abdominis infuscatis :
capite distincte sat denseque punctato ; prothorace quam longiori
evidenter latiori, dense punctato, lateraliter medio obtuse rotun-
dato ; elytris fortiter denseque et seriatim punctatis, per medium
fusco-testaceo-dilutis, griseo tenuiter pubescentibus, area minima
circum scutellum et macula sub humerum testaceis. Long.
16—19 mm.
Hab. Hong Kong (J. J. Walker).
Head, antenne, elytra, and pigidium black ; thorax and under-
side of body fulvous, with the sides of the three intermediate
abdominal segments slightly infuscate in the male ; tarsi and distal
portion of tibize blackish. Head distinctly punctured, with the
punctures more thickly spread on the vertex than in front. Pro-
thorax distinctly broader than long, thickly punctured ; slightly
gibbous in the middle above, a little bulged out on each side,
reaching its greatest width just behind the middle. Elytra
strongly punctured, with the punctures arranged in closely
approximated rows; a slight testaceous tint appears along the
middle of each elytron, and there is a distinct, but very small
testaceous space around the scutellum ; a faint greyish pubescence
covers almost the whole of the dorsal surface ; the apices are each
slightly emarginate, and feebly dentate at each of the four angles.
The sides of the breast are strongly but very sparsely punctured.
The last ventral segment, black, with the exception of a narrow
anterior border, bears in the male a rather broad longitudinal
channel which narrows anteriorly ; in the female this segment has
near the apex a narrow triangular depression, which is continued
anteriorly as an impressed line. The male is further distinguished
by its slightly longer antenne, and by having the front of its head
narrower, and covered with a more distinct greyish pubescence.
Appears to be most nearly allied to O. japonica, Bates,
Chreonoma basalis, sp. n.
Fulvo-testacea, elytris (limbo basali excepto) violaceis aut
cyaneis ; capite sparsim punctato, medio frontis in mare breviter
sed prominente carinato: prothorace sat dense punctato, supra con-
vexo, lateraliter medio rotundato; elytris sat dense punctatis ;
488 Mr. C.J. Gahan on Longicorn Coleoptera.
antennis articulis 4—6 ultimis nigro-fuscis. Long. 10—11. Lat.
3}—4 mm (4 @).
Hab. Hong Kong (J. J. Walker and J. C. Bowring).
Fulvous ; the elytra violet or deep blue, with a very narrow
fulvous band at the extreme base reaching from the scutellum
to the outer margin. Antenne with the last four to six joints
blackish ; those of the male about as long as the body, those
of the female somewhat shorter.
The front of the head in the male bears in the middle
a short tuberculiform carina. In this and other charac-
ters the species seems to come nearest to C. frontalis,
Gahan.
Glenea cantor, Fab.
Lamia cantor, Fab., Mant. Ins., vol. i., p. 142.
Hab. Hong Kong (Skertchley), and China (? Hong
Kong) (Bowring).
This species is omitted from the Catalogue of Gem-
minger and Harold. It is nearly allied to Glenea spilota,
Thoms., from which it may be distinguished by the
following characters :—
The elytra are usually of a pale yellowish colour, only excep-
tionally offering a slight pinkish tint. The shoulders are pitchy-
black, slightly margined behind with red. The foremost of the
two black spots placed near the apex of each elytron extends in an
almost directly transverse direction from the outer margin to near
the suture. In spélota there are two spots (sometimes united)
occupying a similar position, but placed more obliquely. In G.
cantor the entire hind legs and the tarsi of the two anterior pairs
are blackish in colour.
( 489 )
XX. Descriptions of a new species of Raruuia, L., and of
three new species of ‘lrichoptera from the Balkan
Peninsula, with critical remarks on Panorpa
gibberosa, McLach. By Professor Franz
Krapitsk, F.E.S.
[Read June 6th, 1894.]
PuaTE X.
In the second half of July and the first half of August,
1893, I made a journey in Bulgaria and Hast Roumelia,
the results of which are published in the Magazine for
Art and Science, edited by the Bulgarian Ministerium for
Cultus and Education. ‘To make the descriptions of the
new species also accessible to Non-Slavic Naturalists,
I have the permission of the editors of that magazine to
publish them simultaneously in a foreign periodical,
and having the honour to be a member of the Entomo-
logical Society of London, I take the liberty to present
the English text.
Raphidia rhodopica, n. sp.
Head black, oval, narrowed gradually to the collum, deeply
punctate, the punctures having an appearance of transversal ridges.
Front black, shining. Ocelli distinct. Antenne at the base tes-
taceous, darker to the apex, which is wholly black. The smooth
median longitudinal space on the collum and occiput black, with a
distinct longitudinal impressed line. Labrum fuscous, testaceous
on the margins. Mandibule testaceous, blackish at the tips.
Palpi maxillares fuscous, gale testaceous. Labium fuscous, with
exception of two very distinct yellow, triangular spots. Palpi
labiales shining black. The underside of the head black, more
sparingly punctured than above, with a longitudinal groove in the
middle, which becomes broader towards the mouth. Collum
moderately long, a little narrower behind.
Prothorax ith shorter than the head anc collum, narrowed in the
first third, broader behind. Pronotum punctured, and transversely
rugose, with short pubescence, black, the anterior edge narrowly
yellowish and the hind angles yellow. Mesothorax black, on the
-notum anteriorly with a distinct rhombic yellow spot; on the sides
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1894.—parRT ly. (DEC.) 21
490 Prof. F.. Klapalek’s descriptions
before the base of the wings is a small oblong yellow spot ;
the scutellum has in the middle a yellow point, hinder edge nar-
rowly reddish-brown.
Coxe and trochanters black ; on the anterior and middle femora
the base and outside, except a short space on the apex, is black,
the innerside, except the base and the apex, yellowish-brown.
Posterior femora with exception of the yellowish-brown apex
black. Tibie yellowish-brown, tarsi yellowish-brown, fuscescent
at the apex. Abdomen shining black, with a narrow yellow lateral
line ; the intermediate segments narrowly margined with yellow
posteriorly at the sides, and on the middle of the posterior margin
beneath. The 7th abdominal segment short, the 8th divided into
a dorsal and ventral valve ; the first of them is longer than the
foregoing segment, quadrangular if viewed from the side, under
the thickened side margins swollen on either side into a shining
black smooth hemispheric lobe ; the ventral valve, directed down-
ward, has the apical margin notched, thickened and fuscous.
On the innerside of this valve lie two testaceous crotchets
directed against the apical margin and slightly curved inwardly.
Under these crotchets lies the penis, which is canaliculated beneath.
The 9th segment is widely opened and slightly notched on the
hindmargin, which is yellow ; the hinder angles strongly thickened
and beset with black spines.
Anterior wings three times as long as broad, with elliptical apex,
pellucid. Two cells along the radius from the origin of the
sector and three discoidal cells. Costal area dilated in the first
third, with 11-12 simple veinlets. Subcosta joins the costa at a
distance from pterostigma equal to two-thirds of its anterior mar-
gin. Pterostigma trapezoid, dark-brown, with a single simple
veinlet parallel with its outer margin ; its inferior margin scarcely
half the length of the superior. First discoidal cell begins at the
same distance before the pterostigma as is the termination of the
subcosta, and extends very little beyond its hindmargin. Four
cubital cells. First apical vein simply furcated ; the second thrice
furcated ; the third divided into two branches ; the fourth furcated
twice ; and the two next following are divided into three branches.
Posterior wings in the costal area with 8-10 transverse veinlets.
Cubitus with one branch anteriorly, and in the area between the
sector radii and the anterior branch of cubitus there is only one
transverse veinlet.
2 unknown.
Exp, 23°5-25 mm., long. 11°5 mm.
By the structure of wings R. rhodopica is near to R.
of new species of Raphidia and Trichoptera, Sc. 491
schneider’, Ratzb. and R. sericea, Albarda, from which it
differs by the dark brown pterostigma, by the relative
length of the first discoidai cell, and by the form of the
genital parts. These are similar to those of L’. major,
Burm., from which it differs by the single cross veinlet in
the pterostigma and by four cubital cells.
I collected two ¢ on bushes along the road from
Philipopol to the monastery Bela Cerkva, 30th July.
Polycentropus excisus, n. sp.
Similar to P. flavomaculatus, Pict., in general appearance, but
the antennz are yellow, the apex only annulated indistinctly with
brownish. Palpi and legs yellow, and the markings on the anterior
wings are pale yellow; the footstalk of the apical fork No. 3 is at
least half so long as the fork.
In the ¢ the dorsal plate is almost quadrangular, slightly
excised on the apex. Superior appendages a little longer than the
dorsal plate, broad. Viewed from the side their upper margin is
rounded and the lower almost straight. From above they are quad-
rangular, with rounded exterior apical angle. Their base is covered
above by a large triangular lobe joined to the base of the dorsal
plate. Intermediate appendages short, reddish-brown, escaping
from beneath the apical angles of the dorsal plate, curved down,
but their tip turned again upward. Inferior appendages a little
shorter than the superior, concave inwardly and convex outwardly
with deeply excised apical margin. Both the upperand lower edge
are so far turned inwardly that they touch each other, forming, in
this way, a tube opened at the apex.
¢ unknown.
Exp. 15 mm., length 5 mm.
I would not have dared to describe this species from
the single ¢ collected in Bojana, near Sophia, 20th July,
had not the form of the appendages been so very cha-
racteristic.
Tinodes unidentata, n. sp.
Body black, clothing black mingled sparingly with testaceous.
Antenne fuscous, very indistinctly and narrowly annulated. Legs
brown or fuscous, trochanters and knees testaceous. Anterior
wings blackish, sparingly covered with black pubescence. Neura-
tion distinct, similar to that of TY. dives, Pict. ; posterior wings
similar in colour to the anterior, not iridescent. Fringes blackish
grey.
492 Prof. F. Klapalek’s descriptions
In the ¢ the dorsal plate from side is elongate, slightly convex
above at the base, with parallel upper and lower margins,
the lower being obliquely arched upward at the apex. Superior
appendages 22 as long as the dorsal plate, slender, slightly dilated
towards the base, slightly curved downward and covered with
blackish hairs. Intermediate appendages curved downward,
bearing on the apex short thin spines and furnished on the
underside before the apex with few slender long backward spines
and with a feeble spine arising from the underside and curved
downward, but with the apex again turned upward in form of the
letter S. Inferior appendages two-jointed, 1st joint short,
quadrangular, the 2nd much broader, elongately quadrangular,
bearing on the middle of the apical edge a strong upwardly curved
tooth. The exterior of these appendices, except the dorsal and
apical margin of the second joint, is covered with black fine hairs,
the apex of the second joint is furnished with dense straight strong
sete, which almost conceal the apical tooth. Between the base
of these appendages arises the shining, reddish-brown, spiniform
penis, which is arcuate and with its apex turned downward
between the appendices. The colour of all appendices in speci-
mens preserved in alcohol is testaceous except the basal half of the
inferior appendages, which is fuscous; in dry specimens the colour
is fuscous, the apex of inferior appendages only being shining
testaceous.
? similar to that of J. dives, Pict. Exp. ¢ 9°5—11 mm.;
Q 11—12 mm.
This species, most resembling 7’. dives, Pict., is easily
distinguishable by the uniform blackish wings, the
slender superior appendages, the simple spiniform penis
and the single tooth on the apical edge of the inferior
appendages of the ¢. .
frequents the rapid streams on the slopes of the
Vitosa Mountain near Sophia, Bojana, 20th July.
Rhyacophila obtusa, n. sp.
Fuscous, head and pronotum clothed with golden yellow hairs.
Antennw uniformly fuscous, with dense short pubescence. Palpi
fuscous. In the legs the coxe are fuscous, the rest testaceous,
tarsi fuscescent to the apex ; spurs brown and therefore very dis-
tinct. Wings short and broad, anterior with an almost semi-
circular apex. Membrane smoky-grey, uniformly densely covered
with golden-brown pubescence, mingled only very sparingly with
blackish hairs; on the posterior the pubescence is thinner and
of new species of Raphidia and Trichoptera, Sc. 498
black. Pterostizma of all four wings distinct greenish brown.
Neuration distinct, dark brown; radius not furcated before the
apex ; second apical fork extending only very little further in-
wardly than No. 1 ; costal margin of the anterior wings furnished,
at its base only, with plumose hairs amongst the simple. Fringes
dark grey.
In the ¢ the 9th abdominal segment on the dorsal and ventral
side distinctly developed, though its ventral part is considerably
narrower. The external lobes are very large, reaching to the
middle of the inferior appendages, viewed from side rhomboid,
with the lower part bent round outwardly. If viewed from above,
the external margin appears to form a raised arcuate edge dis-
appearing at the apex and forming an axis round which the lower
part of the lobe is bent outwardly. Both lobes are united at the
base, but separated for more than the apical half of their length ;
they are sparingly furnished with stiff hairs. First joint of the
inferior appendages oblong, convex on its lower edge; second
joint much shorter, very obliquely truncate at the apex, so that
the upper edge is much shorter than the lower, which is concave
at the base, convex at the considerably produced apex ; the apical
edge straight. Lower penis-cover not exserted, large, boat-shaped,
fuscous, and slightly excised at the apex. Exp. 16 mm., length
5°5 mm.
@ unknown.
Three ¢ at a brook in Dragalevci flowing from the
Vitosa Mountains near Sophia, 22nd July.
When living this species has the appearance of a pale
Silo or Inthax, and was found sitting on the underside
of leaves of plants on the bank. Though its radius
is not divided at the apex, we must put it into the Section
C. of the genus Rhyacophila (McLach., Rev. and Syn.,
p- 158), from its short and broad wings and the form of
the anal appendices. Though the external lobes appear
very similar to those of Rh. eatont, McLach., the lower
penis-cover and the uniform colour of the wings show
its relation to the group of Rh. levis, Pict., from which
it differs especially in the form of the external lobes and
by the presence of the plumose hairs on the costal
margin of the anterior wings.
Panorpa gibberosa, McLach.
This highly interesting species was described by Mr.
McLachlan in his Synopsis of the species of Panorpa
occurring in Europe and the adjoining countries (Trans.
494, Prof. F. Klapalek’s descriptions
Ent. Soc. 1869, Part J.) from one g and 9? ; but since
that time, as the author has kindly informed me, it has
not been seen by him. I hope, therefore, it will not be
out of place to give some critical remarks on it, as I have
been so fortunate as to collect a series of specimens in
two separate localities in Bulgaria and Hastern Roumelia.
The most important characters in which this species
differs from P. germanica, L., to which it is very nearly
allied, are in the furca (“appendices segmenti 9,”
MclLach.), whose branches are longer and have their
apex obliquely truncate and in the larger process of the
third dorsal segment. The wing markings are similar to
those of P. germ mica, var. apicalis, St. Two of my
specimens are quite typical, agreeing with the description
and figures in all but in the dorsal process of the 3rd
abdominal segment, which does not appear larger than
in germanica. From this species they differ, besides the
other characters namedabove, by the shining black occiput,
the brown colour which covers regularly the whole occiput
in P. germanica is limited to the hinder eye margins.
Abdominal segments 7th and 8th marked on either side
by a large black shining spot; furca fuscous, almost
black at the apex, with dense strong black setz ; on the
rostrum are two very distinct shining black lines. Another
specimen agrees in all respects with the first two, but the
pterostigma is only yellowish without the usual dark-
brown spot, instead of which it has a little point at the
base of the sector and two similar below the pterostigma.
Two other specimens agree with the last, but have in the
pterostigma a dark brown spot, which is smaller than
in typical examples. A series of specimens are in the
markings similar to P. germanica, but the anal parts are
those of gibberosa. One most aberrant example is
smaller, very dark, having the 7th and 8th abdominal
segments wholly shining black ; the wings are transparent,
very shining, with a slight greenish and brownish tinge ;
the spots are conspicuous, and, besides the above-
named, we find two dark brown points below the middle
of the anterior margin of the wings. A series of ?
show no difference from those of P. germanica collected on
the mountains of the Bohemian frontier. They are very
dark, and with conspicuously marked wings. I do not
hesitate to identify these examples, at least the first named
five, with P. gibberosa, McLach., and I am inclined to
of new species of Raphidia and Trichoptera, Sc. 495
hold this species distinct from P. germanica, but to have
absolute certainty, we must wait for more materials ;
it would be especially desirable to ascertain whether
the typical P. germanica occurs in those regions ; the
season when I visited them was rather advanced. The
difference between P. germanica and gibberosa is indeed
very slight, but yet greater than between P. communis,
L., and P. vulgaris, Imhoff, which, after all, are only
two forms of one species.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE X.
Fics. 1—4. Raphidia rhodopica, n. sp. 1. Wings. 2. Head.
3. Apex of the ¢ abdomen from side. 4. The same from
behind.
Fras. 5 & 6. Panorpa gibberosa, McLach. 5. Terminal segments
beneath. 6. Apex of abdomen from side.
Fias. 7 & 8. Polycentropus excisus, n. sp.7. Apex of the abdomen of
¢ from above. 8. The same from side.
Fic. 11. Tinodes unidentata, n. sp. 9. Apex of abdomen of the ¢
from above. 10. The same from side. 11. Apex of
abdomen of the 9.
Figs. 12 & 13. Rhyacophila obtusa, n. sp. Apex of abdomen of the
dé. 12. From above. 13. From below.
[Figs. 1, 2, enlarged *; Figs, 3, 4, 12; Fig. 5, 4° ; Fig. 6, 2; Figs.
7, 9, 10; 32 = Figs, 8, 11; 12; aud 13, 40. All ques with
camera lucida. ]
GUA Ee)
SOT, A Monograph of British Braconide. Part V. By
the Rev. Tuomas A. Marssatt, M.A., F.E.S., and
Member of the Société Entomologique de France.
[Read March 28th, 1894 ]
Plates XI. and XII.
V. EXODONTES.
XXIV. ALYSIIDES.
Heap large, with dilated cheeks ; occiput concave, not margined.
Mandibles broad, flattened, tridentate, or quadridentate, usually
wide open after death, and often carried in that position by the
living insect, even in repose ; they project on each side of the head
when inspected from above. Antenne multiarticulate, often very
long. Maxillary palpi generally with 6, labial with 3, joints, but
the number is variable. Thorax oval, convex; prothorax short;
furrows of the mesonotum usually inchoate, denoted by two
humeral impressions ; often obsolete ; less frequently complete.
Three cubital areolets in the forewings, the first sometimes con-
founded with the second, or with the first discoidal ; stigma
variable in form, oval or subtriangular, more or less elongate and
linear, or disappearing altogether in the genus Aspilota, where it
is confounded with the metacarp; posterior wings often furnished
with a pobrachial transverse nervure. Both sexes are apterous
in the genus Chasmodon; the @ of Panerema has rudimentary
wings, the ¢ is unknown ; in Allwa the wings of the ¢ are very
short and narrow, with all the nervures and areolets contracted ;
those of the ? are generally, but not always, complete. Abdomen
sessile, subsessile, or subpetiolate, longer than the thorax, more or
less depressed, seldom compressed, as in Panerema, Mesocrina, and
Aspilota ; Ist segment rugulose, the rest almost always smooth
(except Trachyusa) ; suturiform articulation effaced, or barely
visible ; segments 2-3 taken together longer than all the following.
Terebra exserted, of variable length, short, and almost concealed
only in Adelura.
The above characters are equally applicable to the
next tribe, Dacnusides, except that these have only two
TRANS, ENT. 80C. LOND. 1894,—ParTIv. (DEC.)
498 Rev. T. A. Marshall’s Monograph of
cubital areolets in the forewings, thus standing in the
relation of secondary forms, like Apanteles as compared
with Microgaster. The analogy of the two tribes is so
close that their sepsration, as divisions of equal value to
that of preceding tribes, is merely a matter of taste. The
older writers down to «and including Haliday, regarded
Dacnusa as a subsection of Alysia. The latter genus was
first distinguished by Latreille in 1805, having for its
type A. stercoraria, Latr., previously named Ichnewmon
manducator by Panzer. Only two subsequent authors
have attempted to describe the numerous allied species ;
Nees v. Hsenbeck published 41 in six sections, and his
monograph was greatly extended and improved by
Haliday in the fifth volume of the “ Entomological
Magazine,” and in a separate tract entitled, ‘ Alysia,
Fasciculus alter,” published in 1839, and containing the
Dacnuside. Haliday’s memoirs are so exhaustive, as far
as relates to Great Britain and Ireland, that very few
fresh discoveries have since been made, and his descrip-
tions render most of the insects unmistakable. On the
Continent nothing has appeared since the date of Nees v.
Esenbeck’s work, 1834, except a few scattered notices,
and Forster’s ‘Synopsis of Genera.” This last work is
valuable as giving names to all the sections pointed
out by Haliday, which have now become genera, in
accordance with the modern conception of the term
genus. But Forster’s peculiar penchant for multiplying
genera, carried him, as usual, too far, and many of his
divisions, especially those adapted for one species only,
may be conveniently suppressed. The writings of
Wesmael, which have contributed so much to the sub-
ject of the present series of papers, unfortunately stop
short at the end of the Optides. His collection contains
two or three hundred Alysiids, which he would doubt-
less have published if his health had permitted; these
I have seen, but as every specimen required an elaborate
process of cleaning, which I had no permission to apply,
with small chance of good results, I was obliged to
content myself with taking a few notes.
The Alysiides seem to be almost exclusively parasites
of Diptera, and especially of the fungivorous Tipulide
and Muscidz ; the few observations which connect them
with other orders of insects will be mentioned in their
places ; they are all liable to a suspicion of error.
British Braconide. 499
The determination of species is in general not difficult,
owing to the obvious characters exhibited by the wing-
veins ; in other respects there is great uniformity. The
colours are black and piceous brown, relieved in some
cases with red or testaceous, and are tolerably constant
in the same species. As in the case of the Opvides,
good setting is a necessity, especially in the smaller
species; the characters are mostly derived from the
upper surface, but the face and the mesopleurz should
be open to examination. Pinned specimens, and all
those whose wings cannot be clearly seen, are generally
valueless.
TABLE OF GENERA.
1. Both sexes wingless... co sks — ... 1, CHASMODON.
2. Both sexes winged; the wings rarely rudi-
mentary (Panerema), or shortened (Allea).
(4) 38. Wings of the 9 very short, rudimentary, almost
without nervures ( unknown) iil, PANEREMA.
4. Wings ample, except in Alla@a, where they a are
liable to be more or less shor' ened, the neura-
tion always remaining complete.
5. Second cubital areolet confounded with the first. xviii. ASPILOTA.
6. Second cubital areolet separated from the first.
(22) 7. First intercubital nervure as long as, or longer
than, the 2nd abscissa of the radial nervure.
8
9
(9) 8. First cubital areolet confounded with the Ist
’ discoidal ... iii. SYNCRASIS.
(8) 9. First cubital areolet separated from the Ist
discoidal
(11) 10. Fourth joint of theantennz longer thanthe 3rd_ x. IDIAsTA.
(10) 11. Fourth joint of the antenne not longer than
the 3rd.
(18) 12. Second abdominal segment punctate, not
shining, marked with a medial transverse
impression .. iv. TRACHYUSA.
(12) 18. Second abdominal “segment smooth, shining,
without a transverse impression.
(15) 14. Metathorax longitudinally carinated in the
middle; wings often more or less abbreviated
bee : ses ee sae .. V. ALLG@A.
(14) 15. Metathorax not carinated; wings always fully
developed.
(17) 16. Furrow of the mesopleurz smooth or obsolete. ix. PENTAPLEURA.
(16) 17. Furrow of the mesopleure crenate or rugose.
(19) 18. Anal nervure interstitial ... vi. CRATOSPILA.
(18) 19. Anal nervure springing from the middle, or
below the middle, of the extremity of the "ond
discoidal areolet.
(21) 20. Stigma short, emitting the radial nervure from
beyond the ‘middle 3 . vil. ALYSIA.
(20) 21. Stigma elongate, emitting the ‘radial nervure
before the middle s . Vill. TANYCARPA.
(7) 22. First intercubital nervure shorter than the 2nd
abscissa of the radial nervure (except in
Adelura dictynna).
500 Rev. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of
(24) 23. First cubital areolet confounded with the 1st
discoidal ... . xi APHERETA.
(23) 24. First cubital areolet separated. ‘from the Ist
discoidal.
(26) 25. Fourth joint of the antenne longer than the 3rd;
pobrachial areolet of the hindwings less than
half as long as the preebrachial ... Xi PHENOCARPA.
(25) 26. Fourth joint of the antenne not longer than th
8rd; pobrachial areolet of the hindwings half
as long as the prebrachial, or longer.
(28) 27. Stigma obsolete, or nearly so, not distinguished
from the metacarp ; 2nd cubital areolet some-
times confounded with the Ist.. . xviii. ASPILOTA.
(27) 28. Stigma distinct, evidently stouter than the
metacarp.
(82) 29. Stigma cuneiform or oval; not linear, 7.e., not
of equal breadth throughout.
(31) 30. Stigma elongate, cuneiform, emitting the radial
nervure before the middle aa xy. PROSAPHA.
(30) 31. Stigma oval-lanceolate, short, emitting the
radial nervure from the middle.. ... xvi. MESOCRINA.
(29) 82. Stigma linear, of equal breadth throughout.
(84) 33. Radial nervure originating at the extreme base
of the stigma ses xiv. ANISOCYRTA.
(83) 35. Radial nervure originating at any other point
of the stigma.
(86) 34. Anal nervure interstitial or nearly so; terebra
very short, almost concealed... xiil. ADELURA.
(35) 36. Anal nervure springing from the middle of the
extremity of the 2nd discoidal areolet ; terebra
exserted, falcate ... “oc ae Bs . XVil. OrTHosTIGMA.
1. Caasmonon, Hal.
Hal., Ent. Mag., i., 486 (1833).
Apterous in both sexes. Head flattened ; eyes minutely pubes-
cent ; maxillary palpi 6-, labial 4-jointed. Second joint of the
flagellum longer than the first (as in Genus xii.. Phanocarpa).
Thorax much narrower than the head, compressed, subcylindric ;
sutures of the mesonotum distinct, complete, crenulate. Abdomen
@ oval, as long as and broader than the thorax ; belly compressed,
obliquely truncate at the extremity ; abdomen ¢ narrower, some-
what depressed. Terebra exserted.
1. Chasmodon apterus, Nees.
Bassus apterus, Nees, a Ges. Berl., 1814, p. 207.
Alysia aptera, Nees, Mon., .» 264, d.
CO. apterus, Hal., Ent. Maes Ve; 214, Or:
Smooth, shining ; ferruginous, with the head and extremity of
the abdomen blackish. Mandibles tridentate. Palpi ferruginous.
British Braconide. 501
Antennz ferruginous, darker towards the tips, 17-21-jointed, as
long as the body in the 9, longer and more slender in the ¢.
Scutellum minute, tuberculiform ; mesopleure with a rugose
furrow ; metathorax punctato-rugose, subcarinate, rather darker
than the rest of the thorax, truncate posteriorly. Beneath the
tegule two small membranous lobes represent the wings. Legs
ferruginous. First abdominal segment obconic, finely striolate,
subcarinate at the base. Terebra straight, issuing from the lower
end of the apical truncature of the abdomen, and when measured
from its base, half as long as the abdomen. Length 3-14 lin.
Var. g deep brown, with the anterior part of the mesothorax and
the base of the abdomen paler. Head black ; oral parts, base of
antenne, and legs, ferruginous.
Rare; I possess but two examples. The insect has
occurred in England, Ireland, and Scotland; on the
Continent it has only been noticed in Germany and
Holland.
il, Panerema, Forst.
Forst., Verh. pr. Rheinl., 1862, p. 263.
Male unknown. Wings rudimentary, showing but few of the
nervures. Head somewhat hemispherical; eyes bare; palpi
broken, in my specimens. Second joint of the flagellum shorter
than the 1st. Thorax narrower than the head, short, sub-
cylindric, compressed ; furrows of the mesonotum obsolete ; the
middle of its. disk marked with a depression. Abdomen com-
pressed, linear when viewed from above, longer and narrower
than the thorax, almost vertically truncate at the extremity.
Terebra exserted.
1. Panerema inops, Forst. (Pl. XI, fig. 1.)
P, inops, Forst., l. .
Q. Black, smooth, and shining; abdomen reddish, except the
first segment which is black, and the apex which is blackish. Man-
dibles tridentate, black ; clypeus and palpi dusky. Antenne red,
each joint narrowly dusky at the extremity ; rather stout, a little
longer than the body, 24—25-jointed ; the joints are progressively
shorter from the base, and become moniliform towards the
extremity. Furrow of the mesopleure smooth; scutellum very
small, preceded by a fovea larger than itself ; metathorax coarsely
502 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of
rugose, without a medial carina. Forewings as long as the meta-
thorax, subtriangular, furnished with a stigma near the extremity,
3 nervures and 4 areolets (see Plate) ; hindwings nerveless, except
a portion of the radial nervure visible towards the extremity. Legs
red, rather stout and long. First abdominal segment nearly linear,
hardly narrower at the base, deeply striate, the spiracles placed in
the middle ; the following segments smooth and shining ; 2nd
suture effaced ; apical segments very short. Terebra short, falcate,
ascending. Length, 14 lin.
This species was discovered to be British by Dr.
Capron, who took several specimens in a sand-pit at
Shiere in Surrey: the description is made from two of
these, which he kindly gave me.
ii. Syncrasis, Forst.
Forst., Verh. pr. Rheinl., 1862, p. 264.
Palpi short, the number of joints differing in the two species.
First joint of the flagellum longer than the second. Metathorax
carinated. Radial areolet lanceolate, not reaching the tip of the
wing ; radial nervure curved ; 2nd abscissa shorter than the 1st
intercubital nervure ; 2nd cubital areolet not broader than long,
measured along tbe cubital nervure ; anal nervure interstitial.
The species are unknown to me; they are thus dis-
tinguished by Haliday :—
Maxillary palpi 4-, labial, 3-jointed me ~.- L. fuctcola, Hal:
Maxillary palpi 2-, labial 2-jointed a3 .; 2. Halidan, Forst.
1. Syncrasis fucicola, Hal.
Alysia fucicola, Hal., Ent. Mag.,v., 217, 3 2, pl. xvii.,
f. 9 (wing).
Maxillary palpi short, dusky. Body deep black, shining ; man-
dibles reddish. 9 Antenne 17-jointed, scarcely as long as the body.
No punctiform impression before the scutellum; furrow of the meso-
pleurz faintly rugulose ; metathorax short, uneven, rugulose, with
two smooth dorsal spaces. Wings dull hyaline ; squamule fuscous ;
stigma blackish, narrow, emitting the radial nervure from its middle ;
2nd discoidal areolet entirely open at the end ; hindwings very
narrow, without a transverse vein or axillary areolet. Legs dull
testaceous with the femora and tibie dusky, except the base of
the latter. Abdomen oboval; 1st segment striolate, obconic.
Terebra as long as 2 of the abdomen, ¢ Similar ; the antennz
3
longer, 19-jointed. Length, 1 ; wings, 14-2 lin.
British Braconide. 503
It has only been found in Ireland; common, according
to Haliday, in dry sea-weed on the coast.
2. Syncrasis Halidaii, Forst.
Alysia fuscipes, Hal., Ent. Mag., v., 217, 2 (not of
Nees).
Phenolyta fuscipes, Forst., Verh. pr. Rhainl., 1862,
p- 264.
@. Palpi shorter than in the preceding, as also are the antenne
and the general form. Legs blackish. Abdomen suborbicular,
depressed. Terebra hardly visible. g unknown. Length, 2
wings, J} lin.
No more is said of this species, except that it resembles
fucicola, with which it was taken rarely ; found also once
in the London district by Walker. The synonymy given
by Haliday in the Ent. Mag. is erroneous ; Alysia fuscipes,
Nees, belongs to Genus x1. Aphereta. To avoid confusion,
Forster changed the name of the present insect to
Halidaii, and also founded upon it his uncharacterised
genus Phexnolyta.
iv. Tracayusa, Ruthe.
Ruthe, Stett. Zeit. 1854, p. 352.
Palpi of ordinary length, maxillary with 6, labial with 4 joints.
Two first joints of the flagellum of nearly equal length. Meta-
thorax not carinated. Radial areolet cultriform, narrow, reaching
the tip of the wing; radial nervure straight ; 2nd abscissa shorter
than the 1st intercubital nervure ; 2nd cubital areolet twice as
broad as its length, measured along the cubital nervure ; anal
nervure not interstitial ; stigma large, oblong, obtuse at both ends,
emitting the radial nervure from its outer half. Second abdo-
minal segment punctulate, dull, with a transverse impression in the
middle. .'lerebra hardly exserted.
The elegant species which forms this genus seems
rightly separated from all others; its form is more
elongate, and resembles, as Haliday has remarked, that
of the Cyclostomous genus Colastes; his observation
refers, no doubt, to Xenarcha lustrator (Ent. Tr., 1885,
p- 50). The name Trachyusa appeared to Forster too
504 Rev. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of
much like Trachusa, Jur., a genus of bees, and he
therefore invented a new name, Cosmiocarpa. Trachusa,
however, is not adopted by hymenopterists, as far as I
know, and, besides, it is not the same as T'rachyusa.
For these reasons I have restored the name given by
Ruthe.
1. Trachyusa aurora, Hal. (PI. XI., fig. 2, 3).
Alysia aurora, Hal., Ent. Mag., v., 217, $2).
Trachyusa nigriceps, Ruthe, Stett. Zeit., 1854, p. 352.
Variable, usually testaceous, with the head, the metathorax, and
the base of the abdomen, black. @ Head shining ; mandibles tes-
taceous ; palpi very pale. Antenne slender, longer than the body,
blackish with the base testaceous, 30-34-jointed. Furrows of the
mesonotum converging to a fovea situated before the scutellum ;
pleuree somewhat dusky ; metathorax rugulose. Wings hyaline ;
squamule and stigma testaceous, the latter almost orange-coloured ;
posterior angle of the 2nd cubital areolet produced ; 2nd discoidal
areolet incompletely closed at the end ; recurrent nervure hardly
rejected. Legs testaceous. Abdomen linear, slightly clavate,
depressed ; Ist segment short, not much narrowed at the base,
rugulose, blackish or fuscous, either at the base or entirely;
2nd thickly punctulate and dull, except at the extremity, trans-
versely bisected by an impressed line; the following segments
punctulate at the base. ‘Terebra very short. ¢ Stigma black ;
posterior abdominal segments blackish. Length, 14-1? ; wings,
23-33 lin,
Var. 1. Mesonotum fuscous.
Var. 2. ¢ Black; underside of scape, mandibles, legs, and abdo-
men, testaceous ; Ist abdominal segment blackish. Intermediate
varieties also occur,
A rare species; taken in England, Ireland, Germany,
and Holland. I have only once met with it in England,
but Dr. Capron obtained several at Shiere.
v. Atna@a, Hal.
Hal., Ent. Mag., i., 265 (1833).
Maxillary palpi 6-, labial 4-jointed. First joint of the flagellum
longer than the 2nd. Metathorax carinated. Wings of the ?
usually as long as the body, but sometimes shortened more or less ;
radial areolet large, cultriform, reaching the tip of the wing ; radial
British Braconide. 505
nervure straight, its 2nd abscissa shorter than the Ist intercubital
nervure ; 2nd cubital areolet twice as broad as long, measured on
the cubital nervure; anal nervure interstitial ; stigma narrow,
lanceolate, emitting the radial nervure from the middle ; 2nd dis-
coidal areolet contracted, indistinct ; recurrent nervure hardly
rejected. Wings of the ¢ not longer than the thorax, very
narrow, with the stigma much enlarged, the nervures thickened,
the areolets deformed and contracted (see Plate). Second abdo-
minal segment smooth. Terebra almost concealed.
Imperfection of the organs of flight, among the
Hymenoptera, usually shows itself in the ?, but here
the rule is reversed; the ¢ has always shortened wings,
unfit for flight, the 2 is but rarely in that condition. We
are not able to assign any probable cause for this pecu-
liarity : if $s with perfect wings exist anywhere, at least
they have never been found. Férster named this genns
Diaspasta, having apparently overlooked the name pro-
posed long before by Haliday.
1. Alleea contracta, Hal. (Pl. XI., fig. 3, %; fig. 3a, ¢.)
Alysia contracta, Hal., Ent. Mag., v., 218, $ ¢, pl. xvii,
fala oi LS: 6. (wise).
@ Black ; head smaller than in most of this tribe, somewhat
shining ; eyes prominent ; face rugulose ; mandibles narrow, tri-
dentate, the two lateral denticulations minute, the middle one
acutely prominent; clypeus, mandibles, and palpi ferruginous.
Antenne as long as the body, ferruginous, dark at the tips,
21-jointed, the 3rd joint elongate. Thorax rugose, with the
middle of the mesonotum and of the scutellum smoother and
rather shining ; furrows of the mesonotum distinct, 3 in number,
the two lateral shortened ; metathorax dentiform behind, as viewed
laterally. Wings hyaline; squamule testaceous; stigma and
nervures fuscous; hindwings narrow. Legs ferruginous, Abdo-
men depressed, spatulate, shining; Ist segment sublinear, irre-
gularly rugose, the rest smooth, Terebra very short. g Antenne
blackish, narrowly rufous at the base. Nervures and stigma of the
contracted wings much darker than those of the @? ; legs rufescent,
with the base of the hind coxze fuscous. Length, about 1 line ;
wings 9 2$, g¢ 1} lin.
Var. 1. 2 Mesothorax chestnut-brown in front.
Var. 2. 2 Wings shortened more or less, the nervulation re-
maining complete.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND, 1894.—PaRTIV. (DEC.) 2k
506 Rev. T’. A. Marshall’s monograph of
Only noticed in Hngland and Ireland; I find them
in a marshy meadow near the river Lynher in Corn-
wall, and formerly obtained them in Yorkshire and
Wiltshire.
vi. Cratosriua, Forst.
Forst., Verh. pr. Rheinl., 1862, p. 265.
Maxillary palpi 6-, labial 4-jointed. First joint of the flagellum
longer than the Ynd. Metathorax not carinated; furrow of the
mesopleure crenulate. Radial areolet cultriform, reaching the tip
of the wing; radial nervure straight, its 2nd abscissa one half
shorter than the 1st intercubital nervure; 2nd cubital areolet
somewhat broader than long; anal nervure interstitial ; stigma
oblong, rather stout, emitting the radial nervure beyond the
middle ; recurrent nervure hardly rejected ; pobrachial areolet of
the hindwings shorter than half the preebrachial. Second segment
of the abdomen smooth. Terebra very short.
1. Oratospila circe, Hal.
Alysia circe, Hal., Ent. Mag., v, 219, 69, pl. xvi,
f. 6 (wing).
Blackish, or dark brown, with the front of the head and base of
the 2nd abdominal segment ferruginous. @ Head shining, ferru-
ginous, the border of the occiput and middle or greater part of the
vertex blackish ; mandibles paler fuscous ; palpi long, whitish.
Antenne slender, longer than the body, 30-34-jointed, pale rufous
near the base, blackish towards the tips; 3rd joint very long.
Thorax dark chestnut-brown, shining ; prothorax rufous ; furrows
of the mesonotum punctulate, converging to a small fovea in front
of the scutellum ; metathorax blackish, punctato-rugulose, Wings
hyaline ; squamulze ochreous ; stigma and nervures pale fuscous,
the latter becoming obsolete towards the extremity of the wing.
Legs slender, pale rufous. Abdomen spatulate, subpetiolate,
blackish ; 1st segment narrow, obconic, faintly striolate, with
scarcely visible tubercles; the following segments smooth ; 2nd
ferruginous or chestnut-coloured anteriorly ; apical segments and
belly pale. Terebra very slightly exserted. ¢ First abdominal
segment almost linear. Length, 14; wings, 22 lin.
Taken by Walker in the London district, but very
rare ; it has not occurred since the time of Haliday.
British Braconide. 507
vii. Atysia, Latreille.
Latr.. H. N., xiii, 177 (1805) ; Alysia, Strophea, and
Goniarcha, Forst., Verh. Pr. Rheinl., 1862, p. 265.
Second joint of the flagellum not longer than the Ist, which is
also short; face short, usually rugulose; clypeus very small ;
mandibles broad. Furrows of the mesonotum abbreviated in most
of the species, the point of their convergence indicated by an
oblong fovea, which is not to be confounded with the ordinary
antescutellar fovea ; this latter is deeply sunk, crenate, or striate ;
metathorax flattened, sometimes carinated in the middle, and
rugulose ; furrow of the mesopleure crenate or rugose. Stigma
distinct, oblong, emitting the radial nervure generally from its
posterior or outer half; anal nervure not interstitial ;.2nd cubital
areolet never larger than the 1st; 1st intercubital nervure as long
as the 2nd abscissa of the radial nervure, or longer ; Ist cubital
areolet separated from the 1st discoidal ; pobrachial areolet of the
hindwings half as long as the prebrachial. Abdomen somewhat
depressed ; Ist segment oblong, striolate, with median or sub-
median tubercles, from which to the base it is gradually narrowed;
this segment is generally about one-half longer than its apical
breadth ; if longer still, and more slender, it makes the abdomen
subpetiolate. Terebra slightly exserted.
TABLE OF SPECIES.
(6) 1. Antenne rather stout, sometimes shorter
than the body; anal nervure springing
from the lower angle of the 2nd dis-
coidal areolet; recurrent nervure re-
jected; radial areolet somewhat lanceo-
late or acuminate, not reaching the
extremity of the wing (Alysia and
Strophea, Forst.).
. Spiracles of the metathorax large, distinct,
and margined nee ee ate Bae
. Spiracles minute, concealed by the rugosity
of the metathorax, not margined.
. Antenne @ 40-jointed (g unknown) ... 2. soror, Marsh.
. Antenne ¢ 9 22-24-jointed ... 9 rufidens, Nees.
. Antenne slender, elongate ; anal nervure
springing from the middle of the ex-
tremity of the 2nd discoidal areolet ;
recurrent nervure nearly interstitial,
rarely evected ; radialareolet cultriform
with sulparatlel sides, alwost reuching
tie extremity of the wing (Goniarcha,
F Grst. )
(8) 7. Hind femora sinvated at the base, incras-
sated, compressed ... Bk are a
7) 8. Hind femora of the usual form.
(10) 9. Wingsinfumated ... tre “Bi ... 9d. fuscipennis, Hal.
(9) 10. Wings hyaline.
1. manducator, Panz.
—
or
—
aom>F w bp
4. loripes, Hal.
508 - Rev. 'T. A. Marshall’s monograph of
(24) 11. Abdomen sessile, base of the 1st segment
about half as w de as the metathorax.
(17) 12. Legs dull red. with some black s're.sks.
(14) 18, Antenne Q 25-joiuted(g unknown) ... 6. similis, Nees.
(13) 14. Antennz Q with more than 25 joints.
(16) 15. Mesoth: racic furrows inchvate, but effaced
on the disk .. : 7. mandibulutor, Nees.
(15) 16. Mesothoracic furrows complete, very finely
traced, punctulate, couverging to a
linear fovea in tront of the scute lum... 8. atra, Hal.
(12) 17. Legs testaceous or red, without black
streaks.
(21) 18. Abdowen entirely black.
(20) 19. Antenne & 31-jointed ; terebraas long as
$ of the abdomen ( ¢ unknown)... 9. truncator, Nees.
(19) 20. Antennze of 34-85-jointed ; terebra as
long as 3 of the a domen és ... 10. tipule, Scop.
(18) 21. Abdomen ‘partly red or testaceous.
(23) 22. Abdomen, after the lst segment, testa-
ceous; antenne 38-jointed (fg un-
known) 11. Sophia, Hal.
(22) 23. Abdomen black, with the base of the 2nd
segment reddish, or with all the seg-
meuts, except the Ist, red banded with
black.. . 10. tipule, varr. 1, 2.
(11) 24. Abd« men subpetiola'¢ e, Ist ‘segment nar-
row, not widened poste: iorly.
(26) 25. Abdomen entirely black; Ist segment
twice as long as its ap cal breadth ... 12. incongrua, Nees.
(25) 26. Abdomen red, except the Ist segment,
which is three times as lony as its apical
breadth au es cn Sac ... 18. lucicola, Hal.
1. Alysia manducator, Panz. (Pl. XI., fig. 4, ?.)
Ichneumon manducator, Panz., F. G., lxxii., 4.
Cryptus manducator, Fab., Piez., 87.
Bassus manducator, Panz., Krit. Rev., ii., 75; Nees,
Mag. Ges. Berl., 1814, p. 202..
A. manducator, Latr., Gen. Crust. et Ins., iv., 15;
Nees, Mon.,i., 289; Hal., Ent. Mag., v., 220, ¢ 9, pl. xvii.,
ae | (forewing), fig. 28 (hindwing) ; Cur., Farm ee
44,
A. stercoraria, Latr., H. N., xiii, 177.
A. apicalis and similis, Cur., B. E., 141.
A. truncator, Nees, Mon., i., 240, No. 2 (not i., 248,
No. 7, also named truncatur).
Spirac'es of the metathorax conspicuous, margined. The largest
species, of r bust appearance. @ black, shining ; head very large;
face punctato-rugulose ; mandibles large, often reddish. whol’y or
in part; palpifuscous. Antenne shorter than in the other species,
not much exceeding the length of the head and thorax, black, often
British Braconide. 509
reddish at the base beneath, 22-35-jointed, flagellum stout, bristly,
composed of short cyathiform articulations, which are striolate.
Mesothoracic sutures inchoate, broad, punctate ; middle lobe of
the mesonotum elevated anteriorly ; an oblong fovea in front of
the scutellum ; mesopleure rugose, with a broad furrow; meta-
thorax short, almost truncate behind, covered with confused
rugosities, carinate in the middle. Wings hyaline, often with an
indeterminate brownish stain in the disk; squamule rufous ;
stigma and nervures blackish brown ; stigma stout, triangular,
emitting the radial nervure a little beyond the middle ; Ist inter-
cubital nervure straight, a little longer than the 2nd abscissa ;
pobrachial areolet of the hindwings half aslong as the prebrachial.
Legs stout, rufous; tarsi dusky, hairy. Abdomen oboval, de-
pressed, very shining ; Ist segment twice as broad at the extremity
as at the base, rugulose, obtusely carinate in the middle, excavated
at the base ; tubercles prominent, obtuse. Terebra very slightly
exserted. dg similar; antenne longer than the body, subsetiform,
33-50-jointed. Length, 13-31; wings, 34-7 lin.
Var. @. Second abdominal segment rufous, black at the hind
margin; legs paler red; wings hyaline ; terebra longer. Length,
21; wings, 5 lin. Taken once only, in the London district.
Haliday.
This species is common throughout Europe, and pro-
bably better known than most of the tribe; it was chosen
by Latreille as the type of his genus Alysia, and is very
indifferently figured by Panzer. The females may be
observed, sometimes in considerable numbers, on carrion,
excrements, and vegetable refuse, in search of dipter-
ous maggots, in which to deposit their eggs. The sexual
instinct attracts thither also the males; but both sexes
likewise frequent flowers for the purpose of feeding.
They scent the aroma of carrion at a surprising distance,
as Lonce had occasion to observe in watching the re-
mains of a dead rook, upon which they descended in
constant succession, apparently from the sky, like vul-
tures. ‘The males generally alighted on blades of grass
close to the attractive object, as if to wait for their
partners, without interrupting them in their unsavoury
occupation. ‘l'hey have been reared from various mag-
gots, as Lurilia cesar, L., Cyrtoneua stabulans, Fall.,
Hydrotza dentipes, Fab., and on one occasion recorded
in the Ent. Monthly Mag., from the ferocious larve of
the coleopterous Creophilus mavwillosus, L., living habitu-
510 Rev. T, A. Marshall’s monograph of
ally in carrion. Bouché has described the larva of this
Alysia as: Oblong, fleshy, white, soft, glabrous, and
semitransparent ; head somewhat rounded; oral parts
indistinct ; dorsal segments elevated, the anal segment
narrowed. Cocoon covered with a yellowish tissue of
great tenuity. Length, 2 lines.
2. Alysva soror, Marshall.
A. soror, Marsh., Hymén. d’Europe et d’Algérie,
Braconides, vol. ii., 377.
Spiracles of the metathorax inconspicuous, punctiform, not
margined. Antenne ? 40-jointed ; stigma triangular. (¢@ un-
known.) Very like the preceding, but differing in the following
particulars, which have obliged me to keep it separate. Form
more elongate. Antennz subsetaceous, almost as long as the body,
and with five additional joints, Wings hyaline, longer in propor-
tion; 2nd cubital areolet differently shaped, produced in an acute
angle towards the base of the wing ; 1stintercubital nervure twice
as long as the 2nd ; in manducator the areolet is nearly square,
the internal angle is hardly produced, and the 1st intercubital
nervure is very little longer than the 2nd. First abdominal seg-
ment longer, more narrowed at the base, not elevated in the
middle, and without visible tubercles. Other differences are not
apparent, but the structure of the antenne and wings forbids me
to consider this a variety of manducator. Length, 2}; wings,
53 Jin.
I captured the only specimen in the London district.
3. Alysia rufidens, Nees.
A. rufidens, Nees, Mon., 1., 241; Hal., Ent. Mag., v.,
221, 3 9, pl. xvii, fig. 2 (wing).
Antenne ¢ 9 22-24-jointed. Stigma elliptic. 9 black, pubes-
cent; face finely granulated, dull; mandibles reddish ; palpi
fuscous. Antenne black, filiform, shorter than the body. Meso-
thoracic sutures three, the two lateral shortened ; metathorax very
finely punctato-rugulose. Wings hyaline; nervures fuscous;
squamula and stigma piceous, the latter oblong, elliptic, emitting
the radial nervure from its exterior third ; radial areolet lanceo-
late, not reaching the extremity of the wing ; 3rd abscissa slightly
curved towards the end ; Ist intercubital nervure curved, almost
twice as long as the 2nd abscissa ; Ist abscissa rather long, directed
British Braconide. Sirk
obliquely. Legs blackish, tips of the trochanters and of the femora,
fore tibie entirely, and base of the four posterior, brownish.
Abdomen shining ; Ist segment finely striated, subcarinate at the
base. Terebra as long as half the abdomen. ¢ Antenne almost
as long as the body ; wings narrower ; stigma large, elliptic, black,
obliterating the 1st abscissa ; Ist cubital areolet very narrow ; legs
paler than those of the 2. Length, 11-1? ; wings, 2-3 lin.
This is probably a parasite of Hnsina sonchi, L., the
larva of which inhabits the buds of Aster tripoliwm.
Haliday captured it frequently in Ireland, on the sea-
coast, and I have met with both sexes in England; it is
also recorded as found in Germany and Holland.
4, Alysia loripes, Hal.
A. loripes, Hal., Ent. Mag., v., 222, d¢.
Hind femora sinuated at the base, incrassated, compressed. 9
Deep black, shining ; mandibles piceous. Mesothoracic sutures
finely traced, punctulate, converging to a fovea before the scutel-
lum. Wings hyaline ; squamula and stigma piceous brown, the
latter narrow, emitting the radial nervure near its extremity ; 1st
intercubital nervure somewhat longer than the 2nd abscissa. Legs
piceous brown; tibiz and lower edge of femora dull testaceous.
Terebra as long as half the abdomen. ¢ unknown. Length, 2 ;
wings, 4 lin.
The only specimen was taken by Walker near
Windsor; the antennz were mutilated.
5. Alysia fuscipennis, Hal.
A. mandibulator, var. 8, Nees, Mon., i, 243, 6°.
A. fuscipennis, Hal., Ent. Mag., v., 224, 3°.
Wings infumated. @ Black, shining ; mandibles brown ; palpi
blackish ; face hardly punctulate. Antennz longer than the body
28-37-jointed. Metathorax rugose. Stigma and nervures brown
or blackish, the former sometimes rather pale, emitting the radial
nervure from its outer half ; radial areolet cultriform, not quite
reaching the extremity of the wing ; 1st abscissa shorter than the
thickness of the stigma ; 2nd at least as long as the 1st intercubital
nervure ; 2nd cubital areolet contracted towards the extremity.
Legs blackish brown, apex of the trochanters and base of the tibiz
paler. First abdominal segment twice as broad at the extremity
512 Rev. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of
as at the base, sessile, striolate, sometimes smooth at the extremity,
or (in small specimeus) almost wholly smooth; the following
segments smooth and shining. Terebra as long as the abdomen;
valves stout, hairy. ¢ Antenne longer, 37—-4(-juinted ; 1st abdo-
minal segment scarcely widened posteriorly, faintly striolate, or
almost smooth. Length, 12-2; wings, 31-44 lin.
Var. Abdomen piceous with the Ist segment rufescent and
nearly smooth; legs paler piceous.
Taken in England by Walker; in Ireland, rarely, by
Haliday. Billups has captured it at Oxshott, and I have
two which I captured near Abergavenny, and a third
which I found at Nantua last summer, in the Jura. I
have seen others from the Continent, taken in Italy and
Germany.
6. Alysia similis, Nees.
(?) Bassus similis, Nees, Mag., Ges. Berl., 1814,
p. 203.
(?) A. similis, Nees, Mon.,i., 240,¢2; Hal., Ent.
Mag., v., 223, ?.
Antennz 9? 25-jointed. Black, shining; mandibles pitchy red.
Antenne stout, shorter than the body. Metathorax punctato-
rugulose. Wings hyaline; squamula blackish-brown ; stigma
blackish, stouter than in the allied species, confounded at the ex-
tremity with the metacarp, emitting the radial nervure from near
its middle; radial areolet not quite reaching the extremity of the
wing ; recurrent nervure interstitial. Legs dull red; fore femora
streaked with black at the base, the 4 posterior femora streaked
throughout their whole length; tarsi, coxe, and trochanters
blackish. First abdominal segment regularly striated. Terebra,
according to Nees, half as long, according to Haliday a quarter as
long, as the abdomen. ¢ Similar, according to Nees, but not
described ; unknown to Haliday. Length, 14 ; wings, 3 lin.
This species is unknown to me. MHaliday expresses a
doubt whether his insect was the same species as the
similis of Nees, on account of the difference in size, and
in the length of the terebra. In other respects the
descriptions of these authors coincide.
Taken once in the London district, with A. man-
ducator. .
British Braconide. 5138
7. Alysia mandibulator, Nees.
Bassus mandibulator, Nees, Mag., Ges. Berl., 1814,
p. 204. .
A. mandibulator, Nees, Mon., i., 242 (not the var.) ;
Hal., Ent. Mag., v., 224, 6 ¢.
Mesothoracic sutures inchoate, but effaced on the disk. 9 Deep
lack, shining ; mandibles pitchy red. Head and thorax vaguely
punctulate, thinly beset with whitish hairs. Antenne a little
longer than the body, filiform, rather stout, 32-34-jointed. The
effaced sutures of the mesonotum are indicated by rows of very
fine punctures ; before the scutellum is a median line of similar
punctures ; metathorax rugose. Wings dingy byaline ; squamula
reddish ; nervures brown ; stigma reddish, subelliptic, emitting the
radial nervure from its exterior half; radial areolet (measured
along the costa) hardly longer than the stigma, lanceolate, not
reaching the extremity of the wing ; 2nd abscissa a little shorter
than the Ist intercubital nervure; @rd abscissa slightly curved at
the extremity ; recurrent nervure interstitial ; pobrachial areolet
of the hind wing half as long as the prebrachial. Legs as in the
preceding species ; hind tibiz sometimes dark at the extremity.
Abdomen elongate-oval, deep black, brilliant; lst segment some-
what narrowed towards the base, regularly striolate. Terebra
about 2 of the length of the abdomen. ¢ unknown.
Haliday’s only specimen had a dark stigma, but in my
four specimens the stigma is of a reddish tinge. Walker
first detected this species in England, and I have siuce
found it in some numbers in an osier-bed at Nunton,
Wilts, but females only: more I believe are in Dr.
Capron’s collection.
8. Alysia atra, Hal.
A. atra, Hal., Ent. Mag., v., 223, d¢, pl. xvu, £3
(wing).
Mesothoracie sutures finely traced, complete, punctulate, con-
verging to a linear fovea before the scutellum. Very like the
preceding, but more hairy. ¢ deep black, shining, with the ex-
tremity of the abdomen pale piceous ; mandibles reddish. Antennz
a little shorter than the body, 29-81-jointed. Wings hyaline ;
squamula pale brown; stigma dull testaceous. Legs reddish ;
coxe, upper side of femora, and tarsi, blackish. Terebra as long
as 2 of the abdomen. ¢ antenne longer, 35-jointed ; stigma black ;
514 Rev. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of
1st cubital areolet narrower ; 2nd smaller ; radial hardly attaining
the tip of the wing; recurrent nervure somewhat rejected. This
d much resembles rujidens (No. 3), but differs in the length of
the antenne, and the neuration. Length 14; wings, 34 lin.
Very rare in North Ireland, according to Haliday.
My collection contains two ¢?s taken respectively in
Yorkshire (Lastingham) and Wiltshire (Nunton), and
one 6 captured at Plumstead by Mr. Billups. It was
also found by Mr. Walker in Finmark.
9. Alysia truncator, Nees.
Bassus truncator, Nees, Mag. Ges. Berl., 1814, p. 204.
A. truncator, Nees, Mon.,i., 243, No. 7 (not i., 240,
No. 2, also named truncator, which is a synonym
of manducator) ; Hal., Ent. Mag., v., 222, ¢ ?.
Antenne ? 31-jointed ; terebra as long as 1 of the abdomen
(3S unknown). Deep black, shining ; mandibles ferruginous, black
at the points, on the sides, obtusely denticulated ; palpi ferru-
ginous ; face shining, nearly smooth. Antenne rather stout, almost
as long as the body ; 1st joint ferruginous, fuscous underneath ;
2nd ferruginous. Metathorax finely punctulate. Wings hyaline ;
squamula ferruginous ; stigma obscurely reddish ; nervures brown ;
radial areolet acuminate, hardly reaching the tip of the wing ; 1st
intercubital nervure longer than the 2nd abscissa ; interior angle
of the 2nd cubital areolet considerably produced. Legs rufo-
testaceous, tarsi darkened at the tips. Abdomen compressed at
the extremity ; Ist segment very slightly narrowed towards the
base, depressed, rugulose. The g¢ mentioned by Nees is doubt-
ful :—Similar to the ? ; antenne longer than the body ; hind
femora and hind tibie black at the extremity ; their tarsi also
dark. Length barely 2 lin,
I have not seen this species, which was found in
England by Curtis. According to Goureau, it is a para-
site of Agromyza macquarti, Rob. Desv., the larva of
which mines the leaves of Verbascum thapsus; and of
Anthomyia platyura, Meig., the larva of which inhabits
the bulbs of Cepa ascalonica, the eschalot.
10. Alysia tipulz, Scop. (PI. XL. fig. 1) 2.)
Ichneumon tipulx, Scop., Ent. Car., 288 (1763).
Bassus abdominator, Nees, Mag. Ges, Berl., 1814,
p. 205.
British Braconide. 51S
A, abdominator, Nees, Mon., i., 245, ¢ 2.
A. tipule, Hal., Ent. Mag., v., 224, d 2, pl. xvi, f. 4
(wing).
Antenne @ 34~-35-jointed; terebra as long as 2 of the ab-
domen. Black, shining ; abdomen often partiy red, in varieties ;
mandibles testaceous ; palpi rufous, Antenne rather stout, as
long as the body, black, with the two first joints testaceous ; cheeks
often more or less rufescent. Prothorax piceous ; mesothoracic
sutures inchoate, effaced posteriorly ; before the scutellum is an
oval fovea ; metathorax rugose. Wings hyaline ; squamula rufous ;
nervures and stigma testaceous, the latter emitting the radial ner-
vure from its outer half; radial areolet cultriform, not quite
reaching the tip of the wing; 2nd discoidal areolet emitting
the anal nervure from the middle of its angular extremity ; Ist
intercubital nervure somewhat shorter than the 2nd abscissa ; re-
current nervure interstitial, Legs testaceous, with dark tarsi ; an
indistinct dark spot on the upper side of the hind coxe. Abdomen
oblong-oval ; 1st segment finely rugulose, hardly twice as wide
at the extremity as at the base; ist suture deeply impressed ;
2nd and following segments very smooth, generally more or
less brownish-black, with the 3 or 4 apical segments paler brown.
6 antennz longer than the body, filiform, 43-jointed ; stigma fus-
cous ; abdomen entirely black. Length 13-2 ; wings, 32-43 lin.
Var. 1. ¢ 2. Second abdominal segment rufescent at the base.
Var. 2. 9. Abdomen, after the Ist segment, rufous, each
segment banded with black ; apical segments pale. This variety,
at least in England, is more common than the typical form, and
most of my specimens belong to it.
Common throughout Europe, frequenting fungi in
woods, and parasitic probably in the larve of Myceto-
phila, and its allies.
11. Alysia Sophia, Hal.
A. Sophia, Hal., Hunt. Mag., v., 225, ¢.
Q. Antenne 38-jointed, flavo-rufous with the extremity fus-
cous (¢ unknown). Black, shining, abdomen testaceous, except
the first segment. Clypeus brown ; mandibles rufous ; palpi the
same, but paler. Antenne a little longer than the body. Wings
hyaline; squamula and stigma flavo-rufous. Legs flavo-rufous,
with paler coxe. Second abdominal segment testaceous, but
darker than the rest. Terebra as long as the 5 or 4 apical seg-
ments. Length, 13 ; wings, 4 lin.
Taken, once only, by Haliday, in Ireland.
516 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of
12. Alysia incongrua, Nees.
A. incongrua, Nees, Mon., i1., 244 (?); Hal., Ent.
Mar. ¥., 220 ee
A. Iucit, Hal., Ent. Mag., v., 226, 6.
Abdomen black; 1st segment sublinear, twice as long as its
apical breadth. @ Black, shining ; mandibles rufous, Antennz
with more than 29 joints (broken), as long as the body; 2 first
joints rufous beneath, or wholly rufous. Metathorax rugose,
reticulated Wings hyaline; squamula flavo-rufous ; stigma stout,
blackish. Legs pale testaceous; apex of hind tibix, and their
tarsi, fuscous, Abdomen subpetiolate or subsessile, black, brownish
towards the extremity ; 1st segment of equal breadth throughout,
longitudinally rugulose. ‘Terebra as long as 2 of the abdomen.
$ Antennez slender, longer than the body, 40-joiuted ; second
cubital areolet somewhat Jonger than in other species ; legs flaves-
cent, apex of hind tibiz, and their tarsi, fuscous ; 2nd abdominal
segment obscurely rufescent at the base. Length, 9 2}; wings, 5;
6 length, 14 ; wings, 44 lin.
The doubt attaching to the identity of the incongrua
of Nees arises from that author’s omission of the form of
the first abdominal segment. I possess only the ¢,
which is undoubtedly the Lucia of Haliday, as he him-
self conjectured. It was taken near Plymouth by Mr.
Bignell. The d described in the Ent. Mag. was from
Edinburgh.
13. Alysia lucicola, Hal.
A. lucicola, Hal., Ent. Mag., v., 226, 6 9.
Abdomen, after the Ist segment, rufo-testaceous ; Ist segment
linear, three times as long as its apical breadth. @ Black, shining ;
mandibles rufous ; palpi ferruginous. Antennw a little longer than
the body, 32-jointed ; the two first joints testaceous. Mesothoracic
sutures complete; a circular fovea before the scutellum ; meta-
thorax rugose. Wings hyaline with a faint dusky tinge ; squamula
pale ferruginous; nervures and stigma fuscous; radial areolet
cultriform, reaching the tip of the wing ; Ist intercubital nervure
very obliquely placed, a little longer than the 2nd abscissa ; recur-
rent nervure evected ; 2nd discoidal arcolet emitting the anal
nervure from the middle of its angular extremity ; 2nd cubital
areolet a little narrowed outwardly. Legs testaceous; coxe paler ;
tips of the hind tibiz, and their tarsi, infuseated. Abdomen pyri-
form, somewhat compressed ; Ist segment black, striolate, making
British Braconidx. Eyilng
one-third of the total length of the abdomen; the following
segments smooth, testaceous. Terebra a little longer than half the
abdomen. ¢ Antenne one-half longer than the body, slender,
setaceous, 38-jointed ; abdomen somewhat clavate, depressed, of a
more dingy testaceous than that of the ?, the apical segments
infuscated. Length, 2; wings, 43 lin.
The 2 is not unlike A. tipule (No. 10), but imme-
diately distinguishable by the form of the Ist abdominal
segment. Taken first by Walker in England; in Ireland,
rarely, by Haliday, amongst fungi. I have three speci-
mens, 2 6, 1 ?, which I captured in Devonshire.
viii. Tanycarpa, Forster.
Forst., Verh. Pr. Rheinl., 1862, p. 265.
Fourth joint of the antenne shorter than the 3rd. Metathorax
not carinated ; furrow of the mesopleure crenate. Stigma elongate,
emitting the radial nervure before the middle; radial areolet
reaching the tip of the wing ; recurrent nervure interstitial ; 1st
intercubital nervure longer than the 2nd abscissa; Ist cubital
areolet separated from the Ist discoidal ; 2nd complete, separated
from the first ; anal nervure springing from the middle of the ex-
tremity of the 2nd discoidal areolet. First abdominal segment
somewhat elongate; 2nd segment smooth, shining. ‘Terebra
considerably exserted.
TABLE OF SPECIES.
. Abdomen red and black, or red and f fuscous.
Abdomen red, with thes Ist segment black, or
bla-k with segments 2 2-3 red ... 2. rufinotata, Hal.
. Abdomen blackish or fuscous, with ‘the Ist
segment and base of the 2nd reddish, or
impure testaceous alee noe ; . 3. ancilla, Hal.
(4) 1. Abdomen entirely black.
(3) 2. Antennze 22-25-jointed .. 305 306 . 3. ancilla, var.
(2 . Antennz 33-37-jointed .. .. 1. gracivicornis, Nees.
(a
(6
_— ———~r
o enca
1. Tanycarpa gracilicornis, Nees.
Bassus qracilicornis, Nees, Mag., Ges. Berl., 1814,
p. 206.
Alysia eee Nees, Mon., i, 247; Hal., Ent.
Mag., v., 228, ¢ 9, pl. xvii, f. 11 (wing).
2. Black, steht face minutely punctulate ; clypeus and
mandibles ferruginous, palpi paler. Antenne slender, nearly one-
half longer than the body, black with the two first joints rufous,
33-37-jointed. Metathorax rugulose, sometimes smooth at the
518 Rey. I’. A. Marshall’s monograph of
base. Wings hyaline ; squamula pale ferruginous; nervures
slender ; stigma dull testaceous, very long, linear, emitting the
radial nervure at the end of the 1st third ; radial areolet cultriform;
2nd cubital areolet narrowed outwardly. Legs flavo-rufous with
the coxee paler ; tips of 4 anterior tarsi, hind tarsi entirely, and tips
of hind tibie, infuscated. Abdomen subpetiolate ; Ist segment
elongate, almost linear, hardly widened behind, with two dorsal
carine vanishing posteriorly, very finely rugulose. Terebra as
long as 2 of the abdomen. @ Similar; antennz about twice as
long as the body, 39-42-jointed ; 2nd abdominal segment sometimes
piceous. Length, 12-2 ; wings, 32-43 lin.
Parasite of Agromyza cicerine, Rondani. It has oc-
curred in Germany, Italy, and Ireland.
2. Tanycarpa rufinotata, Hal.
Alysia rufinotata, Hal., Ent. Mag., v., 227, 39, pl.
xvii, f. 13 (wing).
Abdomen rufous with the Ist segment black, or black with
segments 2-3 rufous. @ Black; head very large shining, the face
somewhat duller ; clypeus, mandibles, and palpi rufous. Antenne
hardly longer than the body, 35-jointed, black with the two basal
joints rufous. Mesothoracic sutures inchoate ; a fovea in front of
the scutellum ; metathorax rugulose. Wings hyaline; squamula
rufous ; nervures and stigma fuscous, the latter linear-lanceolate,
emitting the radial nervure a little before the middle ; 2nd cubital
areolet narrowed externally ; lower exterior angle of the 2nd
discoidal areolet produced. Legs rufous; hind tarsi and tips of
hind tibiz infuscated. Abdomen clear red, or more or less
tinged with brown; Ist segment obconic, attenuated towards the
base, rugulose. Terebra as long as the abdomen. g¢ Antenne
longer, 39-jointed. Length, 13-2 ; wings, 34-4 lin.
England and Ireland; somewhat rare. Found in
autumn, amongst fungi.
3. Tanycarpa ancilla, Hal.
Alysia ancilla, Hal., Ent. Mag., v., 227, d ¢.
Abdomen pitchy black, with the first segment and base of the
2nd rufescent, or dull testaceous. @ Brownish-black, shining ;
clypeus and mandibles rufous; palpi paler. Antenne hardly
longer than the body, 21-25-jointed, blackish with the two first
joints and base of the 3rd flavo-rufous. Discal fovea of the
British Braconide. 519
mesonotum very small ; furrow of the mesopleure finely traced,
crenulate. Wings hyaline ; squamula and stigma pale ochreous ;
nervures brownish, arranged as in the preceding ; hind wings
narrower, without a transverse nervure. Legs pale :flavo-rufous,
hind tarsi and tips of hind tibiz scarcely darker. First abdominal
segment elongate, finely rugulose. Terebra as long as 2 of the ab-
domen. ¢ Antenne somewhat longer than the body, with the same
number of joints as those of the @ ; stigma fuscous, Length, 1;
wings, 24 lin.
Var. Abdomen entirely pitchy black, concolorous.
England and Ireland ; the males, according to Haliday,
more common than the females.
ix. PenvarLeura, Forster.
Férst., Verh. Pr. Rheinl., 1862, p. 264.
Fourth joint of the antenne shorter than the 3rd. Maxillary
palpi 6-, labial 3- or 4-jointed. Metathorax not carinated ; furrow
of the mesopleurze smooth or obsolete. Stigma small, sometimes
indeterminate at the extremity where it is confounded with the
metacarp, and sometimes subobsolete; radial areolet ample, cultri-
form, attaining the tip of the wing; 1st intercubital nervure longer
than the 2nd abscissa ; Ist cubital areolet separated from the Ist
discoidal ; 2nd cubital areolet complete, pentagonal; recurrent
nervure plainly evected; 2nd discoidal areolet imperfectly closed ;
anal nervure subinterstitial. 'Terebra considerably exserted.
The small black species of this genus may be recog-
nized at once by their wings; the 2nd cubital areolet is
produced angularly to meet the recurrent nervure, thus
forming a 5th side to the areolet; hence the name of the
genus. ‘This structure, however, must be considered
ideal, for the nervures, as usual, lose their colour on
approaching the anastomosis. ‘The antennz exhibit a
diminished number of joints, and the labial palpi are
sometimes triarticulate.
The species are not easy to tabulate, but perhaps the
following attempt may conduce to their determination :—
(2) 1. Stigma much attenuated, subobsolete, con-
founded with the metacarp. Antenne
9 17, g 22-jointed... aR oe .. 1, angustula, Hal.
(1) 2. Stigma of ordinary form, or only moderately
narrowed.
(4) 3. Stigma of ordinary form. Antenne @ 24-,
& 27-jointed ... “58 a: - ... li. fuliginosa, Hal.
(8) 4, Stigma narrowed, but distinct, confounded
with the metacarp only at its extremity.
Antenne 92 19-, g 25-jointed ... .. li. pumilio, Nees.
bo
520 Rey. ‘I’. A. Marshall’s monograph of
I. Pentaplewra angustula, Hal.
Alysia angustula, Hal., Ent. Mag., v., 229. 9; pl.
xvii, f. 8 (wing).
Stigma subobsolete, confounded -with the costa and metacarp.
Antenne @ 17-, ¢ 22-jointed. @ Black or pitchy ; mandibles
dull testaceous ; labial palpi 3-joimted. Antenne rather shorter
than the body. Mesopleurze smooth, with no trace of a furrow ;
metathorax nearly smooth. Wings hyaline ; nervures fuscescent ;
radial areolet very long ; 1st intercubital nervure hardly longer
than the 2nd abscissa ; 1st abscissa longer than the greatest breadth
of the stigma ; hindwings narrow; pobrachial areolet short ; only
one transverse nervure. Legs dull testaceous. Abdomen sessile,
somewhat compressed ; Ist segment smooth, obtusely carinated in
the middle. Terebra as long as the abdomen, falcate, ascending:
¢ Antenne twiceas long as the body, slender, black with the two
basal joints testaceous ; abdomen oval, depressed. Length, 3;
wings, 13-2 lin.
Found in England and Ireland, but seldom; I have
one specimen, captured in Northants.
2. Pentapleura fuliginosa, Hal.
Alysia fuliginosa, Hal., Ent. Mag., v., 228, 5; 519,9.
Stigma oblong, well defined at both ends. Antenne 9? 24-,
¢ 27-jointed. @ Black, shining; mandibles dull testaceous ;
labial palpi 4-jointed. Antennz as long as the body. Mesopleure
with no trace of a furrow ; metathorax short, rugulose. Wings
subhyaline ; nervures and stigma fuscous, the former disposed as
in angustula ; 1st abscissa only half as long as the thickness of the
stigma. Legs dull testaceous, Abdomen compressed near the apex ;
1st segment striolate. Terebra as long as 2 of the abdomen. ¢ An-
tenn one-half longer than the body. Length, 1 ; wings, 2+ lin.
Less common than the following species ; Haliday took
his specimen in Kent; I have a d from Abergavenny,
and a ? from Bishop’s Teignton.
3. Pentaplewra pumilio, Nees.
Bassus pumilio, Nees, Mag., Ges. Berl., 1814,
p. 205.
Alysia pumilio, Nees, Mon.,i., 244, 2; Hal., Ent.
Mag., v., 228, d ¢ ; pl. xvii, f. 7 (wing).
British Braconide. PA
Stigma attenuated, confounded with the metacarp at its outer
end. Antenne 9? 19-, g 25-jointed. @ Black, shining ; man-
dibles reddish ; labial palpi 3-jointed. Antenne shorter than the
body, black ; 3rd joint elongate. Mesothoracic sutures inchoate,
almost complete in large specimens ; a dorsal fovea before the
scutellum ; furrow of the mesopleure barely indicated, un-
punctured ; metathorax indistinctly rugulose. Wings hyaline ;
squamula fuscous ; nervures and stigma pale brown or testaceous ;
Ist abscissa a little shorter than the greatest thickness of the
stigma; pobrachial areolet of the hindwings somewhat less than
half as long as the prebrachial. Legs dull testaceous ; cox, and
tips of the femora and tibis, infuscated. Abdomen oblong-oval ;
Ist segment obconic, finely striolate. Terebra as long as
% Of the abdomen. ¢ Antenne one-half longer than the body;
legs longer, more slender, and darker ; wings slightly infumated.
Length, 3 ae ; wings, 22 lin.
Common in England and Ireland ; Nees was acquainted
with it in Germany, and Walker obtained it in his tour
through Finmark.
x. Iprasta, Forster.
Forst., Verh. Pr. Rheinl., 1862, p. 265.
Fourth joint of the antenne longer than the 3rd. Maxillary
palpi 6-, labial 4-jointed. Mesothoracie sutures deeply impressed,
complete, crenulate or merely inchoate ; metathorax carinated at
the base. Stigma large, determinate ; Ist intercubital nervure
longer than the 2nd abscissa; 1st cubital areolet separated from
the 1st discoidal ; 2nd quadrangular ; radial areolet lanceolate, not
reaching the tip of the wing; 3rd abscissa straight ; recurrent
nervure not evected ; 2nd discoidal areolet completely closed ; anal
nervure not interstitial. Terebra considerably exserted.
(2) 1. Black with a tint of bronze, submetallic ;
wings clouded with obscure patches; anal
nervure not interstitial . ... 1. maritima, Hal,
(1) 2. Black without a metallic tinge; wings infumated,
without darker spots; anal nervure ens
interstitial ee ae ye E ... li, Nephele, Hal.
1. Idiasta maritima, Hal. (PI. XII, fig. 2, ¢.)
Alysia maritima, Hal., Ent. Mag., v., 230, ¢?; pl.
xvi, f. 14 (wing).
? Black, with a tint of bronze, submetallic, shining, beset with
whitish pubescence ; face and margin of the vertex very finely
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1894.—rarriv. (pEC.) 21
522 Rev. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of
rugulose ; mandibles reddish ; palpi dusky. Antenne filiform, as
long as the body, 24-25-jointed, black with the base of the
flagellum dull testaceous. Mesothoracic sutures crenate-punctured,
separated posteriorly by a rugose space traversed by an oblong
fovea ; metathorax rugose with two smooth basal are, separated
by acarina. Wings yellowish, with all the transverse nervures,
and a blotch near the tip of the radial areolet, clouded with
fuscous ; squamula rufous ; nervures and stigma fuscous, the latter
large, semi-oval, cutting off the greater part of the Ist abscissa
recurrent nervure conspicuously rejected ; anal nervure springing
below the middle of the extremity of the 2nd discoidal areolet ;
pobrachial areolet of the hindwings almost as long as half the
prebrachial. Legs dull testaceous; cox blackish. Abdomen
depressed, shining, rounded at the extremity ; Ist segment one-
half longer than broad, narrowed towards the base, longitudinally
striolate, elevated in the middle at the base. Terebra as long as 4%
of the abdomen. ¢ Similar; antennz 29-jointed. Length, 13-2 ;
wings, 3-4 lin.
This species occurs sparingly amongst decaying sea-
weeds on the coast: the localities named are Hebrides,
Yorkshire, Hampshire. I have taken it on Lymington
Salterns, and Mr. Billups found it at Dulwich.
2. Idiasta Nephele, Hal.
Alysia Nephele, Hal., Ent. Mag., v., 231, ¢.
Black without metallic tinge ; wings infumated without darker
blotches ; anal nervure almost interstitial. 9 Mandibles reddish ;
eyes minutely pubescent. Antenne as long as the body, filiform,
20-jointed, blackish, pitchy at the base beneath. Mesothoracic
sutures inchoate; a small dorsal fovea before the scutellum; metatho-
rax punctato-rugose. Wings narrow; squamula brownish ; stigma
fuscous, not so stout as in the preceding; recurrent nervure not much
rejected; pobrachial areolet of the hindwings shorter. Terebra about
as long as the abdomen. ¢ unknown. Length, 1 ; wings, 23 lin.
One example taken by Haliday in the Hebrides, and
another in Finmark by Walker.
xi. APHHRETA, Horster.
Forst., Verh. pr. Rheinl., 1864, p. 264.
Fourth joint of the antennz longer than the Srd. Maxillary
palpi 6-, labial 4-jointed. First cubital areolet confounded with the
British Braconide. 523
1st discoidal (as in gen. iii., Syncrasés) ; 2nd cubital areolet separated
from the Ist; 1st intercubital nervure shorter than the 2nd
abscissa ; 2nd discoidal areolet obsolete ; anal nervure interstitial ;
hindwings very narrow, pobrachial areolet and transverse nervure
obsolete. Terebra considerably exserted.
With this genus commences the second artificial
section of the Alystids, comprising those which have an
elongated 2nd cubital areolet ; in other words, the Ist
intercubital nervure is shorter than the 2nd abscissa
of the radial nervure. There is only one species,
variable in size and appearance, but with characters that
cannot be mistaken.
1. Aphxreta cephalotes, Hal.
Stephanus minutus, Nees, Mag. Ges. Berl., 1811,
Boye.
Alysia fuscipes, Nees, Mon., i., 254, 2 (not of Hal.).
Bassus minutus, var. Nees, Mag. Ges. Berl., 1814,
p- 212.
Alysia minuta, var. y, Nees, Mon. 1., 252, ?.
Alysia cephalotes, Hal., Ent. Mag., v., 231, d 2, pl.
xvu, f. 18 (wing).
Alysia confluens, Ratz., Ichn. d. Forst., 1., 55.
Black or pitchy-black, shining ; head large ; mandibles and palpi
rufous. ¢ Antenne a little longer than the body, blackish, with
the two first joints rufous, 19-25-jointed. Prothorax often
piceous ; mesothoracic sutures usually distinct, smooth, less visible
in small specimens ; no dorsal fovea before the scutellum ; furrow
of the mesopleure rugose ; metathorax rugulose, smoother in the
middle and towards the base. Wings subhyaline; squamula
brown ; nervures and stigma testaceous, more or less dusky, the
latter much attenuated, confounded posteriorly with the metacarp ;
radial areolet cultriform, elongate, reaching the tip of the wing ;
2nd cubital areolet elongate, narrowed towards the end; 2nd
abscissa almost twice as long as the 1st intercubital nervure ; anal
nervure springing from the cubital; no 2nd discoidal areolet. Legs
dull rufous. First abdominal segment obconic, finely rugulose,
sometimes rufescent. Terebra as long as2of the abdomen. ¢@
similar ; antenne hardly twice as long as the body, 27-jointed.
Length, 1-1; ; wings, 23-3 lin.
Var. 1. 9. Form more slender, Antenne one-half longer than
the body, blackish, broadly testaceous at the base, 25-jointed ;
mesonotum with a fovea before the scutellum ; furrow of the
524. Rev. 'T. A. Marshall’s monograph of
mesopleurze very finely traced, crenulate; metathorax nearly
smooth ; legs slender, elongate, flavo-rufous; wings hyaline.
Length, 1; wings, 2 lin. This may be, as suggested by Haliday,
a distinct species. I possess a single specimen.
Var. 2. ¢. Slender; entirely black ; antenne slender (muti-
lated) ; mesothoracic sutures effaced; no dorsal fovea; wings
hyaline ; nervures and stigma pale testaceous, the latter almost
obsolete ; legs dark brown with the knees and 2nd joint of the
trochanters rufescent. Length, 2; wings nearly 2 lin. This
variety, communicated by Dr. Capron, seems as doubtful as the
preceding ; it may be the fuscipes of Nees, too briefly described,
but which, without further information, I must regard as a
synonym of cephalotes, differing only in the darker colour of the
legs.
Var. 3. @. Length, 14; wings, 3£ lin. Antenne longer than
the body, 24-jointed ; mesothoracic sutures complete ; the dividing
nervure between the Ist cubital and the 1st discoidal areolets
inchoate. The large size of this specimen, taken in Cornwall, gives
it a different aspect from the others, yet its essential characters are
the same.
This species is rather common: it has been noticed in
England, Ireland, Germany, Holland, and Russia, fre-
quenting sea-weed on the coasts, as well as inland
situations. Ratzeburg believed his Alysia conjflwens to
be a parasite of the lepidopteron Amphidasys betularius,
L.; but it came most probably from some dipterous larva
which had escaped his observation.
xii. Pamnocarra, Forster.
Forst., Verh. Pr. Rheinl., 1862, p. 267.
Fourth joint of the antenne longer than the 3rd. Maxillary
palpi 6-, labial 4-jointed. First cubital areolet complete ; 1st inter-
cubital nervure shorter than the 2nd abscissa ; 2nd discoidal areolet
complete; anal nervure subinterstitial, rarely interstitial ; pobra-
chial areolet of the hindwings not half as long as the prebrachial.
With few exceptions, the antenne are long and slender, the 4th
and 5th joints both longer than the 3rd; the rugosities of the
metathorax and Ist abdominal segment are less distinct than in
Alysia ; the clypeus larger; face convex and nearly smooth;
stigma oblong, emitting the radial nervure beyond the middle,
often attenuated and indeterminate towards the tip of the wing.
The species much resemble Alysia, but must be distinguished by
the longer 2nd cubital areolet (see table of genera).
British Braconide. Be
I have included here three more of Forster’s genera,
Homophyla, Asobara, and Idiolewis, each adapted to a
single species. ‘lhe ‘European fauna contains 17 known
species of Phenocarpa, of which 14 are British. The
number would, no doubt, be greatly increased if foreign
entomologists were to turn their attention to this tribe ;
but, in our country, few species, if any, still remain
undetected.
TABLE OF SPECIES.
(2) 1. Radial areolet not reaching the tip of the
wing (Homophyla, Foérst.) . 1. pullata, Hal.
(1) 2. Radial areolet reaching the tip of the wing.
(4) 8. Pobrachialareolet produced beyond the prex-
brachial; 2nd discoidal areolet small, oval
instead of quadrate ; radial areolet of the
hindwings almost bisected by an accessory
transverse nervure (Idiolexis, Forst.) ... 2. punctigera, Hal.
(3) 4. Pobrachial areolet not longer than the pre-
brachial ; 2nd discoidal areolet of ordinary
size and form, rarely obsolete or sub-
obsolete ; radial areolet of the hindwings
simple.
. Second discoidal areolet obsolete ; stigma
much attenuated, indeterminate eee
Forst.) .. 3. tabida, Nees.
. Second discoidal. areolet complete, or nearly
so ; stigma more or less conspicuous.
. Transverse nervures bordered with brown... 4 picinervis, Hal.
. Transverse nervures not so bi rdered.
. Metathorax transversely subcarinate near
the extremity; head generally rufous,
body black ; or both head and body testa-
ceous; stigma semioval, rather stout ... 5. rujiceps, Nees.
(9) 10. Metathorax not subcarinate near the ex-
tremity ; head concolorous with the body,
black or testaceous; stigma less stout,
often much attenuated.
(14) 11. Antenne 9 hardly as long as the body, 19-
21-jointed; g unknown.
(18) 12. Second cubital areolet rather short, the 2nd
abscissa being very little longer than the
lst intercubital nervure... 6. Maria, Hal.
(12) 18. Second cubital areolet elongate, the 2nd
abscissa twice as long as the 1st inter-
cubital nervure
(11) 14. Antenne # 2 much longer than the body,
consisting of more than 21 joints.
(16) 15. Body rufous or testaceous, with a spot on
the vertex, the greater part of the thorax,
and the 1st abdominal segment, fuscous... 8. Eugenia, Hal.
(15) 16. Body almost entirely black, or pitchy black.
(20) 17. Mesothoracic sutures complete, meeting just
before the scutellum.
(19) 18. Antennze 24-32-jointed ; terebra as long as %
of the abdomen aa ee ... 9. conspurcator, Hal.
(18) 19. Antennze 33- 41-jointed ; "terebra longer than
the whole body hic 450 nite ... 10. pratelle, Curtis.
—
or [=r
—— =
a Or
—_~—
6 CONT
“TI
Galatea, Hal.
526 Rev. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of
(17) 29. Mesothoracic sutures inchoate, effaced pos-
teriorly.
(24) 21. Wings infumated.
(23) 22. Terebra shorter than the abdomen; ¢
unknown oe .... 11. Nina, Hal.
(22) a Terebra longer than the abdomen... ... 12. Hunice, Hal.
(21) 24. Wings hyaline.
(26) 25. Abdomen black or pitchy black oe . 18. flavipes, Hal.
(25) 26. Abdomen, after the Ist seni medidiahe or
testaceous oe are Bae . 14. livida, Hal.
1. Phenocarpa pullata, Hal. (PI. XITI., fig. 5, wing.)
Alysia pullata, Hal., Ent. Mag., v., 232, 3 9, pl. xvii,
f. 15 (wing).
Radial areolet not reaching the tip of the wing. @ Deep black,
shining ; mandibles brownish; palpi dusky. Antenne as long as
the body, 34-jointed. Mesothoracic sutures complete, crenulate,
meeting in an acute angle near the scutellum ; metathorax rugu-
lose. Wings subhyaline : squamula rufous ; nervures and stigma
fuscous, the latter oblong, emitting the radial nervure beyond the
middle ; radial areolet short, lanceolate ; radial nervure curved ;
2nd abscissa very little longer than the 1st intercubital nervure ;
recurrent nervure interstitial ; pobrachial areolet of the hindwings
shorter than half the prebrachial. Legs blackish or brown, the
forelegs lighter, as well as the underside of all the femora, and
the base of the tibiz. Abdomen depressed, shining ; 1st segment
hardly longer than broad, striolate. Terebra not surpassing the
apex of the abdomen, directed upwards. ¢ Similar; antenne
longer than the body, 38-jointed. Length, 2; wings, 4 lin.
I have taken this species in S. Wales, Wiltshire, and
Devonshire. According to Haliday, it is rare in Ireland.
2. Phenocarpa punctigera, Hal.
Alysia punctigera, Hal., Ent. Mag., v., 238, 2; pl. xvii,
f. 27 (forewing), f. 30 (hindwing).
Fusco-castaneous with the hesd black, shining ; mandibles and
palpi rufous. Antennz hardly as long as the body, pubescent,
blackish, with the two basal joints rufous, 4th joint hardly elongate.
Mesothoracic sutures incomplete ; a punctiform fovea before the
scutellum ; furrow of the mesopleure finely traced, crenulate.
Wings obscure ; squamula rufous ; stigma pale fuscous, oblong ;
radial areolet cultriform ; 2nd abscissa curved at the base, hardly
longer than the 1st intercubital nervure ; 3rd abscissa straight ;
pobrachial areolet much longer than the przbrachial, being pro-
British Braconide. ane
duced in form of an obtuse lobe ; 2nd discoidal areolet small,
nearly obsolete owing to the shortness of the two transverse
nervures ; anal nervure interstitial ; pobrachial areolet of the hind-
wings not half as long as the prebrachial; radial areolet almost
bisected by an accessory transverse nervure. Legs rufous.
First abdominal segment subbicarinate, reddish castaneous.
Terebra as long as 3 of the abdomen. ¢ unknown. Length, 1};
wings, 23 lin.
One specimen only was taken by Haliday in north
Ireland, and given by him to Curtis; it is therefore pro-
bably now in Australia.
3. Phexnocarpa tabida, Nees, (Pl. XIL., fig. 3, 2).
Alysia tabida, Nees, Mon., i., 252, ?; Hal., Ent. Mag.,
Vi oileOrk s
Second discoidal areolet obsolete ; stigma much attenuated. @
Piceous, shining ; head and posterior part of the abdomen blackish,
Ist segment rufo-testaceous ; mandibles and palpi rufous. Antenne
one-half longer than the body, fuscous with the 4-5 basal joints
testaceous, 19-21-jointed, all the joints long, the 4th very long.
Prothorax rufous; mesothorax castaneous or rufescent ; sutures
incomplete ; metathorax sometimes testaceous, nearly smooth ; a
circular fovea before the scutellum. Wings hyaline; squamula
rufous ; nervures and stigma dull testaceous; radial areolet cultn-
form, attaining the tip of the wing ; 2nd cubital areolet elongate,
much narrowed towards the outer extremity; anal nervure
interstitial; hindwings narrow, pobrachial areolet very small.
Legs testaceous. First abdominal segment uneven, hardly
rugulose, bicarinate, testaceous, the following segments rufescent,
becoming gradually darker to the apex, which is black. Terebra
as long as 2 of the abdomen. ¢ Similar; antenne longer, 20-22-
jointed. Length, 1; wings, 2} lin.
Found very sparingly in Germany and England; I
have taken a single example.
4, Phenocarpa picinervis, Hal.
Alysia picinervis, Hal., Ent. Mag., v., 233, 62%; pl.
xvi, f. 29 (wing).
Transverse nervures bordered with brown. @ Shining black,
with a bronzed tint. Face punctulate, subcarinate ; mandibles and
palpi rufous, the Jatter more obscure. Antenne slender black,
628 Rey. ‘I’. A. Marshall’s monograph of
rufescent at the base beneath, longer than the body, 27-jointed.
Mesothoracic sutures crenulate, complete, meeting in a curve
posteriorly ; between them is an impressed longitudinal line ;
metathorax rugulose, smoother towards the base. Wings fusces-
cent : squamula testaceous, nervures and stigma fuscous, the latter
conspicuous, emitting the radial nervure from its posterior half;
radial areolet cultriform, reaching the tip of the wing; 2nd cubital
areolet elongate, very slightly narrowed externally ; 2nd abscissa
twice as long as the 1st intercubital nervure; 2nd intercubital
nervure more distinctly clouded with brown than the other
nervures; pobrachial areolet of the hindwings very small. Legs
dull rufous. Abdomen depressed ; Ist segment rather long, twice
as wide at the extremity as at the base, finely striolate. Terebra,
measured from the base, as long as the abdomen. ¢ Similar;
antenue one-half longer than the body, or still longer, 30-32-
jointed. Length, 13-1? ; wings, 3-4 lin.
Rather common in damp shady places, in England and
Ireland ; I have often captured it.
5. Phxnocarpa ruficeps, Nees.
Bassus ruficeps, Nees, Mag. Ges. Berl., 1814, p. 205.
Alysia ruficeps, Nees, Mon., 1., 246; Hal., Ent. Mag.,
v., 233, 6%; pl. xvi, f 16 (wing); Bouché,
Naturg, 1834, p. 147.
Var. Bassus testaceus, Nees, Mag. Ges. Berl., 1814,
p- 206.
A. testacea, Nees, Mon., i., 246 3.
A, gracilis and pallida, Cur., B. E., 141.
A, oculator, Ratz., Ichn. d. Forst., ii., 71.
Metathorax transversely subcarinate near the extremity, variable,
head generally rufous, body black, or (in var. 3) body mostly
testaceous; stigma rather stout, oval. Q Shining; stemmaticum
black ; face punctulate, Antenne longer than the body, 22-27-
jointed, two basal joints rufous, 4th very long. Mesothoracic
sutures punctate anteriorly, less distinct behind, converging to a
deep fovea before the scutellum; metathorax finely rugulose,
smooth near the base, sometimes with a medial area more or less
distinct. Wings hyaline ; squamula dull rufous; nervures and
stigma fuscous, the latter determinately rounded at each end,
stouter than in the allied spp. pécinervés and conspurcator (Nos. 4, 9);
pobrachial areolet of the hindwings longer. Legs rufous or testa-
ceous; tips of the tarsi obscure. Abdomen somewhat piceous,
subcompressed ; Ist segment obconie, striolate. Terebra as long as
British Braconide. . 529
the abdomen, the valves ciliated. ¢ Similar; antenne much
longer than the body, 25-32-jointed ; head more broadly rufous
than in the 9. Length, 11-2; wings, 24-5 lin.
Var. 1. ¢ Wings with a yellowish tinge, the nervures decolor-
ous towards the tip.
Var. 2. ¢@. Red colour of the head more or less extended on
the thorax.
Var. 3. ¢ 9 Head pale rufoas or testaceous; thorax and Ist
abdominal segment the same, but more obscure; the rest of the
abdomen fuscous or fuscescent. Alysia testacea, Nees. Two Qs
which I received from Scotland belong to this variety ; their
metathorax is almost smooth ; the mesothoracic sutures and the
mesopleure fuscous.
Var. 4. Head black. This variety is not uncommon ; it must
be recognised by the subcarinate metathorax, and the thickness
of the stigma.
This very common species is known to be parasitic in
the larve of Anthomyia radicum, L., Lonchea vaginalis,
Fall., and Piophila casei, L. Ratzeburg must have
been mistaken in supposing that his Alysia oculator
came from the caterpillar of Tortrix rosana, L.
6, Phenocarpa Maria, Hal.
Alysia Maria, Hal., Ent. Mag., v., 237, ¢
Second cubital areolet short (for the genus), the 2nd abscissa
being not much longer than the Ist intercubital nervure. ¢
Shining black ; mandibles rufescent. Antenne rather shorter than
the body, filiform, 19-21-jointed. Mesothoracic sutures complete,
punctulate, meeting posteriorly in an acute angle ; furrow of the
mesopleure finely traced, crenulate ; metathorax smooth and
shining. Wings hyaline, somewhat whitish ; squamula testaceous ;
nervures and stigma fuscous, the latter small, acute at both ends ;
Ist abscissa as long as the width of the stigma; radial areolet
cultriform, attaining the tip of the wing ; recurrent nervure inter-
stitial ; anal nervure subinterstitial ; pobrachial areolet of the hind-
wings + as long as the prebrachial. Legs fuscous ; base of tibize
rufescent. Abdomen attenuated at base and apex, wide in the
middle ; 1st segment a little longer than its apical breadth, faintly
striolate, longitudinally elevated in the middle. Terebra as long as
Lof the abdomen. ¢ unknown. Length, 1}; wings, 4-3 lin,
England and Ireland; very rare. I captured a ? at
Sandwich, and another in an osier-bed in Wiltshire.
530 Rey. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of
7. Phenocarpa Galatea, Hal.
Alysia Galatea, Hal., Ent. Mag., v., 238, ? pl. xvu,
f. 17 (wing).
Second cubital areolet elongate ; 2nd abscissa twice as long as
the Ist intercubital nervure. @ Black or piceous, shining ; man-
dibles rufescent. Antenne hardly as long as the body, 21-jointed.
Mesothoracic sutures incomplete, scarcely inchoate ; a punctiform
fovea before the scutellum; furrow of the mesopleure sub-
obsolete, punctulate. Wings hyaline, whitish; squamula dull
rufous ; stigma pale fuscous, narrower than in the last species ;
2nd cubital areolet with parallel sides ; 1st cubital and 1st discoidal
areolets indistinctly separated, the dividing nervure being nearly
colourless ; recurrent nervure interstitial ; anal nervure not inter-
stitial. Legs fuscous ; tibia, trochanters, and apex of fore femora,
rufescent, Terebra exserted, short. d Unknown. Length, 12;
wings, 23 lin.
Taken by Haliday once only on Salix argentea,
growing on a sandy shore near Dublin; otherwise
unknown.
8. Phexnocarpa Hugenia, Hal. (Pl. XII, fig. 4, 2.)
Alysia Hugenia, Hal., Ent. Mag., v., 234, 6 2.
Rufo-testaceous, shining ; stemmaticum, greater part of thorax,
and first abdominal segment, fuscous. 9 Antenne testaceous,
fuscescent towards the apex, twice as long as the body, 41-42-
jointed, 4th joint a little longer than the 8rd, which is equal to the
5th. Prothorax and anterior part of the pleurz rufo-testaceous ;
mesothoracie sutures complete, smooth, meeting before the scutel-
lum in an acute angle, which is punctate ; mesonotum impressed
with some scattered punctures ; scutellum convex, smooth ; meta-
thorax punctato-rugulose, smooth at the base. Wings hyaline
with an obscure tinge ; squamula rufous; nervures brown; stigma
yellow, rather narrow, attenuated outwards ; 2nd abscissa longer
by a half than the first intercubital nervure ; recurrent nervure
interstitial ; anal nervure not interstitial. Legs stout, rufous.
Abdomen, after the Ist segment, rufo-testaceous; ist segment
black, as long as its apical width, striolate, elevated in the middle.
Terebra rather longer than half the abdomen, the valves bristly,
broader towards the extremity. ¢ Similar ; antenne 49-jointed ;
stigma fuscous, Length, 2; wings, 4 lin.
Var. @ Head almost entirely pitchy black ; antenne somewhat
shorter ; prothorax dark, except the pronotum ; sides and apex of
British Braconide. 5381
the abdomen fuscescent. Wings infumated; stigma fuscous.
Length, 11; wings, 3 lin. Taken once in the London district by
Walker.
Extremely rare in north Ireland, according to Hali-
day. <A single ? occurred in Cornwall, not far from
my house. The size and colours render this species
remarkable.
9. Phenocarpa conspurcator, Hal.
Alysia conspurcator, Hal., Ent. Mag., v., 236, 6 ?.
¢ Black ; mandibles dull rufous ; palpi paler. Antenne some-
what longer than the body, 24-30-jointed, the two basal joints dull
rufous. Mesothoracic sutures complete, finely punctate, meeting
in an acute angle posteriorly ; metathorax uneven, irregularly
marked with a few elevated lines. Wings subhyaline ; squamula
rufescent ; nervures and stigma fuscous, the latter very narrow,
much attenuated outwards, where it is indeterminately confounded
with the metacarp ; 2nd cubital areolet slightly narrowed exter-
nally, the upper angle of its base often somewhat obtuse ; anal
nervure not interstitial ; recurrent nervure interstitial. Legs dull
rufous. First abdominal segment rather longer than its apical
width, not shining, hardly rugulose, faintly carinate in the middle,
the carina bifurcate near the base. ¢ Similar ; antenne longer
and more slender, 32-jointed. Length, 14-24 ; wings, 3-5 lin.
This may be known from its nearest allies by the
narrowness of the stigma. It is, perhaps, the commonest
species of the genus, noticed in England, Ireland, France,
Holland, and probably occurring throughout Europe.
The ? may be often seen on dunghills, and the droppings
of cattle, in the fields, seeking for the larvee of Scato-
phaga and other flies.
10. Phenocarpa pratelle, Curtis (Pl. XII., fig. 6, 2).
Alysia pratellz, Cur., B. H., 141 ; Hal., Ent. Mag., v.,
230, ¢.
¢ Shining, pitchy black, the middie of the mesonotum some-
times rufescent. Head large, deep black; clypeus and mandibles
rufous. Antenne very slender, filiform, almost twice as long as
the body, 33-35-jointed, blackish with the base rufous ; 4th joint
elongate. Mesothoracic sutures complete, smooth; metathorax
very short, uneven, slightly rugulose. Wings hyaline ; squamula
testaceous ; nervures fuscescent ; stigma yellow, narrow, abruptly
532 Rev. T. A. Marshall’s monograph of
attenuated at the outer end; 2nd cubital areolet narrowed exter-
nally ; recurrent nervure interstitial ; anal nervure not interstitial.
Legs testaceous. First abdominal segment not much narrowed at
the base, one-half longer than broad, very finely striolate, some-
times rufous with the upper surface black. 'Terebra as long as the
antenne, and much longer than the body. ¢ Similar; antenne
41-jointed ; middle of the mesonotum (in my specimen), scutellum,
and 1st abdominal segment rufous, the last blackish above.
Length, 2 ; wings, 43 lin.
Found ainongst fungi, in England and Scotland, but
rarely; I captured a pair in Groveley Wood, near
Salisbury.
11. Phenocarpa Nina, Hal.
Alysia Nina, Hal., Ent. Mag., v., 236, 2.
2? Black ; mandibles dull rufous. Antenne as long as the body,
22-jointed, blackish, brownish beneath at the base. Mesothoracic
sutures incomplete ; discal fovea minute. Resembles flavipes (No.
13), and conspurcator (No. 9). Haliday gives no further description
of this species, except :—Length, 11; wings, 3 lin.
In a note in the Ent. Maz., v., 236, Haliday speaks of
the three species “anne Nina, and flavipes as
requiring further examination, in order to separate them :
we may conclude therefore that they are closely allied.
This species has only been taken in the Hebrides, by
Haliday.
12. Phexnocarpa Eunice, Hal.
Alysia Eunice, Hal., Ent. Mag., v., 235, ¢.
? Black ; face punctulate ; eyes slightly pubescent ; mandibles
rufous ; calpi dusky. Antenne as long as the body, brown at the
base underneath, 25-jointed, 4th joint not elongate, 3rd a little longer
than the 5th. Mesothoracic sutures inchoate ; a short fovea before
the scutelluam. Wings infumated; squamula pale testaceous ; stigma
narrow ; pobrachial areolet of the hindwings very small. Legs dull
rufous. Terebra longer than the abdomen.
The above is Haliday’s description, to which I add the diagnosis
of an insect which I regard as the ¢, although in such a case there
can be no certainty. Black ; antennz almost twice as long as the
body, 30-jointed, fuscous, with the two basal joints testaceous.
Mesothoracic sutures inchoate ; a shallow circular fovea before the
British Braconidex. 53 i)
scutellum. Wings infumated ; stigma narrow, etc., as in the ?.
Length, 2 ; wings, 43 lin.
The ¢ was found rarely in Ireland by Haliday ; I cap-
tured the ¢ near Salisbury.
13. Phenocarpa flavipes, Hal.
Alysia flavipes, Hal., Ent. Mag., v., 286, ?.
Q Pitchy black, shining ; clypeus and mandibles rufous ; palpi
yellowish. Antenne longer than the body, with the first 9 or 10
joints testaceous, 29-32-jointed. Mesothoracic sutures very faint
or effaced posteriorly; a fovea before the scutellum situated in a
bilobed rufous spot ;metathorax uneven, shining. Wings hyaline ;
squamula yellowish ; nervures and stigma fusco-testaceous, the
latter distinct, cutting off the greater part of the Istabscissa ; 2nd
cubital areolet narrowed externally ; recurrent and anal nervures
interstitial. Legs flavo-testaceous. Abdomen depressed; Ist
segment a little longer than its apical breadth, not much narrowed
towards the base, faintly striolate; 2nd segment sometimes with a
transverse yellowish band at the base. Terebra as long as 3 of the
abdomen. ¢ Similar; antenne twice as long as the body, 30-
jointed in my specimen ; stigma much attenuated outwards, con-
founded with the metacarp; 1st abscissa short, but visible.
Length, 14-13; wing, 2}-3? lin.
Noticed in Ireland, England, and Holland; I took the
3 at Bugbrooke near Northampton.
14, Phenocarpa livida, Hal.
Alysia livida, Hal., Ent. Mag., v., 237, de.
Abdomen, after the 1st segment, castaneous red or rufotes-
taceous. @ Pitchy black; oral parts rufous. Antenne almost
twice as long as the body, 27-28-jointed, blackish with the 3 or 4
basal joints testaceous ; 4th joint not elongate, 3rd and 5th sub-
equal. Prothorax testaceous ; mesothoracic sutures inchoate ; an
oval fovea before the scutellum ; metathorax dull, finely punctato-
rugulose. Wings hyaline; squamula yellowish ; nervures and
stigma pale fuscous or testaceous, the latter narrow, attenuated
outwards and confounded with the metacarp; 2nd cubital areolet
narrowed towards the extremity ; recurrent nervure interstitial ;
anal nervure almost interstitial; pobrachial areolet of the hind-
wings obsolete. Legs yellowish, Abdomen depressed; Ist seg-
ment blackish, dull, very finely punctato-rugulose. Terebra as
534 Rev.'T’. A. Marshall’s monograph of Brit. Braconide.
long as 2 of the abdomen. € Similar; antenne three times as
long as the body, 3l-jointed ; a bilobed rufous patch on the
mesonotum (in my specimen); abdomen, after the 1st segment,
testaceous with the apical segments infuscated. Length, 1-14;
wings, 24-3 lin.
Rare in England and Ireland, according to Haliday ; I
possess a d from the New Forest, and a ¢ captured
near Salisbury.
(To be continued.)
EXPLANATION oF Pirates XI. & XII.
PLATE XI.
Fic. 1. Panerema inops, First. ¢
1 a. Abdomen viewed sideways.
1 b. Wings.
. Trachyusu Aurora, Hal. g
3. Allea contructa, Hal. ?.
3a. Male.
3b. Wings of ¢.
4, Alysia manducator, Panz.°?.
4a. Antenna (after Curtis).
4 b. Mandible.
4c. Abdomen viewed sideways.
bo
PLATE XII.
Fig. 1. Alysia tipule, Scop. 9.
. Idiasta maritima, Hal. ¢.
. Phenocarpa tabida, Nees, 9.
. Phenocarpa Eugenia, Hal. 9.
4a. Wing.
5. Wing of Phenocarpa pullata, Hal.
6. Phonocarpa pratelle, Hal. 9.
moh
€, 535: 4)
XXI1. Catalogue of the Pterophoride, Tortricide, and
Tineide of the Madeira Islands, with notes and
descriptions of new species. By the Right Honble.
Lorp Watsincnay, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S.
[Read Oct. 3rd, 1894.]
A sMALL collection of micro-lepidoptera made by the late
T. Vernon Wollaston in Madeira, has been submitted
to me by Mr. Bethune-Baker, together with some
drawings by the late Professor Westwood of the types
described by Wollaston and Stainton now in the British
Museum. ‘lhe specimens, unfortunately, are not in good
condition, and the majority of the species have been
already dealt with in two papers published by those
authors [Wollaston, T. V., “ Brief Diagnostic Characters
of Undescribed Madeiran Insects,” Ann. and Mag. N.H.
(3s.), I, 118—124; London, 1858. Stainton, H.'T., “ Notes
on Lepidoptera collected in Madeira by T. V. Wollaston,
Hsq., with Descriptions of some New Species,” Ann. and
Mag. N.H. (8 s.), IL., 211—214; London, 1859].
Such as are new are described below.
The opportunity seems to be favourable for compiling
a complete list of the species known to occur in the
Madeiras, which will, perhaps, form a useful parallel to
the catalogues of micro-lepidoptera of the Canaries, lately
published by Dr. Rebel [Rebel, H., “ Beitrag zur Micro-
lepidopterenfauna des canarischen Archipels,’ Ann.
K. K. Hofmus. VII., Heft., 3, 241—284, Taf. XVII.,
Wien, 1892. “Zur Lepidopterenfauna der Canaren,”
Ann. K. K. Hofmus. IX., Heft. 1, 1—96, Taf.. L,
Wien, 1894].
Mrs. Holt White has lately published a catalogue of
the lepidoptera of Teneriffe [White, A. H. Holt, edited
by White, R. Holt, “The Butterflies and Moths of
Teneriffe,” pp. i— xii. and 1—107, Pl. I—IV.; London,
1894], which, though dealing specially with the larger
lepidoptera, gives lists of the few micros known to occur
in that island.
TRANS. ENT. soc. LOND. 1894,—pPapRr iv. (DEC.)
536 Lord Walsingham’s catalogue of the Pterophoride,
Mrs. Wollaston’s collections from St. Helena (also in
the British Museum), of which descriptions were pub-
lished by herself and the late Francis Walker [Walker,
F., in Meliss’ Saint Helena; London, 1875. Wollaston,
Mrs. T. V., “Notes on the Lepidoptera of St. Helena,
with Descriptions of New Species,” Ann. and Mag.,
N.H. (5 s.), 111.; London, 1879: this was republished in
pamphlet form], are also important contributions to the
study of the subject as connected with these groups of
Atlantic islands which he nearest to the African coast.
The present paper shows that the genus Blastobasis
and its allies are more than proportionately represented
in the Madeiras, and the line of their distribution over
the European and American continents is thus connected
and emphasized. The genera represented are, for the
most part, common to both Kurope and America, but the
majority cf the species recugnized are Kuropean. One
notable exception may be found in Cosmopteryx pul-
cherrimella, Chamb., hitherto recorded only from the
United States, this has been very carefully compared
with American specimens in my collection.
I have only to express my thanks to Mr. Bethune-
Baker for kindly supplying me with so much interesting
material, by which he has reinspired me with the hope
of some day making a more complete and representative
collection either personally or by deputy, in the Madeiran
group of islands which I have long been anxious to
visit.
By the list given it will be seen that sixty-six species
of micro-lepidoptera are now known to occur in the
Madeiras (four are not described); of these, thirty are
peculiar to these islands, twelve are common to the
Madeiras and Canaries (of which two do not occur else-
where), and one extends its range only to North Africa.
One species is peculiar to the Madeiras and to the United
States. Thiuty-two species occur in Europe, and of
these, nine extend to the Canaries, thirteen to North
America, and four to North Africa.
Over thirty species are added to the list, one new genus,
seven new species, and two new varieties being here
described.
Tortricide, and Tineidx of the Madeira Islands. 537
mo
PTEROPHORID.
Oxyptilus, sp
Platyptilia searanodbietalt “Hb.
Alucita monodactyla, L. ... :
TORTRICIDA.
TORTRICINA.
Tortrix subcostana, Stn.
» retiferana, ‘Stn.
= subjunctana, Wistn.
», reticulata, Stn.
CONCHYLIDINA.
Carposina atlanticella, Rbl.
GRAPHOLITHINA.
Bactra lanceolana, Hb.
Peedisca carduana, Gn...
Grapholitha madere, Wistn.
Carpocapsa grossana, Hw....
splendana, Hb..
Steganoptycha signatana, Dgl
” Sp. ».
TINEID A.
TINEINA.
Trichophaga abruptella, hg
Tinea pellionella, L...
s, nigripunctella, ‘Hw..
», irrorella, Wlstn.
ad BD - eet ie
Tineola biselliella, Humm...
ae allutella, Rbl.
Oenophila V-flavum, Hw. ...
Bedellia somnulentella, Z
HYPONOMEUTINA.
Hyponomeuta bakeri, Wlsm.
PLUTELLINA.
Plutella cruciferarum, Z. ...
GELECHIANA.
Lita pulchra, Wlstn.
5, submissella, Stn. ... iy
», ocellatella, Stn.
», portosanctana, Stn. ...
Bryotropha domestica, Hw.
Sitotroga cerealella, Oliv. ...
Anacampsis albipalpella, H.S.
PA elachistella, Stn.
a wollastoni, Wlsm.
GLYPHIPTERYGINA.
Choreutis bjerkandrella, Thnb.
Simaethis nemorana, Hb. .
Fe oxyacanthella, Ee
Glyphipteryx, sp. .
i=]
a ee) |
Set Beer |
ale a cies Te
aL 2 2 eee
arise eS) oi
a Pie hn aie
a1...
a ji
nae 6 ;
‘G ee
CTE) | cea a ib
ria ea
2 Oils
lor! Babss
ee :
12| 6
Gieisat 7 es
if 14
15
ma GT:
71171 8
| 48
8 |19| 9
9 | 20
leon
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND, 1894.—PART IV.
10
11
12
538 Lord Walsingham’s catalogue of the Pterophoride,
3 °
a Se hee 4
a fi/<af|4 53
6|ala|a | ax
DEPRESSARIAN A. cena (S| He
40. Depressaria conciliatella, Rbl. 10 | 22] ... ¢
41. a applana, F. ... | 23 | 10 ;
42. Siganorosis heracliana, D. eG 24 | 11 os
(COPHORINA.
43. C£cophora pseudospretella, Stn. ... 25 | 12
BLASTOBASINA,
44, Endrosis lacteella, Schiff. ... 26 | 13 ood
45. Blastobasis lavernella, Wlsm. eta ere 16
46. AS decolorella, Wlstn. rea oer ee 17
47. e fuscomaculella, Rag... es ee | er ae
48. 3 desertarum, Wistn. : Se ees 18
48a. i desertarum + radiata, Wlsm. 18A
49. an lignea, Wlsm. . ee 19
49a. A, lignea + adustella, Wism. 194
50. 5 ochreopalpella, Wistn. 20
51. as marmorosella, Wlstn... 21
52. 55 nigromaculata, Wlstn. ... | wee 22
53. aurantiaca. sWAStn acc. 0 eeermune maeel eines .| 28
54. Epistetus divisus, Wlsm. .| 24
5b. by pica, Wlsm. 225
56. Hypatima fasciata, Stn. .| 26
LAVERNINA.
57.4 lbaverna vittabaAWilstms «hs..¢) - ea tebhn ee. eterearin ets ae 97
58. rebeli, ’Wism. Ae 28
59. Chauliodus daucellus, nae 28 ie
60. Asychna insularis, Wlstn.. oe 29
COSMOPTERYGIN A.
61. Cosmopteryx pulcherrimella, Chamb. 14
GRACILARIANA.
62. Gracilaria staintoni, Wlstn. dl retail pecs use AN Sti)
63. Re roscipennella, Hb. .| 12 | 29 neo || od
64. scalariella, Z. ... .. | 30 ate .
65. Lithocolletis messaniella, Z. 31 5
LYONETIANA.
66. Phyllobrostis daphneella, Stgr. ... 32
66. 12 | 32] 14/ 5 | 380
PTEROPHORID 4.
Oxyetitus, Z.
Oxyptilus, sp.
Madeira; one specimen.
Puatyptittia, Hb.
Platyptilia acanthodactyla, Hb.
Pterophorus acanthodactylus, Stn., Ann. and Mag.
N. H. (3:s.), IID., 214 (1859).
Madeira ;' Funchal, eight specimens (Baker).
Tortricidx, and Tineidx of the Madeira Islands. 539
Auveira, L.
Alucita monodactyla, L.
Pterophorus pterodactylus, Stn., Ann. and Mag. N. H.
(3 s.), IIL., 214 (1859).1
Pterophorus monodactylus, Rbl., Ann. K. K. Hofmus.
VII., 263, 282 (1892).
Madeira ;' five specimens (Baker).
TORTRICID.
TORTRICINA:.
Tortrix, L.
Tortriv subcostana, Stn.
Tortrie subcostana, Stn., Ann. and Mag. N. H. (8 8.),
TS SLL (1859) Wikes Cat. lapelins. Bs Ms
XXVIII, 826 (1863).
Madeira ;! San Antonio da Serra, five specimens
(Baker).
This species is mentioned by Dr. Rebel as occurring
in the Canary Islands [Ann. K. K. Hofmus. IX., 16, 81-82
(1894)] on the evidence of specimens received by me
from Teneriffe, collected by Mr. Leech in April, 1885,
but a careful comparison leads me to regard these as
distinct from the true Madeiran type. They are some-
what smaller, and have invariably a strong indentation
on the inner side of the transverse fascia above the
middle of the wing which I am unable to find in any
specimens from Madeira; moreover, in the absence of a
costal fold in the 3, it cannot be rightly placed in the
genus Cacoecia.
Tortrix retiferana, Stn.
Tortria retiferana, Stn., Ann. and Mag. N. H. (8 s.)
III., 211-12 (1859) ;! Wkr. Cat. Lip. Ins. B. M.
XXVIIT., 326 (1863).
Madeira ;' The Mount, five specimens (Baker).
Tortria subjunctana, W\stn.
Tortriz subjunctana, Wistn., Ann. and Mag. N. H.
(diss)j To -E201(k858)s* Wr, Cat: Ip. Tuas Be M.,
XXX., 985 (1864),
Madeira,!
540 Lord Walsingham’s catalogue f the Pterophoridz,
Tortria (?) reticulata, Stn.
Tortria (?) reticulata, Stn., Ann and Mag. N. H. (3s.),
II., 211 (1859) ;! Wkr. Cat. Lp. Ins. B
XXVIIT., 326 (1863).
1 ae
Madeira;+ San Antonio da Serra, one specimen
(Baker).
CONCHYLIDIN.
Carposina, H.S.
Carposina atlanticella, Rb).
Carposina atlanticella, Rbl., Ann. K. K. Hofmus. IX.,
92 (1894). .
San Antonio da Serra; three specimens (Baker).
Madeira, May; six specimens. (Leech, Mus.
Wlsm.)
GRAPHOLITHINA.
Bacrra, Stph.
Bactra lanceolana, Hb.
San Antonio da Serra; four specimens.
Papisca, Ld.
Pedisca carduana, Gn.
Madeira; three specimens (Baker). Mr. Leech also
met with this in Madeira in May.
GRAPHOLITHA, T'r.
Grapholitha madere, Wlstn.
Ephippiphora maderx, Wlstn., Ann. and Mag. N. H.
(3 s.), I., 120 (1858).1
Grapholita madere, Wkr. Cat. Lp. Ins. B. M., XXX.,
990 (1864).?
Grapholitha madere, Rb]., Ann. K. K. Hofmus. IX.,
17, 87-88 (1894).8
Madeira ;! Funchal and The Mount, eleven specimens
(Baker). Canaries.? I have specimens taken by Mr. Leech
at Madeira in April, and at Teneriffe in May.
Carpocapsa, Tr.
Carpocapsa grossana, Hw.
Madeira; one specimen.
Tortricide, and Tineide of the Madeira Islands. 541
Carpocapsa splendana, Hb.
Madeira ; two specimens.
SreGANoPTYCHA, Stph.
Steganoptycha signatana, Del.
Madeira ; The Mount, one specimen.
Steganoptycha, sp.
Madeira; one specimen.
TINEID&.
TINEINAL.
TricHopHaGca, Rag.
Trichophaga abruptella, W1stn.
N. syn. = Tinea bipartitella, Rag.
Tinea abruptella, Wistn., Ann. and Mag. N. H. (3s.),
I., 120 (1858) ;' Wkr., Cat. Lp. Ins., B. M., XXX.,
1003 (1864).
Tinea bipartitella, Rag. Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr, 1892,
Ixxxill.
Tinea tapetzella, Rbl., Ann. K. K. Hofmus. VII., 268-9,
283 (1893) : IX., 17 (1894).
Trichophaga bipartitella, Rag. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr.
LXIIL., 122-4: (1894).
Porto Santo.'
The synonymy is verified by comparison with Ragonot’s
type from Tunis; I have also a specimen from Hgypt.
‘This species differs from tapetzella, with which Dr.
Rebel appears to have wrongly confounded it, in the
straighter outer edge of the dark portion of the wing,
which is not produced along the costal margin. I have
seen no Huropean specimen possessing this character.
Tinga, L.
Tinea pellionella, L.
Tinea pellionella, Stn., Ann. and Mag. N. H. (3 s.),
III., 212 (1859) ;” Rbl., Ann..K.. K. Hofmus. VIL,
283 (1892): IX., 17 (1894).
Madeira ;' nine specimens (Baker).
Tinea nigripunctella, Hw.
Tinea nigripunctella, Wlism., Ent. Mo. Mag., XXX.,
50 (1894)'.
Madeira ;! four specimens (Baker).
542 Lord Walsingham’s catalogue of the Pterophoride,
Tinea trrorella, W\stn.
Tinea irrorella, Wistn., Ann. and Mag. N. H. (3:s.), L.,
120 (1858);' Wkr.{-Cat. lip. Tnes-B: Si eax x,
1002 (1864).
Madeira. *
Tinea, sp.
Madeira ; four specimens.
These are closely allied to irrorella, Wlstn., but differ
in having smaller and more scattered markings and no
apical spot ; they are not in good enough condition for
description.
Trnrota, H.S8.
Tineola biselliella, Humm.
Madeira ; four specimens.
Tineola allutella, Rbl.
Tineola allutella, Rbl., Ann. K. K. Hofmus. VI., 270-71,
Pl. Vil 3.(1892)2
Canaries! Madeira; one specimen (Baker),
CHinopHiza, Stph.
Ginophila V-flavum, Hw.
Oinophila flava, Stn., Ann.and Mag. N. H. (3 s.), III.,
214 (1859).'
Madeira ;’ four specimens (Baker).
Bepe.iia, Stn.
Bedellia somnulentella, Z.
Bedellia somnulentella, Stn., Ann. and Mag. N. H.
(3 8.), IIT., 214 (1859).
Madeira.’
HYPONOMEUTINA.
Hyronomevta, Z.
Hyponomeuta bakeri, Wl1sm., sp. n.
Antenne slightly serrate in ¢; brownish cinereous. Palpi
porrect, somewhat recurved, cinereous, Head greyish fuscous,
posteriorly tinged with ochreous, face whitish. Thorax olivaceous.
Tortricide, and Tineide of the Madeira Islands, 543
Forewings rather shining, olive-brown, with a distinct white streak
running from the base to above the anal angle, and containing a
blackish patch beyond its middle ; this streak is narrow at the
base, and slightly widened outwards, ending abruptly, but con-
nected in one specimen by a few whitish scales to the pale base of
the cilia; before the apex the costal margin is narrowly whitish,
and the basal half of the cilia around the apex, to a point opposite
to the end of the white streak coming from the base, is also whitish,
the outer half of the cilia being brownish-grey. Hindwings
brownish grey, cilia scarcely paler, with a slight shade running
through them near their base. Abdomen brownish-grey. Legs
greyish-cinereous. Hap. al., 20 mm.
Popes s ¢.. Mus. Wism.
Hab. Madeira; San Antonio da Serra, five specimens.
This species is nearly allied to egregiellus, Dp., but’ the
points of difference appear to be constant, the black
spot in the white “length-streak ”’ is smaller in eyre-
giellus, and does not fill up the whole width of the
streak, the colour of egregiellus is much greyer, less
brown, there is no conspicuous white shade along the
base of the cilia, and, moreover, the palpi are shorter
and more dependent.
PLUTELLIN.
Piure.ia, Schrk.
Plutella cruciferarum, Z.
Plutella cruciferarum, Stn., Ann. and Mag. N. H. (8s.),
ITI.; 212 (1859) ;!} Rbl., Ann., K. K. Hofmus. VII.,
283 (1892): IX., 167 (1894).
Madeira;’ Funchal, and San Antonio da Serra, four
specimens (Baker).
GELECHIAN.
Lana, fr:
lita pulchra, WIstn.
Gelechia pulchra, Wistn., Ann. and Mag. N. H. (3 s.),
i, 22d, (1858)3" “Wks.;, Gat.’ Lip. edng.w By M.,
XXIX., 627 (1864).
Deserta Grande.’
544 Lord Walsingham’s catalogue of the Pterophoride,
Lita submissella, Stn.
Gelechia submissella, Stn., Ann. and Mag. N. H. (3:8.),
IIT., 212-13 (1859) ;' Wkr., Cat. Lp. Ins. B. M.,
XXIX., 628 (1864).
Porto Santo.’
Lita. ocellatella, Stn.
Gelechia ocellatella, Stn., Ent. Ann. 1859. 151-2
(14. XIT. 1858):" Ann. and Mag. N. H. (8 s.),
III., 212 (1859);? Wkr., Cat. Lp. Ins. B. M.,
XXIX., 628 (1864).
Porto Santo."”
Inta portosanctana, Stn.
Gelechia portosanctana, Stn., Ann. and Mag. N. H.
(3 s.), JIL., 212 (1859) 7 Wkr., Cat. Lp. Ins. B. M.,
XXIX., 628 (1864).
Porto Santo.’
BryorropHa, Hein.
Bryotropha domestica, Hw.
Madeira ; one specimen.
Sirrotroaa, Hein.
Sitotroga cerealella, Oliv.
Madeira; Funchal, four specimens.
Anacampsis, Crt.
Anacampsis albipalpella, H.S.
= Gelechia anthyllidella, Stn., Ann. and Mag. N. H.
(3 s.), ILI., 213 (1859)2
Madeira ;! one specimen (Baker).
Anacampsis (?) elachistella, Stn.
Gelechia elachistella, Stn., Ann. and Mag. N. H. (8 s.),
TID., 213 (1859)) Wir. (Cat. lip. Ios. 3. Mi,
XXIX., 628 (1864).
Northern Deserta.
The type is unset, but it is apparently an Anacampsis.
Tortricide, and Tineide of the Madeira Islands. 545
Anacampsis wollastoni, Wism., sp. n.
Antenne whitish. Palpi white, the second joint shaded with
brown externally to near its apex, which is slightly tufted. Head
smooth, shining white. Thorax whitish, tegule brown, with a
creamy white streak along their inner edge. Forewings narrow,
elongate, acuminate ; brown, with a narrow creamy-white streak
along the dorsal margin extending to the apex and including the
cilia, but interrupted beyond the anal angle by two oblique brown
streaks, the first along the apical margin, the second, shorter, in the
cilia; beneath the apex a slight darkish line in the base of the
cilia around the apex is preceded by a faint indication of a pale,
very oblique line, commencing at the anterior extremity of the
costal cilia and terminating below the apex of the wing; but this
is not observable in worn specimens. Héindwings shining, pale grey,
cilia pale ochreous. Abdomen shining, greyish-ochreous. Legs
greyish-ochreous. xp, al., 14-15 mm.
Type. &a¢. Mus. Wlsm.
Hab. Madeira; seven specimens.
GLYPHIPTERYGIN4.
Cuoreutis, Hb.
Choreutis bjerkandrella, Thnb.
Madeira; Funchal, three specimens.
SimaEtuis, Leach.
Simaethis nemorana, Hb.
Madeira; The Mount, seven specimens.
Simaethis oxyacanthella, L.
= Simaéthis fabriciana, Stn., Ann. and Mag. N. H.
(3 s.), IIL., 210 (1859).*
Madeira.!
GuypHipreryx, Hb.
Glyphipteryx, sp.
Madeira ; Funchal, one specimen.
546 Lord Walsingham’s catalogue of the Pterophoride,
DEPRESSARIAN.
Depressaria, Hw.
Depressaria conciliatella, Rbl.
Depressaria conciliatella, Rbl., Ann. K. K. Hofmus.
VIL., 272-74, 288, Pl. XVII., 14 (1892).}
Sicily,! Canaries ;! Madeira, Funchal, and The Mount,
fourteen specimens (Baker).
If Iam right in the identification, this appears to be
an exceedingly variable species, a long series showing
great variation in colour from pale stone-grey to fawn-
brown, with intermediate mottled varieties, having much
the appearance of assimilella, Tr.
Depressaria applana, F.
Madeira; one specimen.
I am unable to distinguish this specimen from the
common English species, but the antennz are somewhat
broken towards their ends.
Sreanorosis, Wlgrn.
Siganorosis heracliana, D.G.
Madeira ; one specimen.
G@COPHORIN 22.
CicorHorA, Stn.
(Hcophora pseudospretella, Stn.
Madeira; one specimen.
BLASTOBASIN.
Enprosts, Hb.
Eindrosis lacteella, Schiff.
= Endrosis fenestrella, Stn., Ann. and Mag. N. H.
(3 s.), ILL., 213 (1859).?
Madeira;! San Antonio da Serra, seven specimens
(Baker).
Tortricide, and Tineidex of the Madetra Islands. 547
Brastopasis, Z.
Ayeins 3 and 4 of the hindwings coincident, 5 from the same
point as 3-+-4.
Blastobasis lavernella, Wism., sp. n.
Antenne notched in the g¢ above the basal joint ; greyish, basal
joint ochreous. Palpi ochreous, the outer side of the second joint
shaded with greyish-brown along its lower half nearly to the apex,
on the upper side paler than the apical joint. Mead and Thorax
ochreous, tegule shaded with greyish-brown. Forewings ochreous,
mixed with reddish-ochreous mottlings, and shaded with patches of
greyish-brown, forming two irregular oblique fasciaform bands on
the basal half of the wing and two waved streaks on the apical
half ; the first oblique band passes outwards to the costal margin
before the middle from about the inner third of the fold ; the
second, forming a patch on the dorsal margin at one-third, runs
parallel with the first to the costa about the middle, or extending
slightly beyond it, the two are sometimes connected by a slight
cross-streak on the dise ; at the commencement of the costal cilia
a greyish-brown quadrangular spot, narrowly produced outwards
beyond the cell, reverts to the anal angle joining a spot of the
same colour, which is produced upwards and inwards to the end of
the cell ; between this and the outer of the two oblique fasciz lies
a small spot of the same colour immediately above the fold at two-
thirds from the base; cilia greyish-ochreous with a greyish-brown
line running around the apex and apical margin near their base,
but dying out before reaching the anal angle ; this is preceded by
a faintly-indicated marginal line on the wing within it, Hindwings
shining, pale stramineous ; cilia pale ochreous. Abdomen shining,
pale stramineous, the segments indicated by greyish lines. Legs
shining, pale ochreous. Hap. al., 15-16 mm.
Type. 8. Mus. Wlsm.
Hab. Madeira; three specimens.
This species is apparently allied to Blastobasis de-
colorella, Wlstn., but has somewhat deeper colouring,
with a different arrangement of its more pronounced
markings, and has much the general appearance of
Laverna ochraceella.
548 Lord Walsingham’s catalogue of the Pterophoride,
Blastobasis decolorella, Wl|stn.
Laverna (?) decolorella, Wistn., Ann. and Mag. N. H.
(3 s.), I., 122 (1858) ;} Wkr., Cat. Lp. Ins. B. M.,
XXX., 885 (1864); Rbl., Ann. K. K. Hofmus.
IX., 92-8 (1894).
Madeira ;' Funchal, and San Antonio da Serra, eighteen
specimens (Baker). Mr. Leech also took this species at
Madeira in May.
This species is a true Blastobasis ; its neuration is as
follows :—
Forewings, 12 veins; 7 and 8 stalked, both to above apex.
Hindwings, 7 veins ; 3 and 4 coincident, 5 from the same point as
3-+-4, 6 and 7 separate and parallel.
It exhibits considerable variation in size, in colour,
and in the distinctness or suffusion of the spots and
markings. The drawing made by Westwood was
evidently taken from one of the more reddish-ochreous
specimens, whereas the more prevalent form appears to
be whitish-ochreous or whitish-fawn-colour with brown-
ish and umber spots and scales. The slender dark lines
across the abdominal segments are persistent throughout
the series, but these occur also in other species, and must
not be too much relied on. A description of the well-
marked paler forms may be useful.
Antenne distinctly notched and finely ciliate in the g; basal
joint enlarged, pectinate beneath ; brownish-grey, whitish-fawn
beneath. Palpi whitish-fawn, second joint externally brown except
at its apex. Head, face, and thorax whitish-fawn. Forewings
narrow, elongate, lanceolate towards the depressed apex ; very pale
fawn, slightly suffused with fawn-brown scales across the middle
and at one-third of the fold; an umber patch on the middle of
the dorsal margin, above which is an umber spot on the disc before
the middle of the wing, followed by a second spot of the same
colour below and beyond it ; two umber spots at the end of the
cell, the lower more conspicuous than the upper and almost parallel
with it; these are followed by a sinuate brownish shade com-
mencing on the costa in the beginning of the costal cilia and ending
at the anal angle, much bowed outwards in the middle ; towards the
apex of the wing a few slight brownish dots and scales are scattered
about the apex and apical margin ; cilia very pale fawn. Hind-
wings shining, pale fawn-grey, cilia very pale ochreous. Abdomen
Tortricidx, and Tineidex of the Madeira Islands. 549
pale greyish-fawn, each segment narrowly margined with blackish.
Legs whitish-fawn, the anterior pair much shaded with umber-
brown. zp. al., 17-22 mm.
In some specimens the umber dorsal patch is almost
entirely obliterated, the markings fainter and more suf-
fused, and the dots around the apex and apical margin
coalescing and forming a brownish-grey line along the
base of the cilia, which is reduplicated along their middle
towards the anal angle.
Blastobasis fuscomaculella, Rag.
N. syn. = seevoldiella, Kreithn. = marmorosella, Rbl.
(nec. Wlstn.).
(Heophora fuscomaculella, Rag., Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr.,
13795 ex,’
(icophora seeboldiella. Kreithn., Sitzb. Z.-B. Ges.
Wien, XXXI., 20-1 (1881).
Blastobasis marmorosella, Rbl., Ann. K. K. Hofmus.
Wil; 276-78, 288), PLO XVI yo 302)" Ex,
18, 90-1 (1894).
Portugal,! Spain,” Canaries.3 Madeira (British
Museum).
The types of Gcophora marmorosella, Wlstn., in the
British Museum, show that this species has veins 5 and
3+4 of the hindwings distinctly stalked, whereas
(cophora seeboldiella, Kreithn., from Bilbao, which Dr.
Rebel has identified with this species, has these veins
arising from a point, and therein agreeing with a larger
and wider-winged species in the British Museum, and
with a single specimen in my own collection from the
Canaries which was determined for me by Dr. Rebel as
marmorosella.
The name fuscomaculella must stand for the larger
form, and marmorosella for the smaller and narrower-
winged species. I have seen the type of fuscomaculella,
Rag., and consider it the same as seeboldiella, Kreithn.,
and marmorosella, Rb]. (nec. WIstn.).
B-veins 5 and 4 of the hindwings coincident; 5 and 3+4
stalked.
Blastobasis desertarum, Wlstn.
N. syn. = Ptervlonche (?) maderensts, Stn.
Coleophora desertarwm, Wlstn., Ann. and Mag. N. H,
(3 s.), I., 122 (1858).
550 Lord Walsingham’s catalogue of the Pterophoride,
Pterolonche (?) maderensis, Stn., Ann. and Mag.
N.“H. (3 s.), TI., 203 4859)? W kr, Cat. ip. ins
B. M.. XXIX., 666 (1864).
Coleophora desertorum, Wkr., Cat. Lp. Ins. B. M.,
XXX., 879 (1864).4
Northern Deserta,"? Porto Santo;? Funchal, nine
specimens (Baker).
The specimens of Coleophora desertarum in the British
Museum are small and somewhat more strongly marked
varieties, but are evidently the same _ species as
maderensis.
Blastobasis desertarum, Wlstn. + radiata, Wlsm., var. n.
Antenne notched at the base in the ¢, basal joint enlarged,
with a pecten ; fawn-grey. Palpi porrect, the second joint pro-
jecting beyond the head and clothed with loose scales beneath
towards the apex, apical joint short, not recurved ; whitish. Head
and Thorax whitish, the latter shaded with pale fawn-brown.
Forewings whitish, a pale fawn-brown streak extending from the
base immediately below the costal margin and gradually widening
outwards to the end of the cell, whence it is continued to the apex,
covering half of the outer portion of the wing, the costal margin
above it being narrowly pale beyond the middle ; a second pale
fawn-brown streak from the middle of the base extends to the
anal angle and along the base of the cilia nearly to the apex, but
not extending beneath the fold, and having above the anal angle
a small blackish dot opposite to a still smaller one at the lower
margin of the upper streak; there is also an indication of a
blackish dot near the outer end of the fold, and the pale inter-
mediate spaces are slightly speckled with blackish scales ; cilia
fawn-grey. i/indwings shining, fawn-white; cilia pale whitish-
ochreous. Abdomen whitish-ochreous, the segments indicated by
slender dark cross-lines. Legs whitish-ochreous, hind tibiz clothed
with long loose hair-like scales. Hyxp. al, 14 mm.
Type. o&. Mus. Wism.
Hab. Madeira; Funchal, one specimen.
Blastobasis lignea, W\sm., sp. n.
Antenne pale greyish-fuscous ; basal joint enlarged, tufted and
notched in the male, pale cinereous. Pulp? pale cinereous, shaded
and mottled with greyish-fuscous externally. Head and Thorax
pale cinereous, the latter shaded with greyish-fuscous. Forewings
pale cinereous, much shaded and speckled with greyish-fuscous,
wad
Tortricide, and Tineide of the Madeira Islands. 551
with a slight purplish gloss ; five small blackish spots (the first on
the disc before the middle is sometimes connected with one on the
middle of the fold below, and somewhat before it ; a small one on
the lower edge of the cell lies halfway between these and two
parallel spots, the one above the other, at the outer end of the
cell) ; around the apex and apical margin is a series of six or eight
ill-defined greyish-fuscous spots along the base of the cilia which
are greyish-cinereous, somewhat darker towards the apex. Hind-
winys very pale cinereous with pale greyish-cinereous cilia.
Abdomen missing. Legs pale cinereous, somewhat speckled and
shaded with greyish-fuscous externally. Hxp.al., ¢ 14, 2 19 mm.
Type. &82.Mus. Wlsm.
Hab. Madeira; sixteen specimens.
Blastobasis lignea, Wism. + adustella, Wlsm., n. var.
In a single specimen the darker shading is more
conspicuous, and the two inner spots are merged in an
angulated fascia, leaving the dorsal margin at one-third
and tending obliquely outwards to the disc before the
middle, where it is angulated back towards the costa
from what should be the position of the upper spot;
but, before reaching the costa, it is again bent upwards
and slightly outwards to the margin.
Abdomen very pale cinereous, the segments marked by narrow
greyish fuscous transverse lines. Exp. al., 19 mm.
Type. <2 ..Mus., Wism.
Hab. Madeira; one specimen.
Intermediate varieties in which the fascia is slightly
indicated appear to occur, but I have no specimens
before me in condition for comparative description.
Blastobasis ochreopalpella, W\stn.
(Keophora ochreapalpella, Wistn., Ann. and Mag. N. H.
(3.8:)5 Le, 12101858) 5h Wir. Cat Ep. Ins. BM;
XXX., 1029 (1864).
Madeira.'
Blastobasis marmoreusella, W\stn.
(Ecophora marmorosella, Wlistn., Ann. and Mag. N. H.
(3.s.), I., 128 (1858) ;! Wkr., Cat. Lp. Ins. B. M.
XXX., 1028 (1864).
502 Lord Walsingham’s catalogue of the Pterophoride,
Porto Santo,! Northern Deserta.!
Distinct from seeboldiella, Kreithn. See remarks under
fuscomaculella, Rag. (ante p. 549).
Blastobasis nigromaculata, W|stn.
Gelechia nigromaculata, Wlstu., Ann. and Mag. N. H.
(3.s.), I., 121 (1858; 3} Wkr., (Cat. pedins.abi Ms
XXIX., 627 (1864).
Madeira,! Southern Deserta ;! Madeira, four specimens
(Baker).
Blastobasis (?) awrantiaca, W|stn.
Gracilaria (?) aurantiaca, Wlstn., Ann. and Mag.
N. -H. (3's.), 1, 122.(1858);) Wkr Cat wip. ime:
B. M., XXX., 854 (1864).
Madeira, summer of 1855.1
Epristerus, Wlsm., gen. nov.
(emvatnTos, capable of being scientifically known.)
Tyres, Hpistetus divisus, Wlsm.
Antenne, g@, strongly bifasciculate (35); basal joint enlarged,
with a pecten, second and third joints also enlarged, the base of the
fourth joint attenuate. Mawillary palpi overlapping the base of
the haustellum. Labial palpi with the second joint somewhat
longer than the apical, scarcely tufted at the end beneath. Ocelli
absent. Head somewhat crested above, face smooth. Thorax
smooth. Forewings narrow, elongate, pointed, the apex scarcely
depressed, anal angle obsolete. Neuration, 12 veins, 7 and 8 from
a common stem, both to above apex. Hindwings as broad as the
forewings, lanceolate, subovate, abdominal angle somewhat pro-
nounced, cilia (1). Newration 7 veins, 3 and 4 coincident, 5 from the
same stem as 3+4, 6 and 7 separate. Abdomen, ¢, somewhat
flattened and laterally dilated. Legs with hind tibie slightly
clothed,
Epistetus divisus, Wlsm., sp. n.
Antenne fuscous, basal joint brownish. Palpi brownish. Head
and Thorax brouzy-brown ; face shining, pale cinereous. Forewings
shining, bronzy-brown, with a slightly-waved narrow whitish line
or fascia across their middle, scarcely farther from the base on the
dorsal than on the costal margin ; beyond this line the outer half
of the wing is slightly paler than the base, and shows a faint
indication of a transverse darker spot at the end of the cell,
Vortricidx, and Tineidx of the Madeira Islands. 553
sometimes connected with a few scales of the same colour on the
costal and dorsal margins, and giving the appearance of a dentate
shade or fascia ; a few darkened spots around the apex are followed
by paler scales at the base of the cilia which are bronzy-grey.
Hindwings and cilia bronzy-grey. Abdomen bronzy-grey. Legs
bronzy-brown, the spurs pale cinereous, tarsal joints spotted with
pale cinereous. xp. al., 12-17 mm.
Type. &2%. Mus. Wlsm.
Hab. Madeira; five specimens.
Hpistetus (?) pica, Wlsm., sp. n.
Antenne, 9, with a pecten on the basal joint ; brownish-grey,
basal joint white. Palpi white, shaded externally on the second
joint with brown. Head and face white. Thorax white, a
brownish-fuscous band across its anterior margin and a spot of
the same colour posteriorly, tegule white. Forewings narrow,
elongate ; shining white, with numerous brownish-fuscous patches
and dots ; an elongate brownish-fuscous patch at the base of the
costal margin reaches to the fold on its inner half ; this is followed
before the middle of the wing by a similar costal patch tending
obliquely outwards and narrowly confluent with a somewhat
triangular dorsal patch of the same colour which reaches to the
middle of the dorsal margin, thus forming an oblique fascia
attenuated in the middle ; beyond the middle of the wing on the
costal margin is a narrow elongate patch, beneath which are a
few brownish-fuscous dots tending in the direction of a triangular
dorsal patch beyond it a little before the anal angle; a con-
spicuous costal patch lies before the apex and is followed by a
series of small spots around the apex and apical margin to the
anal angle ; an outwardly oblique narrow patch of the same colour
lies near the base of the dorsal margin, reaching to the fold, and
is continued narrowly alorg the margin to the base ; a single spot
or dot lies on the lower edge of the discal cell above the outer end
of the fold ; all these markings are more or less surrounded by pale
ferruginous scales, but in some specimens these are scarcely
apparent ; cilia grey, whitish towards the apex. Hindwings grey,
with grey cilia. Addomen grey. Legs brownish, the joints of the
tibize and tarsi indicated by whitish spots. zp. al.,15-17 mm.
Type. ¢%. Mus. Wlsm.
Hab. Madeira; two specimens.
In the absence of the ¢ this species cannot be located
with certainty.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1894,—PART Iv. (DEC.) 2N
554 Lord Walsingham’s catalogue of the Pterophoride,
Hypatima, Hb.
Hypatima fasciata, Stn.
Gelechia fasciata, Stn., Ann. and Mag. N. H. (3 s.),
III., 213. (1859) ;} Wkr., Cat. Lp. Ins. 6. M.,
XXIX., 628 (1864). ;
Deserta Grande;! Madeira, Funchal, and The Mount,
five specimens (Baker).
LAVERNINA.
Laverna, Crt.
Laverna vittata, W1stn.
Laverna vittata, Wistn., Ann. and Mag. N. H. (8 s.),
L, 122 (1858); Wkr., Cat. Lip. Ins! B. M., XXX,
885 (1864).
Madeira.!
Laverna rebeli, W1sm., sp. n.
Antenne as long as the forewings; pale fawn. Palpi with
second joint much longer than the apical, closely clothed and tufted
beneath ; fawn-whitish on their inner sides, externally clouded
with umber-brown. Head and face stone-whitish. Thorax fawn-
whitish. Forewings fawn-whitish, slightly tinted by shining steel-
grey scales on the paler portions and much clouded on the outer
two-thirds with umber-brown ; a patch of raised dark umber-
brown scales lies on the middle of the fold and extends obliquely
outwards above it, forming the inner margin of a wide umber-
brown dorsal patch; this patch and the other umber-brown
shadings beyond it are sprinkled with scattered scales of a darker
shade which are especially noticeable around the apex of the wing
at the base of the cilia ; there is also a small umber-brown shade
at the extreme base of the costal margin ; cilia pale fawn. Hind-
wings fawn-grey, with paler cilia. Legs fawn-whitish, hind tarsal
joints shaded with brownish and spotted with whitish externally.
Abdomen missing. xp. al., 14-16 mm.
Type. $2. Mus. Wlsm.
Hab. Madeira; three specimens.
Caautiopvs, Tr.
Chauliodus daucellus, Peyr.
Madeira; five specimens.
Tortricide, and Tineide of the Madeira Islands. 555
Asycuna, Stn.
Asychna insularis, W|stn.
Asychna insularis, Wlstn., Ann. and Mage NN. H.
(3 s.), I., 122 (1858) ;! Wkr., Cat. Lp. Ins. B. M.,
XXX., 887 (1864).
Madeira.!
COSMOPTERYGIN.
Cosmopreryx, Hb.
Cosmopteryx pulcherrimella, Chamb.
Madeira; nine specimens.
Hitherto only recorded from the United States.
GRACILARIANZA.
Gracitaria, Hw.
Gracilaria staintoni, Wlstn.
Gracilaria staintoni, Wlstn., Ann. and Mag. N. H.
(3 s.), I., 121, (1858) ;! Wkr., Cat. Lip; Ens:
B. M., XXX., 854 (1864).
Madeira ;' The Mount, two specimens (Baker).
Gracilaria roscipennella, Hb.
Madeira ; San Antonio da Serra, seventeen specimens,
Gracilaria scalariella, Z.
Madeira; twenty-one specimens.
Litxocotietis, Hb.
Inthocolletis messaniella, Z.
Madeira; nine specimens.
LYONETIANZ.
PHYLLOBROSTIS, Stgr.
Phyllobrostis daphneella, Stgr.
Madeira ; one specimen.
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XXIII. Palearctic Nemoure. By Kenneta J. Mor-
Ton, F.E.S.
[Read Oct. 3rd, 1894.]
Puates XIII. and XIV.
At the present time the Perlidz, and especially the
smaller members of the family, occupy a prominent place
amongst the less-known of European insects. Pictet’s
treatise (“Histoire Naturelle des Insectes Névroptéres,
Famille des Perlides, 1841”), now over fifty years old,
may still be considered the standard of our knowledge
of the family, and that work, in many respects of
exceptional merit, naturally falls short of modern re-
quirements as far as the separation of critical and closely
allied species is concerned.
I have now collected these insects for nearly three
years, and have, at the same time, made them the sub-
ject of more or less constant study during my limited
leisure. The district in which I happen to reside has an
exceptionally good representation of that aquatic insect
hfe which belongs to running waters, and materials in
Perlidx, including most of the British species, were thus
easily obtained. ‘lhe results of an examination of these,
in a fresh as well as a dry condition, have led me to the
conclusion that the only reliable criterion for the separa-
tion of the species is in most. cases to be found in the
genitalia and accessory appendages of the ¢. ‘These
parts have been too much neglected by previous
writers on Perlidx, and in support of the conclusions I
have come to regarding their value, I now offer the
following notes on the species of the genus Nemoura, in
which genus the appendages appear to be most highly
specialized. These notes must be regarded as in all
respects preliminary, but relating as they do to a
neglected subject, it is hoped they may be of use.
Monographic completeness is not yet possible, and has
not been attempted.
At the outset 1t was not my intention to do more than
try to make known the species inhabiting the British
Isles. ‘The expansion of the original idea is due to the
TRANS. ENT. Soc. LOND. 1894,—PpaRT Iv. (DEC.)
558 Mr. Kenneth J. Morton on
co-operation of the following entomologists :—Mr.
McLachlan kindly lent me all his Palearctic Nemoure,
numbering several hundreds, from all parts of the
region, and including the results of his own collecting in
Savoy, Switzerland, Burgundy, Dauphiné, the Pyrénées
Orientales, Belgium, etc., Haton’s in Portugal, Zeller’s
in Carinthia and elsewhere, and Fedchenko’s in Turke-
stan; Dr. Fr. Ris, now of Rheinan, had the goodness
to forward his whole collection of Swiss Nemoure,
an extensive series in perfect condition; Mr. King, of
Glasgow, supported me with much additional British
material; Professor Klapalek, of Prague, sent me many
useful insects; and Dr. John Sahlberg forwarded a
choice collection of boreal and arctic Perlide, containing
between three and four hundred examples belonging to
the Helsingfors Musenm. I have thus had abundant
material to work from; the apparently inadequate results
are due to the small proportion of males and the fact
that isolated females are in many cases practically
indeterminable.
At an early stage of my studies the nomenclature was
seen to be in a hopeless tangle. No clear conception
existed with regard to the limits of the species; the
same species was known by several names according to
the interpretation put upon existing descriptions by
different entomologists; examples of the same species
might be seen doing duty as exponents of two or more
species in the same collection, or the reverse condition
might obtain, two good species standing under one name.
J am not sure that I have done any satisfactory work in
clearing up the synonymy. Through the courtesy of
M. Frey-Gessner, I have had the opportunity of ex-
amining the Nemourx of the Geneva Museum, which
contains what remains of the “ types” of the two Pictets.
It appears, however, that the collection now contains
very few examples which can properly be called “‘ types,”
as the old collection of the elder Pictet was greatly
destroyed by Anthrenus. Mons. A. Edouard Pictet con-
tinued the collection, and added to it, and the whole,
after his death, came into possession of the Geneva
Museum. A few years ago, Mr. Albarda determined the
Perlide ; and the Nemoure, as I understand, now repre-
sent little more than the views of that author. As is
usual in collections of these insects, females predominate,
Palzarctic Nemoure. 559
and it is not easy to speak of right and wrong with
regard to them; but as there is certainly error in con-
nection with the placing of some of the males, I have
been driven, in a great degree, to adopt my own views
about Pictet’s species. There may be differences of
opinion regarding my conclusions, but I trust the notes
and figures given will make easy the identification of the
species to which I have applied Pictet’s names, and will
also, in some degree at least, prevent a recurrence of the
confusion alluded to at the beginning of this paragraph.
Stephens’ types are much more satisfactory than those
of Pictet. They are, for the most part, in good condi-
tion and serviceable ; the drawback in connection with
them is the one common to collections of Nemowre
already alluded to, namely, the undue proportion of
females. My conclusions regarding these types will be
referred to in the synonymic references preceding, or the
notes following, the descriptions of the species. I have
to express my indebtedness to Mr. Chas. O. Waterhouse,
of the British Museum, for enabling me to examine
Stephens’ Perlide.
Before giving the descriptive and other notes on the
species, it may be well to say a few words regarding the
characters of Nemoura. The geuus was established by
Latreille in 1796. Pictet adopted the term to cover his
three sub-genera, Txniopteryx, Leuctra, and Nemoura.
These three divisions are now generally regarded as
separate genera, and the species to be dealt with here
are those falling under Nemowra proper.
The following are Pictet’s diagnoses of the three
genera (very slightly modified) :—
TENIOPTERYX.
(Nervures of pterostigma not forming a x.)
Labial palpi moderate and separated. Abdomen terminated by
short sets. Three tarsal joints long and nearly equal, Wings in
rest half cylindrical.
LructTra.
(Nervures of pterostigma not forming a y.)
No caudal setee. Labial palpi very short. Tarsi with 2nd joint
short, 1st and 3rd long. Wings in rest half cylindrical.
560 Mr. Kenneth J. Morton on
NEMOURA.
(Nervures of pterostigma forming a y.)
No caudal sete. Labial palpi short and approximate. Tarsi
with 2nd joint short, Ist and 3rd long. Wings in rest ordinarily
flat.
Albarda has shown that the above-mentioned character
in the neuration of Tniopteryx is not absolutely charac-
teristic, as his 7’. neglecta* has the wings in the normal
condition of a Nemoura. ‘The condition of the tarsi will
at once prevent any confusion between these two genera,
and the wing-neuration character seems to hold guod as
a means of separating Nemoura and Lewuctra, which
agree with each other as regards the tarsi.
With regard to the position of the wings in rest,
there appear to be in Nemowra slight deviations in the
direction of the position they occupy in Leuctra ; this
has been noticed in N. Meyert when alive. Other
characters made use of in the above diagnoses will also
require further investigation ; for example, the presence
or absence of caudal sete. Seta probably exist in at
least one of the species here described as a Nemoura.
Then the appendages of various species here retained
under Nemoura show so much diversity of structure that
it is almost certain that, sooner or later, further generic
subdivision will take place based on these parts.
The figures are from drawings made under the micro-
scope with the camera lucida. In most cases, two views
are given—one from the side, the other from beneath—
the object beimg held slightly in front of the observer.
These figures and the descriptions were all made from dry
examples for the sake of uniformity. These insects are
subject to great variations in size and colour, according
to locality, and they have almost all a tendency to
become blackish or unicolorous when dry, and colour
characters are, therefore, not of great importance, except
in a broad way.
Another feature in these insects (and in all Perlidz)
is the instability of neuration, and few details under this
head are sufficiently constant to be of help in the
separation of species. It has been the practice to lay
* “ Annales de la Soc. Ent. de Belgique,” Tome xxxiil.
Palearctic Nemowre. 561
stress on the form of the pronotum, and this appears to
be justified to some extent ; but care must also be taken
here, as shrinkage in drying is unequal, varying with the
degrees of maturity of the individuals. Amongst living
examples of the same species of one of the larger Perlidzx, L
believe that I have noticed a difference between the form
of the pronotal plate in examples just disclosed and
those in which the chitin had set hard. While the rugose
condition of the surface of this segment and the arrange-
ment of the tubercles may be useful for specific deter-
mination, I have not yet been able to come to satisfactory
conclusions on the point.
In the following descriptions, when reference is made
to the wings, the anterior pair is alluded to, unless
otherwise stated.
Nemowra variegata.
N. variegata, Olivier, Encye. Méth., vili., p. 186,
No. 3 (1811) ?
N. variegata, Pictet, Perlides, p. 386, pl. 1. (L@41).
N. nebulosa, fuliginosa, pallida, cruciata, affinis, annu-
lata, luteicornis, pusilla, Stephens, Lllustrations,
p-. 140 and 141 (1836).
N. lunata, Rambur, Névropteéres, p. 461 (1842).
N. uwmbrosa, Kd. Pictet, Névropt. d’Hspagne, p. 20
(1€65), in part according to types.
Head and pronotum yellowish-brown, the latter with darker
clouds. Antenne usually brownish, with paler basal joint. Pro-
notum very slightly broader than the head without the eyes, with
a broad, well-defined border, whose margins are gently rounded
both in front and laterally ; this segment is minutely granulose
with two vague transverse depressions (or three, counting the one
behind the anterior border). Meso- and meta-nota dark brown or
nearly black, the scutella of these segments and the parts adjoining
sometimes paler. Abdomen brown or blackish, Legs varying from
brown to yellowish, femora rather darker about the apex, tibiz
with a dark apical annulation, and tarsi, especially the distal joints,
fuscous. Wings ranging from nearly hyaline to brownish-grey,
with blackish or fuscous neuration, often with fuscous markings in
the region of the pterostigma and x nervures, the pigment in
strongly-marked examples spreading out on either side of the
nervure forming the base of the 3rd apical cellule into a fuscous
triangle, . In ibis species the end of the radius is almost invariably
562 Mr. Kenneth J. Morton on
considerably turned up just where it joins the outer margin ; the
4th apical cellule is biangulate at the base ; and in the hindwings
there are several transverse nervures in the intercubital areas, a
state of things not normal in other species. In the ¢ the median
prolongation of the ventral plate and the lobe on this plate are
both moderate ; the lateral appendages are slender, slightly curved,
and narrowing towards the apex, which terminates in two hooks,
the lower of which is most evident ; seen from above or beneath,
these appendages are straight, the apex slightly out-turned with
the tip of the hook turned inwards. In the 9 the apex of the
abdomen has two large ovate lobes and a pair of longer simple
appendages. Exp., g, 12} to 20mm.; 92, 15 to 24 mm.
This species is common in Britain, and probably over
the whole Palearctic region. I have seen it from Arctic
Norway, Finland, the Vosges, Schwarzwald, Switzerland,
Bohemia, Portugal, and Sarepta; it is also mentioned by
McLachlan in ‘‘ Nedchenko’s Travels,”? as seen by him
from Turkestan. ‘To what altitude it goes is uncertain; ~
very small examples are in McLachlan’s collection from
the Col du Lauteret, Alps of Dauphiné. It seems
attached to standing waters, and even occurs in places
where there is little or no surface-water in the dry
seascn. ‘Ihe time of appearance varies with locality
from April to August, and probably later.
At once one of the largest (but varying greatly in this
respect, some minute examples occasionally appearing)
and best-defined species of the whole genus. The granu-
lose prothorax, the condition of the neuration, and the
appendages of the ¢ are all characters which can be
relied upon. For this reason it is the one Nemoura
regarding whose name there is something like unanimity
of opinion at the present time. Rambur’s description
of lunata is good; he refers to the appendages of the ¢.
The eight species of Stephens’ above narrated are cer-
tainly all to be referred bere according to the types in
British Museum ; pusilla is a small ¢.
Nemoura avicularis, n. sp.
Head and pronotum shining black, the latter sometimes very
narrowly outlined in yellow or orange. Meso- and meta-nota also
shining black with a brown posterior marking. Pronotum very
slightly broader than the head without the eyes, foremargin and
sides hardly rounded, borders not distinct in the dry insect, disc
Palearctic Nemoure. 563
faintly rugose. Abdomen blackish. Legs: femora above, ends: of
tibiz, and the tarsi all fuscous. Wings greyish in some lights, but
almost hyaline, highly iridescent, only very faintly clouded in the
pterostigmatic region and about the x nervures; neuration
generally blackish and distinct; the 4th apical cellule rarely
biangulate at the base; in the posterior wings the superior
cubitus usually leaves the radius at a considerable distance from
the basal cell. In the g¢ the median prolongation of the ventral
plate is comparatively short; the lateral appendages are broad at
the base, contracted in the middle, with a large head, upturned,
and acute at the apex externally, and possessing an eye-like
tubercle ; the distal part of the appendage being very suggestive
of a bird’s head. Exp., ¢, 174-18 mm.; 9, 22 mm.
A species easily recognized by the appendages of the
8, the very black coloration of the body and the highly
iridescent nearly hyaline wings, which have hardly any
darker cloudings. With regard to the lateral appen-
dages, while there appears to be a slight amount of
variation due to changes in drying, they ordinarily retain
their character. The chance of confusion most exists
with regard to the next species, but the notes and figures
will, I hope, prevent error so far as the ¢ is concerned.
According to our present British information, this
species seems to be exclusively lacustrine in habit, and
has been found in April and May at many of the lochs
in the highlands of Scotland (King and Morton). It is
a!lsoin Mr. McLachlan’s collection from the Hnglish Lake
District. Outside Britain it has been seen from Finland ;
the collection of the Helsingfors Museum contains
examples from several localities.
This species has apparently already been recognized
in this country, but associated hitherto with one of
Pictet’s names, a view I cannot in the meantime accept.
The insect is as yet only kuown as an inhabitant of
Northern Europe.
Nemoura cambrica.
N. cambrica, Stephens, Illustrations, p. 143 (?).
N. pallicornis and nitida, ibid., p. 148 (7).
Head and thoracic segments shining blackish. Antenne
brownish or black. Pronotum nearly as broad as head, with pale
lateral margins which recede slightly posteriorly. Legs usually
yellowish, darker on the femora above and on the tarsi, Wings
564 Mr. Kenneth J. Morton on
brownish-grey, with darker pterostigma and fuscous or blackish
neuration. The lateral appendages of the ¢, viewed from the
side, are rather broad and rounded at the base, the shaft slender
and subcylindrical, bent beyond the middle and continued out-
wards into a subacute point ; viewed from beneath, the apical part
of the appendage is turned outwards in the form of a thick hook ;
inwardly, the chitinized part is prolonged into a spur, under which
is a membranous space. Exp., 12 to 18 mm., the ? the larger.
The smaller size and less hyaline wings will ordinarily
suffice to distinguish this species from the last; the form
of the appendages is constant in all the material I have
examined, and I have never noticed any tendency in
them to assume the upturned position they occupy in the
last; in the present species they are also much more
slender.
This is one of the commonest Nemoure of all the
streams of North Britain wherever I have collected. It
kas occurred by all sizes of running waters, from the
larger rivers to the tiniest rills, the size of the insect
varying according to the extent of the waters it inhabits.
It has not yet come before me from the Continent.
The application of the name cambrica is open to
question. The only type seen by me is a ?, and, there-
fore doubtful. N. pallicornis and N. nitida are both
represented by females without abdomen ; they are more
probably large examples of the species which I have
named N. inconspicua.
Nemoura lateralis.
N. lateralis, Pictet, Mém. de la Soc. de Phys. et
d’Hist. Nat., vu., p. 180 (1836); and Perlides,
p. 895 (1841); ¢ (2).
N. nitida, Pictet, Mém. Soc. Phys., p. 179; and
Perlides, p. 392; 9 (7).
Head and thoracic segments brownish, or black mixed with
brown, margins of pronotum paler. Antennz concolorous with
head, basal joint often paler. Pronotum about same breadth as
head without the eyes, with margins moderately distinct, receding
very little posteriorly. Legs yellowish, femora above marked with
fuscous, as are also the tips of the tibie, and the tarsi. Wings in
the ¢ usually nearly hyaline, in the ¢? rather more greyish,
neuration fuscous, membrane faintly clouded about the x nervures
and pterostigma, The appendages of the ¢, from whatever aspect
Palearctic Nemoure. 565
viewed, do not show the distinct hook-like form of the two pre-
ceding species ; seen from above, their chitinous part is somewhat
bifid, the furcation filled out with membrane ; viewed from the side,
their base is broad and rounded, from which they taper in a nearly
straight direction to the apex, where they again have a broader
aspect, the upper and more chitinous part of the apex being
slightly turned outwards, and the lower membranous part produced
downwards ; from beneath, the appendages are straighter than in
the two foregoing species, the apex being scarcely curved, but
turned out at nearly right angles, and terminating in a sub-acute
point. Exp., ¢,13-17mm; ¢?, 183-223 mm.
Apparently a very common Swiss insect ; received in
great quantity from Dr. Ris, taken on the Ziirichberg in
April and May, and varying much in size and colour.
What I consider the same insect is present in great
numbers and variety in Mr. McLachlan’s collection from
various Swiss localities, including the Hngadine, Hash-
thal, etc. (McL.); also from Savoy, Chamounix (MclL.),
Schwarzwald, the Vosges (Mch.), and Carinthia (Zeller).
1 have also received it from Bohemia (Klapalek).
An insect easy to distinguish in the $ sex; the ?
might easily be confused with some of its alles, especially
N. avicularis. The prothorax in the latter is, perhaps,
relatively broader, the borders less definite, and the
margins more rounded; but in the dry insects these
characters could hardly be relied on with confidence.
Some of the large ?s from the Alps of Switzerland and
Savoy look very different from the normal ? ; they have
an almost square pronotum, are greyer than usual, and
have the veins more clouded. ‘These deserve attention.
This species seems to agree pretty well with Pictet’s
description of N. lateralis. I accept the opinion now
generally adopted, that Pictet’s N. nitida is the ? of the
same species.
Nemoura dubitans, n. sp.
Dark brown or black, shining, antennze dark brown. Pronotum
broad, with distinct, usually pale, somewhat rounded margins.
Legs brownish, femora darker above, as are also the apices of the
tibiee and the two distal joints of the tarsi. Wings transparent,
of uniformly brown tint with darker pterostigma ; neuration not
very strong. The ¢ is easily distinguished from all others nearly
allied by the genital parts. The ventral plate has the lobe thereon
566 Mr. Kenneth J. Morton on
long and narrow; the lateral appendages of about the ordinary
length, tapering slightly to the apex, which is obtuse and appa-
rently simple. Exp., ¢,15 mm.; ¢, 20 mm.
The brownish aspect of this fly is a good prima facie
character for its determination; the weak neuration and
the form of the lateral appendages are also of impor-
tance. All the examples are from Dr. Ris, and are
labelled “ Oerlikon, April.’ A species requiring further
elucidation, but I think it is a good one. Confusion
especially in the @ sex is likely to take place with the
species 1 here name N. marginata, but the characters of
the ¢ appear to be decisive.
Nemoura prxcow, n. sp.
Phryganea_ regelationis, Scop., Ent. Carniolica,
ps 209 (ce
Head and thorax black, antennze concolorous; pronotum
broader than the head without the eyes, short, borders not well
defined in the dry insect, lateral margins usually with a slight
angulation about their middle part, behind which they recede
somewhat. Legs: femora above, ends of tibiz and the tarsi
blackish fuscous. Wings greyish, sometimes fuliginous, neuration
blackish fuscous ; all the veins margined more or less with darker
cloudings, which are most distinct about the pterostigma and
x veins. The anal structure of the ¢ is complicated: the lobe of
the ventral plate is of great size. What appears to correspond
with the long spinous sheath of N. A/eyeri consists here of a broad
basal part with a very short spine. Exp, ¢, 18 mm.;
©, 20-23 mm.
The complicated anal structure of the ¢ and the some-
what fuligimous aspect of the wings should make this
insect recognisable. The form of the prothorax above
alluded to is constant in the British examples which I
have examined.
Apparently not rare in Great Britain. It occurs in
early March (if not earlier in mild seasons) by the River
Clyde and one of its affluents, along with Teniopterye
nebulosa and 1’. trifasciata. I have also seen both sexes
from Perthshire rivers in April (King), and two ?s are
in Mr. McLachlan’s collection from the Manchester
district in March (Cooke).
Palearctic Nemours. 567
That this is really Scopoli’s insect is very doubtful.
Still the name is singularly appropriate, and I would
have adopted it in preference to creating a new one, if
such a course had been at all prudent.
Nemoura maracandica.
Teniopteryx maracandica, McLachlan, Fedchenko’s
Travels in Turkestan, Neuroptera, p. 54.
Black, with greyish pubescence, somewhat shining. Head con-
cave in middle of disc. Pronotum almost quadrate, sides straight,
nearly parallel, anterior angles sub-acute, disc faintly rugose. Feet
sub-testaceous, with greyish pubescence, femora fuscous externally,
tibize fuscous at base, tarsi black. Abdomen black ; ventral lamina
of $ triangular, truncate, beneath somewhat concave ; appendages
testaceous. Ventral lamina of ¢ large, adpressed, sub-testaceous,
with rounded margin, Anterior wings elongate, greyish, faintly
irrorated with darker grey dots, neuration blackish fuscous. Exp.,
al., 18-24 mm.
Found near Samarcand and Taschkent. I have seen
the types, but the above description is mainly from
Mr. McLachlan’s diagnosis. he insect is a large one,
with the facies of a Tseniopteryx, and is very distinct
on account of its dotted wings.
Nemoura ornata.
N. ornata, Mclachlan, Fedchenko’s Travels in Turke-
stan, Neuroptera, p. 55.
Blackish with greyish pubescence, shining ; head concave in
middle of disc. Pronotum transversely sub-quadrate, sides straight,
parallel, disc almost smooth. Feet black, with greyish pubescence,
femora with apex testaceous. Ventral lamina of 9 large, ad-
pressed, entire, transversely striate. Anterior wings short, broad,
vitreous, with blackish neuration ; two irregular transverse fascie,
margins of the nervures and some small clouds all smoky. Inferior
branch of sector much curved. Exp., al., 17-175 mm. (¢).
This species is from the mountains of Khokan. I am
indebted to Mr. McLachlan for a sight of the types, and
the above is mainly a translation of his diagnosis. A
pretty little species marked somewhat after the manner
of N. Meyeri, but the markings are much more definite ;
the femora are also nearly altogether dark externally.
568 Mr. Kenneth J. Morton on
Nemoura Meyert.
N. Meyeri, Pictet, Perlides, p. 390, pl. h.
Head and thoracic segments black, antenne blackish, hind-head
and margins of pronotum usually yellowish, the latter segment
about same breadth as head with very slightly rounded margins
(the material examined shows great variation in the form of the
pronotum). Legs yellowish, middle and apex of femora, apex of
tibiz and tarsi blackish. Wings greyish, often whitish, most of
the nervures broadly bordered with brownish grey, or the colour
might be given as brownish grey with white spots ; pterostigma
pale in the middle and dark on either side; neuration blackish,
extreme end of radius upturned, lower branches of sector and
superior cubitus usually much curved. The most characteristic
feature of the ¢ genitalia is a pair of long upturned spine-like
sheaths. The large upturned pieces behind these sheaths appear
to be flanked by blackish pectinated pieces which are often con-
cealed. Exp. ¢, 153-183 mm.; 9, 183-24 mm.
In what may be termed typically marked examples,
this species may be easily recognised by the two-coloured
pterostigma, the curved neuration above alluded to, and
the marking on the middle of the femora is also of im-
portance. With regard to the genitalia of the 3, confusion
is possible with N. marginata; in the latter species,
however, the ‘‘ upturned spine-like sheaths” are not
usually so straight and they end in two points, and the
pectinated pieces are much more conspicuous and have
much longer teeth than in Meyert. Well-marked ex-
amples of the species are usually correctly named.
I can say little regarding the geographical distribution
of this species. It is rather common at many streams in
North Britain in May and June, and even later in
localities of some altitude. It is also represented
by large examples from Carinthia in the collection
of Mr. McLachlan and from Switzerland in that of
Dr. Ris.
Under the name of WN. nitida, Pictet, Professor
Klapalek has communicated a pair of Bohemian insects,
the ¢ immature and the ? closely resembling N. Meyerv.
The paired spines are not unlike those of the species
hereafter described as N. marginata; they appear to be
shorter and broader before the apex than in N. Meyeri,
and terminate in two more or less divergent spines. ‘This
Palzxarctic Nemoure. 569
may bea good species but more material is required. On
account of the immaturity of the ¢ the figures are not
satisfactory.
Nemoura marginata.
N. marginata, Pictet, Mém. Soc. Phys., tom. vii.,
p. 181, No. 7; and Perlides, p. 397 (?).
N. humeralis, Pictet, Mém. Soc. Phys., tom. vii.,
p. 184, No. 11; and Perlides, p. 399 (°?).
Head and pronotum shining blackish, mixed with brown especi-
ally on the hind-head. Pronotum slightly narrower than head ;
borders not well defined, usually paler, the lateral margins recede
very slightly posteriorly. Legs pale brown. Wings usually
brownish, sometimes suffused, in other examples nearly hyaline,
neuration darker especially in the region of the pterostigma and
x nervures. The structure of the genitalia is complicated ; the
paired sheaths are in this species much as in N. J/eyeri, but instead
of ending in a simple acute point the apex is crowned by two short
spines, and there appears to be another spine at some distance from
the apex. The strong upright pieces are flanked by a chitinous
sheath which is deeply pectinate, although the pectinations may
sometimes be so closely appressed that they are difficult to see.
Exp., 18-22 mm.
In applying to this species the name of marginata,
Pictet, I have been guided chiefly by the fig. of that
author which agrees tolerably well with a common
brownish Swiss insect. The limits of the species are,
however, difficult to define, and there is a certain con-
fusion regarding it and N. humeralis, a species not yet
elucidated to my satisfaction. Professor Klapalek sent
me a ¢ agreeing very well with Pictet’s description of
N. humeralis, and also forwarded drawings of what he
considered the ¢, but in the great number of examples
examined by me I have not yet seen a ¢ which agreed
with Klapalek’s ¢, and I am inclined to consider the
latter as a condition of the species under review. In the
rich materials forwarded by Dr, Ris, I found three forms
which I have in the meantime referred here; the first
series is from Glarus, in October, headed by a ¢, from
which figs. 1 and 2 are taken; the females of this series
have the wings comparatively transparent with rather
strong neuration. ‘The second series mainly from the
Ziirichberg in June have the wings more suffused and
TRANS. ENT, SOC. LOND. 1894.—paRtiv. (DEC.) 20
570 Mr. Kenneth J. Morton on
therefore more typical; unfortunately, it contains no
males. The third contains larger ¢ examples also from
Ziirichberg in May ; the wings in these are brownish and
transparent ; these are most doubtful.
With regard to distribution, in addition to Switzerland
and Bohemia, insects which are temporarily referred to
this species are in Mr. MclLachlan’s collection from
Carinthia and the Schwarzwald.
Nemoura lacustris.
N. lacustris, Hd. Pictet, Névropt. d’Hspagne,
p. 2h ir).
Head and pronotum blackish or piceous, antennz concolorous,
occiput and margins of pronotum sometimes paler. Pronotum
nearly as broad as head without the eyes, sub-quadrate, lateral
margins scarcely receding. Legs dingy testaceous, darker at apices
of joints. Wings greyish, sometimes with a faintly brownish tint,
subhyaline, iridescent, x nervures faintly clouded, clouding of
pterostigma often leaving a clear costal space almost as in Meyer ;
radius slightly upturned at apex. In the ¢ the genitalia are very
similar to those of marginata, but in none of the examples ex-
amined are the pectinations of the sheaths flanking the upright
pieces visible, and the upturned spines are apparently shorter and
stouter. Exp. al., 19 mm.
Closely allied to N. marginata, but apparently distinct
on account of the much shorter and stouter upturned
spines of the ¢. The examples from which the de-
scriptive notes are taken are in Mr. Mclhachlan’s
collection; they came from Portugal and_ the
Pyrenees.
There is doubt about the application of Ed. Pictet’s
name. I have seen the types, and they bear resemblance
to the insects from which the above description is drawn,
but they now lack abdomens.
The group which contains the three species described
as Meyert, marginata, and lacustris is the least satis-
factory of all here dealt with; the appendages are
complicated in the dry insects, and difficult to under-
stand ; confusion between degrees of exsertion and real
differences of structure seems to be a danger to be
specially guarded against.
Palearctic Nemoure. 571
Nemoura cinerea.
N. cinerea, Olivier, Enc. Méth., viii., p. 186, No. 2 (?).
N. cinerea, Pictet, Perlides, p. 401 (?).
N. sulcicollis and N. fwmosa, Stephens, Illustra-
tions, p. 143.
Shining, black with concolorous antenne. Pronotum usually
distinctly transverse, about as broad as head, lateral margins
straight without definite borders. Legs brownish. Wings grey,
nearly hyaline, but sometimes smoky, with fuscous neuration,
which is nearly black and usually very strong about the x nervures
and pterostigma. In the ¢ the median prolongation of the
ventral plate is of unusual length, and the ventral lobe is long and
narrow ; there is present a pair of very strong upturned usually
blackish sheaths which appear to be obtuse at the apex. Exp.,
11-155 mm.
This species I have found very common in June and
July at all the Scotch streams where I have collected.
I have received from Klapdlek both sexes, these
Bohemian examples having the neuration less distinct
than in most British specimens. Only one rather doubt-
ful ¢ example was in Dr. Ris’ collection, but the species
probably occurs commonly in some parts of Switzerland.
Examples in Mr. McLachlan’s collection from several
countries are referred by me to this species: France
(Autun and the Vosges), Switzerland (Hngadine), and
Schwarzwald ; probably, also, Portugal (Haton), and
Carinthia (Zeller).
Professor Klapalek considers this species to be Pictet’s
N. cinerea, and | am inclined to agree with him, although
the view has been considered by some as doubtful.
Whether it is Olivier’s cinerea is a point which may be
questioned with more reason. The species is very
variable, and I think Stephens’ two species above-
mentioned are certainly forms of it.
Nemoura borealis, n. sp.
Head dark shining brown, antennz usually paler. Pronotum
brownish, sub-quadrate, narrower than the head. Legs testaceous,
almost without darker markings. Wings pale, subhyaline, with
very pale neuration. In the ¢ the ventral lobe or lamina is rather
narrow and elongate ; appendages rather broad at the base, tapering,
twisted in the dry insect, expanding towards the somewhat flat-
Dire Mr. Kenneth J. Morton on
tened apex, the margins of which are deeply serrate. Exp., about
15 mm.in g ; the 9 larger.
So far as the material examined shows, this is a small,
pale, rather delicate-looking insect, but it is absolutely
devoid of any striking outward character, The appen-
dages, however, are very unlike those of any other
species.
I have seen it from several Finnish localities, and I
believe Mr. McLachlan has it from Lapland.
Nemoura inconspicua.
N. inconspicua, Pictet, Mém. Soc. Phys., tom. vii.,
p. 185, No. 12 (?).
N. inconspicua, Pictet, Perlides, p. 404, pl. lin. (?).
N. pallipes, Steph., Illustr., p. 142 (?).
N. pallicornis, Steph., Illustr., p. 145 (?).
N. xitida, Steph., Hlustr., p. 143 (?).
Shining blackish or brown, prothorax as broad as head with pale
broad borders and receding lateral margins. Legs yellowish, femora
hardly marked, tibiae with dark tips, and apical joints of tarsi also
darker. Wings pale, nearly hyaline, with faint light brown
neuration. Inthe ¢ the genitala are very prominent, and consist
principally of two large subcylindrical upper yellowish lobes, and
a pair of very long slender upturned yellow sheaths. Lobe of
ventral plate long. Exp., g 13-15} mm., 9 17-18 mm.
One of the most easily determined of the Perlide,
Its generally pale colours and the prominent’ genitalia
in the d separate it from all its congeners. In Scot-
land I have taken it sparingly in July and August; it is
attached to smaller streams and to springs. It is well
represented in the Swiss collection of Dr. Ris. Mr.
McLachlan has taken it at Chamounix in July.
This species agrees with Pictet’s description as far as
that goes. I think, however, it is more than likely that
Pictet’s species was really a combination of minute forms
belonging to more than one species, Stephens’ species,
above alluded to, are probably large females of this
insect.
The insects noticed in the preceding pages almost
certainly represent but a small proportion of the species
which exist in the Palzarctic region. In addition to
many females which must remain doubtful, including two
in Mr. Mclhachlan’s collection from Algeria (Haton),
Palzxarctic Nemoure. oto
interesting as being the only Nemowre seen by me from
the African side of the Mediterranean, there is at least
one other good species from Turkestan in the same
collection, but hardly in sufficient material to warrant
description.
In commending these insects to the notice of col-
lectors, I would urge upon them not to despise insigni-
ficant-looking examples, as these are usually the males,
and most useful for purposes of determination. If
possible, all Perlidx should be expanded at once, as few
insects are so ill-suited for the relaxing box.
EXPLANATION OF Puates XIII and XIV.
PLATE XIII.
Nemoura variegata.
. Apex of abdomen of ¢ from beneath.
. Lateral appendage from side, much enlarged.
no
Nemoura avicularis.
. Apex of abdomen of ¢ from beneath.
35 x side.
bo
Nemoura cambrica.
1. Apex of abdomen of ¢ from beneath.
ahs 45 side.
Nemoura lateralis.
. Apex of abdomen of ¢ from beneath.
. Lateral appendage from side, more enlarged.
” ” above ”
wOnNnre
Nemoura dubitans.
. Apex of abdomen of ¢ from beneath.
si ‘4 side.
Ne
Nemoura precox.
1, Apex of abdomen of ¢ from beneath.
2. Pronotal plate.
Nemoura maracandica.
Apex of abdomen of ¢ from beneath.
Nemoura meyeri.
. Apex of abdomen of ¢ from beneath.
*s as side.
ror
574
Mr. K. J. Morton on Palzarctic Nemoure.
1. Apex of abdomen of ¢ from side.
2
3.
Nemoura marginata,
S beneath,
», pectinated piece, more enlarged.
Nemoura cinerea.
1. Apex of abdomen of ¢ from beneath.
2.
+5 , side,
Nemoura inconspicua.
1. Apex of abdomen of ¢ from beneath,
2; an i" side,
Nemoura -————— ? sp. from Bohemia (see page 568).
1. Apex of abdomen of ¢ from beneath.
2s ‘i es side,
PLATE XIV.
Nemoura variegata.
1. Anterior wing.
oo bo
Q
al Si tel fact
Heo OW >
. Upper branch
. Lower branch
Costa.
. Sub-costa.
. Radius.
. Sector radii.
. Superior cubitus (otherwise median nervure).
. Inferior cubitus, upper branch (otherwise superior
cubitus).
. Inferior cubitus, lower branch (otherwise inferior
cubitus).
. Upper ein es fork of superior cubitus or
Lower branch median nervure.
of fork of sector radii.
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. Apical cellules.
. Posterior wing.
. Tarsus.
All much enlarged.
Nemoura borealis.
Apex of abdomen of ¢ from beneath.
Nemoura lacustris.
. Apex of abdomen of ¢ from beneath.
. “ Sheath ” from side.
rs from beneath, more enlarged.
(ah7er 9
XXIV. Supplementary Notes on the Scolytidee of Japan,
with a list of species. By Watrer F. H. Branp-
FORD, M.A., F.Z.S.
[Read October 3rd, 1894.]
THE purport of these notes is to complete my previous
papers on the Scolyto-platypini and on the Scolytide of
Japan by the rectification of ene or two errors which
have crept in, by the addition of three new species which
have since come to hand, and by the publication, for
convenient reference, of a list of Japanese Scolytide.
In my paper on the Scolyto-platypint (Trans. Ent.
Soc. 1893, p. 425) on p. 430, fourth line above the
foot-note, for “ anterior”’ read “ posterior femora”; on
p. 431, thirteenth line, a semicolon should follow the
word “ remote.”
In my paper on the Scolytide of Japan (Trans. Ent.
Soc. 1594, p. 53) on p. 103, last line, for “ separate ”’
read ‘‘ asperate.”
The following species should come after Xyleborus
brevis, on p. 104 :—
Xyleborus amputatus, sp. n.
Fem. Cylindrica, subnitida, breviter pilosa, testacea ; pro-
thorace semi-elliptico, margine antico convexo subcrenato, dorso
medio transverse elevato, postice sat dense subtiliter punctato et
in basi media hirto; elytris prothorace longioribus, parallelis,
subtiliter lineato-punctatis, interstitiis confuse punctatis, apice
oblique truncato, truncatura subcirculari, per totum acute mar-
ginata, opaca, lineato-punctata, utrinque subconcava. Long.
2°5 mm.
Hab. Japan, Higo; one specimen (coll. Lewis).
Fem. Cylindric, moderately shining, testaceous, with short
pubescence. Head concealed in the type, antenne light testaceous,
of normal structure. Prothorax semi-elliptic, widest near the
middle, the sides rounded from the base, slightly behind, more
strongly towards the convex apex, the margin of which is finely
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1894,.—ParRT IV. (DEC.)
576 Mr. W. F. H. Blandford’s supplementary notes
crenate, hind angles obtuse, base subtruncate ; surface with an
indistinct median transverse elevation, thinly pubescent, its
anterior half with fine somewhat scattered granular asperities, its
posterior half rather closely and finely punctate, with a slightly
depressed patch at base set with close upstanding pubescence and
intersected by a subelevated median shining line. Scutellum tri-
angular, rather large. Elytra nearly one-half longer than the
prothorax, with oblique but scarcely rounded basal margins, the
shoulders rectangular, the sides straight and subparallel with a very
slight posterior divergence ; surface cylindric, obliquely truncate
behind from the posterior third, with lines of very fine punctures,
interstices with finer irregular piliferous punctures, truncate
area subcircular, sharply margined all round, subconcave on
each side and elevated along the suture, dull, glabrous, with three
rows of punctures on either side, the interstices flat, irregularly
punctured, its inferior apical border forming a very obtuse angle
when seen from above. Underside and legs hght testaceous.
Of the Xylebori known to me, this species is most like
X. (Tomicus) truncatus, Hr., with which I identify a
Tasmanian example before me. That species is larger,
darker and without the patch of hair on the base of the
prothorax, its elytra are longer, the apical truncate
surface is nearly vertical, convex, shortly pilose, shining,
with three impressed striz on either side, the interstices
convex and muitipunctate.
The following species should succeed X. validus on
p: 108 :—
Xyleborus interjectus, sp. n.
Fem. Oblonga, sat nitida, nigro-picea; X. valido, Hichh.
simillima, distinguenda elytris pro portione brevioribus, prothorace
vix sesqui longioribus, a basi usque ad apicem convexioribus,
lineato-punctatis, striis non impressis, interstitiis planis, pilis
erectis longioribus e punctis subasperatis egredientibus per totum
confertius seriatis, apice minus deplanato, punctis striarum et
tuberculis minoribus, interstitiis vix convexis. Long. 3:4 mm.
Hab. Japan; one specimen (coll. Lewis): Cuina,
Chusan Is. (Walker).
This species so closely resembles the common Japanese
X. validus that it is not necessary to give further
characters than those contained in the diagnosis. It can
be distinguished without comparison by the non-im-
pressed lines of punctures on the elytra, by the long and
close seriate bristles of the interstices, which arise even
on the Scolytide of Japan. 577
up to the base from punctures which have at least the
anterior margin elevated, so as to be subtuberculate. I
have seen over a hundred examples of X. validws without
finding any intermediate forms between the two species.
The next species should follow Trypodendron quercus,
on p. 124 :—
Trypodendron sordidum, sp. u.
Fem. Cylindrica, subelongata, parum nitida, sordide dilute
testacea, capite, prothoracis antica dimidia parte medio, elytrorum
lateribus et apice infuscatis, sat dense pilis subtilibus erectis
adspersa ; antennarum clava breviter ovali, obtusa; prothorace
longitudine breviori, anterius fortiter rotundato, apice bituber-
culato, supra mox post medium obscure transverse elevato, basi
reticulata, punctata ; elytris dense confuse punctatis, punctis hinc
illinec in lineas ordinatis, apice convexo, substriato, ruguloso,
densius piloso. Long. 3°8 mm.
Hab. Japan; one specimen (coll. Lewis).
Fem. Somewhat elongate, cylindrical, obscurely shining,
dirty yellow testaceous, the head, the middle part of the anterior
half of the thorax, the sides and apex of the elytra infuscate, the
latter less deeply. Head rugosely punctured in front with a
median smooth line, with thin erect pubescence, denser over the
mouth ; antennal club short oval, obtuse in front, with rather thin
pubescence, chiefly at the sides and apex. Prothorax broader than
long, widest at the base, the sides strongly rounded from behind
the middle to the apex, its anterior margin nearly circular, with
two prominent median tubercles ; surface with an obscure trans-
verse elevation just behind the middle, asperate anteriorly, the
asperities forming fine transverse lines, posteriorly finely reticulate
and rather dull, with fine punctures, subasperate in the middle line
to the base, pubescence fine erect and short, thinner over the
median area. Scutellum small, rounded, infuscate. Elytra
two-thirds longer than the prothorax, and narrower than its base,
their basal margins separately convex, the shoulders rounded, the
sides parallel, the apex subcireularly rounded; surface cylindric,
strongly declivous behind, with rather dense fine semi-erect pubes-
cence, and close irregular punctuation very indistinctly lineate near
the suture, apical declivity subconvex, more densely pilose, with
closer subrugulose punctuation and traces of impressed strie.
Underside and legs pale testaceous.
This species is very like 7’. pubipenne, Blandf., but is
more elongate and cylindrical. The club of the antenna
578 Mr. W. F. H. Blandford’s supplementary notes
is in form a short, almost orbicular, oval, whereas in
T’. pubtpenne it is by comparison slightly but perceptibly
acuminate.
In my description of the latter insect the club is
incorrectly described as non-acuminate. It appears so
when compared with that of 7. quercus, but not with that
of the present species. The rows of punctures on the
elytra of 7’. pubipenne, indistinct though they are, are
much more evident than in 7’. sordidwm, and the sutural
row is perceptibly, though weakly, impressed; on the
other hand, the apex of the elytra in the former species
shows no trace of striz.
T. sordidum is even more like the description of
T. politum, Say, than is 7’. pubipenne, but as it appears
to be a larger insect, and, as far as I can discover, is
without any suture on the antennal club, I hesitate to
identify it with that American species.
Crossotarsus concinnus, n. n.
C. chapuisi, Blandf., Trans. Ent. Soc. 1894, p. 129.
I unfortunately overlooked the fact that Duvivier had
described an African Crossotarsus under the name
chapuisi, and therefore substitute the above name for
the one I previously employed.
SCOLYTIDAi NIPONIC Ai.
SpHAEROTRYPES, Blandf.
pila, Blandf.
Hyuesinus, Fabr.
SCOLYTINI.
Hytastes, Er.
parallelus, Chap.
attenuatus, Hr.
plumbeus, Blandf.
obscurus, Chap.
ambiguus, Blandf.
interstitialis, Chap.
costatus, Blandf.
nobilis, Blandf.
laticollis, Blandf.
tristis, Blandf.
cingulatus, Blandf.
scutulatus, Blandf.
glabratus, Zett.
Puxoeosinus, Chap.
decumanus, Hr. i P
pulchellus, Blandf.
dubius, Blandf.
minutus, Blandf.
perlatus, Chap.
seriatus, Blandf.
lewisi, Chap.
rudis, Blandf.
Myenopuinus, Hichh.
piniperda, Fabr.
minor, Hart.
Hyorryyncuus, Blandf.
lewisi, Blandf.
on the Scolytide of Japan. 579
Potya@rapuus, Hr.
oblongus, Blanidf.
proximus, Blandf.
miser, Blandf.
Scotytus, Geoff.
esuriens, Blandf.
agnatus, Blandf.
frontalis, Blandf.
aratus, Blandf.
japonicus, Chap.
claviger, Blandf.
TOMICINI.
Cryprurcus, Hr.
pusillus, Gy/l.
CrypHatus, Hr.
exiguus, Blandf.
Hypotuenemus, Westw.
tristis, Hichh.
peritus, Blandf.
expers, Blandf.
Cosmoperes, Hichh.
consobrinus, Blandf.
PiryorutHoruvs, Hichh.
jucundus, Blandf.
ErporxHe.vs, Kichh.
imitans, Hichh.
minutus, Blandf.
Tomicus, Latr. (1807.)
cembrae, Heer.
angulatus, Hichh.
AcantnHortomicus, Blandf.
spinosus, Blandf.
Dryocoetss, Hichh.
autographus, Ratz.
pilosus, Blandf.
affinis, Blandf.
luteus, Blandf.
nubilus, Blandf.
moestus, Blandf.
dinoderoides, Blandf.
apatoides, Hichh.
Coccorryres, Hichh.
graniceps, Hichh.
perditor, Blandf.
advena, Blandf.
Xyiesorvs, Hichh.
mutilatus, Blandf.
brevis, Hichh.
cucullatus, Blandf.
amputatus, Blandf.
lewisi, Blandf.
rubricollis, Hichh.
apicalis, Blandf.
atratus, Hichh.
germanus, Blandf.
compactus, Michh.
semi-opacus, Hichh.
orbatus, Blandf.
concisus, Blandf.
validus, Hichh.
galeatus, Blandf.
interjectus, Blandf.
obliquecauda, Motsch.
aquilus, Blandf.
praevius, Blandf.
seriatus, Blandf.
pelliculosus, Hichh.
muticus, Blandf.
festivus, Hichh.
glabratus, Hichh.
bicolor, Blandf.
attenuatus, Blandf.
sobrinus, Hichh.
adumbratus, Blandf.
badius, Hichh.
vicarius, Hichh.
minutus, Blandf.
schaufussi, Blandf.
defensus, Blandf.
exesus, Blandf.
580 Mr. W. F. H. Blandford’s supplementary notes.
TRYPODENDRON, Steph. niponicus, Blandf.
quercus, Hichh. contaminatus, Blandf.
var.niponicum, Blandf.
sordidum, Blandf. Prarypus, Herbst. _
pubipenne, Blandf. modestus, Blandf.
SCOLYTO-PLATYPINI. Lease ae
Sconyto-pLatTypus, Schauf. prikicit: eae :
tycoon, Blah a amus, Blandf.
shogun, Blandf. amatus, Blandf.
daimio, Blandf.
siomio, Blandf. PI OLA
snikida oR ieae aculeatus, Blandf.
PLATYPINI.
Crossorarsus, Chap. Gernyocrerus, Motsch.
concinnus, Blandf. adustipennis, Motsch.
chapuist, Blandf. 107 spp.
( “peri
XXV. Descriptions of the Pyralidze, Crambide, and Phy-
cide collected by the late T. Vernon Wollaston
in Madeira. By Guorcr T. Bernunz-Baker,
F.L.S.
[Read Oct. 17th, 1894.]
My former notes on Mr. Wollaston’s lepidopterous collec-
tions in Madeira dealt only with Macro-lepidoptera, the
present paper will therefore treat of the Pyralide and
Phycide (Lord Walsingham having most kindly cata-
logued the Pterophoridz, Tortricide, and Tineide). if
shall, as before, follow the arrangement of Staudinger’s
catalogue.
Aglossa cuprealis, Hb.
Common, very variable in size, the smallest specimen
being barely 16 mm., or less than half the size of two or
three of the largest. All are dark, strongly-marked
examples. :
Asopia farinalis, L.
Not uncommon around Funchal.
Scoparia decorella, Sttn.
Described by Stainton inthe Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.,
8rd ser., 1859, p. 210, thus :—
“Alis anticis albidis, striga anteriore recta latiuscula, striga pos-
teriore tenui arcuata et indentata, externe late saturate fusco
marginata, signo % ochraceo expleto spatio ante marginali angusto
albo. Exp.al.81]. In the sharp contrast of colour, this resembles
E. resinea ; but from that species it is abundantly distinct by the
form of the second striga, the distinct white submarginal space and
the ochreous filling up of the mercurial marking. Inhabits Madeira
proper.”
This species, though like resinea, is also very close to
lineola; its proper position will therefore be between
these two species.
582 Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker on the Pyralide,
Scoparia frequentella, Sttu., and var. Concinnella, Curtis.
I have before me both typical specimens and Curtis’s
variety, in which the whole of the ceutral area is dark.
Scoparia scoriella, Woll. (Zell. in litt.).
Described by Wollaston (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.
1858, 3rd ser., I., p. 119) as follows :—
“Alis anticis subangustis, pulverato fuscis, strigis duobus tenuibus
arcuatis externe latius fusco-marginatis, signo & obscurius expleto;
spatio ante-marginali latiusculo, superius nigro-lineato, posteriori-
bus fusco-cinereis. ¢ ? exp. alar. vix 11 lin. Inhabits Madeira
proper, occurring in similar spots; to the last-mentioned species ”*
(2.e., tothe next species following this, viz., stenota).
This is a somewhat darker insect than the following,
but may be differentiated by the first line being toothed
interiorly, not exteriorly, whilst the whole of the space
from the second line to the hind margin is entirely dark.
The secondaries are brownish grey. Hxp. alar. 20 mm.
A rarer insect than stenota.
Scoparia stenota, Woll. (Zell. in litt.).
Described by Wollaston in the same work and on the
same page as the preceding, thus :—
“Alis anticisangustis apice acuto. Strigis duabus albidis postice
late nigricanti-marginatis, priore acute fracta posteriore tenui
biarcuata punctis duobus nigris cum striga, prioris umbra confluen-
tibus signo % obliquo posterioribus cano-albidis, Exp. alar. vix
11 lin. Inhabits Madeira proper; abounding in grassy spots,
chiefly of a rather lofty elevation.”
This species is fairly constant in markings. The colour
of the wings is grey, the primaries in fresh specimens
being almost entirely covered with very dark scales, the
two transverse lines are white, the first acutely-toothed
posteriorly, the second doubly arcuate, and dentated
interiorly, both are broadly margined on the outside with
pec A small black dot is in the centre of the wane
* Ann. and d Mag. Nat. Hist. 1858, 3rd ser., I., p. 119.
Crambide, and Phycide collected in Madeira. 583
followed below, but nearer to the base, by a short black-
ish dash, extending into the tooth of the first transverse
line. Apex subacute, ¢ with very much narrower wings
than ¢. Hind wings silver grey. xp. alar. ¢ 18-
20 mm.; ? 15 mm. The ? is generally decidedly
darker than ¢. This species will follow angustea.
Scoparia wollastont, n. sp.
Primaries white, the two transverse lines irregular, each. inclined
towards the centre, a very limited portion of base black, followed
up to the first line by greyish greenish yellow; central area black,
sprinkled plenteously with scales of the aforesaid greenish ochreous
colour, with which the upper part of the fairly distinct mercurial
mark is also filled. Beyond the posterior line and right up to
margin, the wing is entirely of this same colour, which in this
larger area assumes a lustrous appearance. At the apex near the
costa, and also at the anal angle, there is a plentiful sprinkling of
super-imposed dusky scales; near the apex and also at the anal
angle are two crescentic white marks close to the posterior margin
Fringes grey, paler at extremities. The wings are rather broad
and somewhat rounded at the apex. Secondaries translucent grey.
One specimen from Madeira; abdomen broken, but
probably from the antenne a g. Mr. Meyrick says of
this species, ‘‘ Quite new to me, and a fine species.”
Hellula undalis, ¥.
Fairly common ; one specimen labelled Funchal, others
without definite locality.
Botys sanguinalis, L., var. Hematalis.
One beautifully deep pink and yellowexample; parent
form not rare.
Botys poligonalis, Hb.
Abundant at low and intermediate elevations.
Botys asinalis, Hb.
One unusually large example.
584, Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker on the Pyralide,
Botys maderensis, nu. sp.
6 Primaries bright umber-brown, the dark basal line just before
the orbicular very interrupted ; orbicular stigma fairly distinct,
finely encircled by a dark line; reniform stigma very distinct,
finely encircled with blackish, and filled in with dark grey. The
subterminal transverse curved line is composed of a series of dark
grey scallops, interrupted at each nervure, and preceded by a dark
dot, the scallops and dots being most distinct in the middle ; a fine
shading of the ground colour follows these markings, from whence,
up to the posterior margin, the whole of the space is filled in with
very dark grey, getting paler near the margin, which (margin) is
dotted with blackish at the termination of each vein. Antennz
sub-pubescent. Fringes dark grey, with paler extremities and a
pale dividing line. Secondaries uniform dark greyish umber,
darker near posterior margin, which is darkly dotted as in pri-
maries ; fringes as primaries. Exp. alar. about 32 mm.
The ¢ differs in no respect from the ¢ beyond
being duller in hue; antenne simple. ‘his species is
nearest Walker’s Scopula delineatalis, from St. Helena.
It can, however, at once be recognized by its uniformly
dark secondaries, which in delineatalis are whitish, very
broadly and darkly bordered; the latter is also of a
smaller size.
Seven specimens in both sexes.
Botys atlanticum, n. sp.
Primaries uniform pale ochreous grey, with a small dark grey
dot about the centre of the upper part of the discoidal cell, and
another at the upper extremity, whilst directly beyond the lower
extremity is a large conspicuous dark grey spot. The sub-terminal
line is represented by a curved row of dark grey small dots, one on
each nervure, from the sub costal to the 3rd median ; the termina-
tion of each of the veins in both wings is darkly dotted. Fringes
same colour as wings. Antenne simple. - Secondaries rather darker
grey, with a dark grey border, broad at the apex, but disappearing
gradually at the anal angle. In the centre of discal cell is an
irregular dark grey spot. Fringes whitish. One @ specimen.
Exp. alar. 33 mm.
I know of no species at all like this insect, but it
Crambide, and Phycidx collected in Madeira, 585
evidently belongs to the same sub-division as the pre-
ceding species.
Botys ruficostalis, Ld.
One specimen from Madeira, and I have recently
received others from this island.
Botys numeralis, var. Illutalis, Guen.
There are five specimens of a Botys very nearly allied
to numeralis. Guenée says his species may be a local
variety of it, and it is possible my specimens may be the
same ; at any rate, I shall temporarily place them under
this name.
Nomophila noctuella, Schiff.
Common up to 2000 feet.
Margarodes unionalis, Hb.
Not uncommon.
Diasema ramburialis, Dup.
Fairly common.
Crambus atlanticus, W oll.*
“Alis anticis apice acutis, saturate griseo-ochreis, costa anguste
albida, dorso basim versus albido, vitta centrali albida a basi
perducta, pone medium in ramos, fracta plagaque fusea interrupta,
plaga:heec postice nigro et albido marginata est ; palpis longius-
culis ; antennis filiformibus, nec pectinatis ; capite vittaque cen-
trali thoracica albis. Exp. alar. 13 lin. Inhabits Madeira proper ;
abounding in grassy spots during the summer months at inter-
mediate and lofty elevations.”
Primaries greyish ochre, with a moderately broad white longi-
tudinal stripe from base to four-fifths length of wing, which
broadens outwards, and, as the short diagnosis says, is broken into
veins towards the costa, between which are dark dustings (visible
only in fresh specimens) ; the ground colour from this stripe to the
* Ann, and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1858, drd ser., I., p. 119.
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1894.—parT Iv. (DEC.) 2p?
586 Mr. G. 'T. Bethune-Baker on the Pyralide, ete.
inner margin is very much darker, often, in fact, ochreous brown.
“Costa anguste albida.” This is not atall constant. Hind margin
darkly dotted. Fringes grey, with a double dividing line. Second-
aries brownish grey, dark at the apex, becoming quite pale near the
anal angle. Fringes whitish, with a dividing line. Palpiaslong as
head and thorax, white above, head white, thorax white, with
chestnut patagiae ; abdomen same colour as secondaries. The ?
is similar to the ¢, but somewhat paler.
This species belongs to the ¢ristellus and selasellus
eroup, but is a finer and handsomer insect.
EHnomene ocellea.
I have in Wollaston’s collection two fine specimens,
and have recently received others from Madeira.
Myelois cinerella, Sttn.
There are two fine specimens of this insect in the
National Museum. Mr. Stainton says (Ann. and Mag.
Nat. Hist. 1859, 3rd ser., III., p. 211) it is not closely
allied to any known species, and inhabits the Northern
Dezerta. His diagnosis is as follows :—
“Alis anticis angustulis dilute griseo-ochreis, fusco valde suffusis
striga priore obliqua, posteriore sinuata, ciliis dilute griseo-ochreis.
Exp. alar. 10—11 lin. An obscure-looking insect, not closely allied
to any known species; the labial palpi are unusually short, and
the median vein of the posterior wing is trifid, as in /. com-
positella.”
Ephestia gnidiella, Mill.
A few specimens, which present no unusual features.
Ephestia interpunctella, Hb.
Abundant at Funchal.
Galeria melonella, L.
Common; one specimen is very remarkable, being
almost black.
Achreea grisella, F.
One or two specimens, which differ in no way from the
ordinary type.
THE
PROCEEDINGS
LNTOMOLOGICAL SOCLETY
LONDON
For THE YEAR 1894.
February 7th, 1894.
Henry Joun LHtwes, Hsq., F.L.8., President, in the
chair.
Donations to the Library were announced and thanks voted
to the respective donors.
Nomination of Vice-Presidents.
The President announced that he had nominated the Rt.
Hon. Lord Walsingham, LL.D., F.R.S.; Professor Edward
B. Poulton, M.A., F.R.S.; and Colonel Charles Swinhoe,
M.A., F'.L.8., Vice-Presidents of the Society for the session
1894-95,
Election of Iellows.
Mr. Walter F. Baker, of 18, Hyde Terrace, Leeds; Mr.
Percy M. Bright, of Roccabruna, Bournemouth; Professor
Lewis Compton Miall, F'.R.$., of the Yorkshire College,
PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., I., 1894. B
(ar)
Leeds; and Mr. Edwin Wilson, of Cherry Hinton Road,
Cambridge, were elected Fellows of the Society.
Exhibitions, etc.
Mr. Jenner Weir exhibited, on behalf of Mr. J. M. Adye,
a specimen of Plusia moneta, Fabr., which had been captured
at Christchurch, Hants, and remarked that this species, which
had been found in this country for the first time so recently
as June, 1890, was apparently becoming a permanent resident
here, as it had been since taken in several of the southern
counties. The food-plant, Aconitum napellus, though rare in
England as a wild plant, was very common in gardens. Mr.
Jenner Weir also exhibited a nearly black specimen of Venilia
macularia, L., the yellow markings being reduced to a few
small dots.
Mr. Hamilton Druce exhibited a female specimen of Hypo-
chrysops scintillans, lately received by him from Mioko, New
Ireland. He said that only the male of this species had
been as yet described.
Mr. EF. Enock exhibited a nest of the British Trap-door
Spider, Atypus piceus, recently found near Hastings by Mrs.
Knock,
Mr. W. F. H. Blandford stated that he had recently obtained
an additional species of Scolyto-platypus from Japan, which,
though closely allied to the species he had formerly described,
showed a very distinct modification of the male prosternum,
Mr. M. Jacoby exhibited and remarked on a specimen of
Leptispa pygmea, Baly, which was doing much injury to
sugar-cane in the Bombay Presidency of India. Mr. G. C.
Champion stated that he had found an allied species on
bamboo.
Papers read,
Dr. F. A Dixey read a paper—which was illustrated by
the oxyhydrogen lantern—entitled ‘‘ On the Phylogeny of the
Pierine as illustrated by their wing-markings and geographical
distribution.”’? A long discussion ensued, in which the Presi-
dent, Mr. Osbert Salvin, Mr. Jacoby, Colonel Swinhoe, Mr.
Jenner Weir, Mr. Hampson, and Mr, Kenrick took part.
( tit)
Dr. T. A. Chapman read a paper entitled ‘‘Some notes on
those species of Micro-Lepidoptera, allied to Micropteryx,
whose larve are external feeders, and chiefly on the early
stages of Hriocephala calthella.”’ Mr. Hampson and the
President made some remarks on the subject of the paper.
Mr. Hamilton H. Druce read a paper entitled ‘‘ Description
of the female of Hypochrysops scintillans, Butl.”’
The Rev. Dr. Walker communicated a paper by Mr. R. H.
F. Rippon, entitled, ‘ Description of a variety of Ornithoptera
(Priamoptera) urvilliana,”
February 28th, 1894.
Colonel Cuartes Swinuorz, M.A., F.L.S., Vice-President,
in the chair,
Donations to the Library were announced and thanks voted
to the respective donors.
Election of an Honorary Fellow.
Professor August Forel, M.D., of the University of Ziirich,
was elected an Honorary Fellow of the Society, to fill the
vacancy caused by the death of the late Professor H. A.
Hagen, M.D.
Elections of Fellows,
Mr. John Pratt, of the Cedars, New Barnet, and Mr,
Michael Yeatman Woolf, of 1, Marlborough Place, St. John’s
Wood, N.W., were elected Fellows of the Society.
Hahibitions, ete.
Mr. G. C. Champion called attention to a supposed new
Longicorn Beetle, described and figured by Herr A. F. Non-
fried, of Rakonitz, Bohemia, under the name of Callipogon
friedlanderi, in the Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. 1892, p. 22. He said
that the supposed characters of the insect were due to the
fact that the head had been gummed on upside down! He
also exhibited an extensive collection of Coleoptera and
(4)
Hemiptera-Heteroptera made by himself in the island of
Corsica in May and June last.
The Rey. Theodore Wood exhibited a variety of Saturnia
carpini, with semi-transparent wings, a large proportion of
the scales being apparently absent, bred with several examples
of the type-form at Baldock, Herts; also a pale variety of
Smerinthus populi, which was said to have been bred, with
several similar specimens, from larve marked with rows of
red spots on both sides.
Mr. R. South exhibited a variety of Argynnis aglaia,
approaching the form known as var. charlotta, and a variety
of EHuchelia jacobee, in which the crimson costal streak
was continued along the outer margin almost to the inner
margin, taken by Mr. Fowler at Ringwood, Hants, in 1893 ;
a variety of Argynnis euphrosyne, taken by Mr. Mead in
Epping Forest, in 1898; and a series of black and other
forms of Phigalia pedaria, bred during the present year
from a black female captured last spring by Mr. Rose, of
Barnsley.
Mr. South also exhibited, on behalf of Dr. H. G. Knaggs,
working models of the mechanical decoy and spring net
described by the inventor in the Entomologist xxvi., pp. 154
—157, 180—182, 207—210. He remarked that, although
the apparatus might appear somewhat complicated in
character, it would be found on examination to be really
simple in construction. It could be quickly fixed up for use,
readily taken apart again, and when packed the whole of the
spring net could be stowed away in a bag measuring only
twenty-six inches in length, and cight and a half inches in
eirth,
So far the contrivance had not been tested in the field, but
on one occasion Dr. Knagegs had fitted it up on his lawn in
Camden Road, and caught a specimen of Pieris brassica. It
would probably be found of the greatest use to collectors of
Lepidoptera in tropical countries. If specimens of a desired
species were attracted by the decoy within the area com-
manded by the net their capture would be certain, as the
action of the springs was so rapid that the fastest flying
butterfly would have little chance of escape.
(tpt)
Colonel Swinhoe suggested that a dead animal might be
used as an attraction instead of the decoy.
Mr. H. Goss exhibited, for Mr. C. B. Taylor, of Jamaica,
a coloured drawing of the larva of Papilio homerus, Fab.
Mr. F. W. Frohawk exhibited drawings showing the com-
plete life-history of Argynis aglaia and A, adippe, every stage
being figured ; also enlarged drawings of the segments of the
larve in their first and last stages, showing the remarkable
difference in structure. Mr. Merrifield commented on the
beauty of the drawings.
Papers read, etc.
. Mr. G. C. Champion read a paper entitled ‘‘On the Tene-
brionide collected in Australia and Tasmania by Mr. J. J.
Walker, R.N., during the voyage of H.M. ship ‘ Penguin,’
with descriptions of new genera and species,’’ and he
exhibited the specimens comprised in the collection. Mr. J.
J. Walker and Colonel Swinhoe made some remarks on the
paper.
Mr. Champion also read a paper entitled “An Ento-
mological Excursion to Corsica,’ in which he described an
expedition to the mountains of that island in May and June,
1898, in company with Mr. R. §. Standen, Mr. A. H. Jones,
Colonel Yerbury, R.A., Mr. Lemann, Mr. Raine, and others.
The author stated that Mr. Standen had already given an
account of the Lepidoptera (Rhopalocera) in the ‘‘ Entomo-
logist,’’? 1898, pp. 2836—288, and pp. 259—263.
Mr. Osbert Salvin, Colonel Yerbury, and Colonel Swinhoe
took part in the discussion which ensued.
Mr. Edward Saunders communicated a paper entitled ‘A
List of Hemiptera-Heteroptera collected by Mr. Champion in
Corsica, with a description of one new species.”
Mr. W. F. Kirby read a paper entitled “‘ Notes on Dorydium
westwoodi, Buchanan White, with observations on the use of
the name Dorydium.,”
Mr. Charles B. Taylor communicated a paper entitled
‘¢ Description of the larva and pupa of Papilio homerus, Fab,”
( (vey
March /4th, 1894,
Colonel Cuartes Swinnor, M.A., F.L.8., Vice-President, in
the chair.
Donations to the Library were announced and thanks voted
to the respective donors.
Election of Fellows.
Mr. William Bateson, M.A., Fellow of St. John’s College,
Cambridge ; Mr. H. Caracciolo, of the Port of Spain, Trinidad,
West Indies; Mr. G. C. Dudgeon, of 53, Montague
Square, W.; and the Rev. Frank E. Lowe, M.A., of St.
Stephen’s Vicarage, Guernsey, were elected Fellows of the
Society.
The Westwood Bequest.
The Secretary read the following letter on the subject of
the Westwood Bequest, received by the Treasurer from Miss
Kmma Swann, Professor Westwood’s niece,
‘© 141, Woonsrock Roap, Oxrorp.
“* February 17th, 1894.
‘‘Drar Srr,—I beg to enclose to you, as Treasurer of the
Entomological Society, a cheque for £250, payable to your-
self, from Miss Lucy Swann and myself.
‘‘ This sum, in accordance with the wish we-expressed in
our first communication to your Society, to be invested as a
separate sum, and not to enter into the general funds of the
Society ; and the income arising from it to be applied, either
annually or every two years, as the Council may deem best,
in paying for Entomological engravings or illustrations to
be published in your Transactions, every such illustration to
bear the inscription, ‘‘ Westwood Bequest,’’ and a copy
of each Transaction containing a ‘‘ Westwood Bequest ”’
illustration, to be given to us.—I remain, Sir, yours faithfully,
‘“ HMMA SWANN,
‘ Ropert McLacuran, Hsq., F.R.5,”
Ur sae
Exhibitions, ete.
Dr. D. Sharp exhibited a collection of White Ants (Ter-
mites) formed by Mr. G. D. Haviland in Singapore, which
comprised about ten or twelve species, of most of which the
various forms were obtained. He alluded to the bearing of
the specimens found by Mr. Haviland on the question recently
discussed by Mr. Herbert Spencer and Professor Weismann,
as to the mode of development of the various forms of
individuals of social insects. Mr. Spencer, he said, considers
that these are due to nutrition at a later stage of the
development than that at which the sex of the individual
is determined. Dr. Sharp added that Professor Grassi has
quite recently informed us that he has found, as the result
of seven years’ observations on the two European Ter-
mitids, Calotermes flavicollis and Termes lucifugus, that these
white ants obtain, when necessary, workers and soldiers from
individuals destined in the ordinary course to become perfect
insects, and that they do this by varying the quantity and
quality of the food supplied to the creatures that are to be
thus deviated from the normal course of their development.
In some cases, the Termites thus produce what Grassi calls
neoteinic queens, that is fertile females, that in some portions
of the development of the body still retain the immature
condition ; this transformation the white ants can effect at
more than one stage of the life-history, but, nevertheless, it
would appear that they prefer to operate at a particular stage.
Mr. Haviland’s collection contains examples of these neoteinic
queens, he having found in one nest, instead of a single
normal queen, eleven of these neoteinic individuals, thus
confirming Grassi’s statement, that when the ants produce
these ‘‘ substitution royalties,’ they operate on numerous
couples, which are ultimately reduced to a single pair. Mr.
Haviland’s neoteinic queens were accompanied by neoteinic
kings, and these, according to Mr. Haviland, behaved in a
similar manner towards their consorts as perfect kings do to
perfect queens. The collection made by Mr. Haviland con-
sists of ten or twelve species, of most of which a great
proportion of the forms was obtained ; the kings and queens
(| vill .)
having been procured as well as workers, soldiers, winged
individuals, and the immature forms.
Mr. Haviland gave an account of the manner in which he
examined the nests so as to find the royal couple, which he
stated frequently required some hours of search. There is
great variety in the habits of the Termitide, and Mr.
Haviland observed that at least one species wanders at large
after the manner of the Hymenopterous ants; this it does at
night, and individuals of this species may be found returning
in the morning to their nest, the workers carrying balls of
food, and being escorted by soldiers, who, however, carry no
food. Mr. Haviland further stated that one or two of the
Singapore species made use of mushrooms, which were
growing in chambers near their nests, after the manner
described by Smeathman in the Philosophical Transactions
of the Royal Society. He had examined the alimentary
canal and found spores of these fungi therein. Mr. Haviland
mentioned that in the case of a species which is at present
committing great havoc in the Museum at Singapore, he had
not been able to find the reproductive individuals.
Colonel Swinhoe said that it was generally considered in
India, that the fertile females were never found in human
habitations, even when these were much infested by the Anis.
Mr. H. Goss remarked that the fact that the different forms
of social insects were produced by nutrition was apparently
known to Virgil, who, he believed, referred to it, and to the
subject of Parthenogenesis in Bees, in the ‘‘ Georgies,”’
Book iv. Mr. McLachlan, Colonel Swinhoe, Mr. Champion,
Mr. Jenner Weir, and Dr. Sharp continued the discussion.
Mr. O. E. Janson exhibited specimens of Dicranocephalus
adamsi, Pascoe, from Sze-chuen, Western China, and D.
dabryi, Auz., recently received from the neighbourhood of
Moupin, in the same district; he observed that, although the
latter had been quoted by Lucas, Bates, and others, as a
synonym of adamsi, the two species were perfectly distinct ;
the females of both were unknown to the authors when
describing them, and presented a remarkable difference, for
whilst in dabryi this sex is similar to the male in colour and
sculpture, in adamst it is entirely dull black, with the upper
surface minutely and densely punctate,
© m0)
Mr. C. O. Waterhouse exhibited, for Mr. KE. A. Waterhouse,
a specimen of Colias edusa, closely resembling Colias erate,
a Continental species, which was taken on Wimbledon Com-
mon; a varied series of Chrysophanus phleas, from Barnes
Common; and a series of Lycena arion from Cornwall.
Papers read, etc.
The Rey. Canon Fowler read a paper entitled ‘‘Some new
species of Membracide.”’
Mr. F. Merrifield read a paper entitled ‘‘ Temperature
experiments in 1893, on several species of Vanessa and other
Lepidoptera.”” He said that the winter-pupating brood of
Pieris napi, like the summer-pupating brood, depends for its
characteristic seasonal colouring partly, but by no means
entirely, on the temperature to which the individual is sub-
jected. Pararge egeria was rendered more vivid in its
markings and colouring by low temperatures, but there was
no approach to the bright South Kuropean form, either at
high or at low temperatures. In Cidaria silaceata of the summer-
pupating brood, low temperatures caused a resemblance to the
winter-pupating brood, high temperatures caused a duller and
more uniform appearance, and reduced the size. In Araschnia
levana, the brood reared from eggs laid in the spring, high
temperatures in every case produced the blackish normal
summer or prorsa form, while severe cold in every instance
transformed the insect completely into the bright fritillary-
coloured spring or levana type. In Vanessa polychloros, to use
the language of Dr. Dixey, who had examined the insects,
forcing invariably tended to produce yellow, whether the
pupa was previously warmed or cooled, and refrigeration
produced increased breadth of the dark border, whether
followed or not by forcing. By a succession of high and low
temperatures, presumably ancestral markings were brought
out in the shape of a faint sub-marginal chain on all the
wings of yellowish cloudy spots with minute black centres.
Some of the individuals subjected to severe cold were very
dark and closely resembled V. xanthomelas. In Vanessa
atalanta very high temperatures developed the golden brown
parts, both in extent and brightness, new small scarlet spots
PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., L, 1894. c
C29
beneath and, above, a scarlet cloudy patch on the forewings,
between the large white costal spot and the third of the
outer row of white spots, about which it tended to form
a scattered ring. Low temperatures caused a great exten-
sion of the blue-green, lavender and white markings, and
much suffusion. Some specimens obtained or bred under
natural circumstances, but in very cold weather, and forwarded
to him by Mr. J. J. Walker and Dr. Chapman respectively,
showed effects similar to these, but considerably less in degree.
In Vanessa c-album both the first or July emergence and the
later or September emergence are affected by moderately low
temperatures, but the former responds in a much greater
degree than the latter; this seemed to be quite in accordance
with Mr. W. H. Edwards’ observations and experiments on
the allied North American Grapta interrogationis and Grapta
comma. In Vanessa io low temperatures disintegrated the
ocellus on the forewing, reducing it to a chain of white spots,
and brought out other presumably ancestral features. In
Vanessa antiopa no results had been obtained, but this was
perhaps owing to the pup being too old. The experiments
generally confirmed the previous conclusions of the writer ;
but there was much more to be learned by further experiments
in the same direction, and probably in the direction of other
circumstances affecting the insects—moisture, foodplant, and
possibly light, electricity, and magnetism, though as to the
three last, such experiments as had yet been tried by the
writer had produced no results.
Dr. F. A. Dixey read a paper entitled, ‘‘ Mr. Merrifield’s
experiments in Temperature-variation as bearing on theories
of Heredity,” which was supplemental to the previous
paper. The author said that the interest of Mr. Merri-
field’s experiments was much enhanced by the fact that
many of the changes produced were of a reversionary
character, and that the restored ancestral features differed
with the nature of the disturbance. The present series of
experiments not only confirmed former conclusions to this effect,
but added new evidence of the same kind, referene2 to which
was made by Dr. Dixey in detail, with the help of diagrams.
( xi)
The question might still be raised whether these were, after
all, genuine cases of reversion, or whether they were not
simply to be explained as the like effects of like causes, pro-
duced de novo in both ancestor and descendant. The latter
supposition, no doubt, was sufficient to account for some of
the phenomena observed; but there was a residuum, com-
prising the more special reversionary features, which could
hardly be so explained. What was the bearing of these
latter on the general doctrine of reversion? Current expla-
nations of atavism as a result of disturbance were inadequate,
inasmuch as they gave no real reason why the more recently-
established features should be less stable than those with a
longer ancestral history behind them. As to the two more
definite explanations afforded by the theories of Darwin and
Weismann, there was no doubt that if Darwin’s hypothesis
of centripetal gemmules were granted, the most usual cases of
atavism (those following hybridisation) could be explained
under the theory of pangenesis. The present cases, however,
stood on a quite different footing, as the new conditions
determining atavism were only applied at an advanced
period in the life of the individual, and had no reference to
the ovum from which that individual originated. On the
other hand, it seemed that if Weismann’s theory of centri-
fugal carriers of heredity were assumed, the present instances
could be explained as being due to the critical influence of
abnormal temperature-conditions on what Weismann called
‘the struggle of the ids in ontogeny’’; the new external
conditions favouring some of the ancestral determinants
(which ex hypothesi exist in the germ plasm) at the expense
of those more proper to the species.
Certain observations seemed to show that some, at least, of
these features might be hereditary ; and it would be most
desirable to ascertain whether this were so with all or most
of them. Their transmission, though not their first appear-
ance, could be accounted for by pangenesis; but under the
rival hypothesis it would be necessary—in these cases of
heredity—to postulate, as Weismann now does, a direct effect
upon some of the determinants wherever they occur, even in
( ee?)
the germ-plasm itself. If all could be shown to be hereditary,
it would seem to follow that the supposed influence upon the
struggle of the ids was really inoperative, but the issue would
still remain open between pangenesis and a direct modifica-
tion of the determinants in the germ-plasm. If some, as
seemed probable, turned out to be non-transmissible, the
effect might be tried of varying the period in the ontogeny
during which the disturbance was applied, with the view
of ascertaining whether the intervention of new conditions
at different stages of the struggle of the ids would not
produce different results.
In conclusion, Dr. Dixey pointed out the importance of a
well-established phylogeny as a basis of investigation, since
ib was only in groups of which the phylogeny was known that
the ancestral character of these variations could be pro-
nounced upon with certainty. For many reasons the
Lepidoptera formed a peculiarly suitable group for such
experiments, which might fairly be expected to throw much
additional light on the complex subject of heredity.
Colonel Swinhoe referred to Dr. Dixey’s remarks as to the
phylogeny of Argynnis and Vanessa, and asked if he considered
the male or the female of Argynnis niphe the older form.
Mr. Hampson pointed out that the peculiar aspect of
A. niphe $, was generally attributed to mimicry of Danais
chrysippus, though he was not himself prepared to endorse
that opinion.
Colonel Swinhoe thought that the facts of the distribution
of the two insects were not incompatible with the supposed
mimicry.
Dr. Dixey, in reply, said that he believed the marginal and
apical areas of dark ground colour in A. niphe 2, were of
more ancient origin than the tawny colour of the male. The
special features of mimics were often retained rather than
acquired, and whether A. niphe were a mimic or not, he
should be inclined to consider these areas as relics of an
ancestral feature. The evidence as to the original dark
ground colour of Argynnis was cumulative, and he begged to
refer to his paper in Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1890, pp. 102-105,
for a fuller discussion of the question.
( xiii)
March 28th, 1894.
Henry Joun Exwes, Esq., F.L.8., President, in the chair.
Donations to the Library were announced and thanks voted
to the respective donors.
Election of a Fellow.
Mr. Percy H. Grimshaw, of 58, Comiston Road, Edinburgh,
was elected a Fellow of the Society,
Death of Mr, J. Jenner Weir.
Mr. McLachlan announced the sudden death, on the 23rd
inst., of Mr. J. Jenner Weir, who joined the Society in 1845,
and had been one of its most regular attendants. He also
commented on the scientific attainments of the deceased, and
his social qualities. Mr. Goss and Mr. Merrifield also spoke
of their long friendship with the deceased, and of the respect
and esteem which they entertained for his varied knowledge
and amiability of disposition.
Exhibitions, ete.
Mr. W. Borrer, jun., exhibited a wasp’s nest which had
been built in such a way as to conceal the entrance thereto
and to protect the whole nest from observation. He believed
the nest to be that of Vespa vulgaris (cf. Proc. Ent. Soc.
London, 1892, pp. xx and xxi). Mr. McLachlan and Mr.
Blandford made some remarks on the subject.
Mr. G. F. Hampson exhibited a specimen of Gandaritis
flavata, Moore, from the Khasi Hills, and called attention to
the existence in the males of this species, in the closely allied
British species Cidaria dotata, Linn., and also in two
Japanese species (C. agnes, Butl., and an undescribed species),
of an organ on the under side of the forewing, which he sug-
gested might be for stridulation ; this organ consisting of a
small scar of hyaline membrane situated just below the
middle of vein 2, which is much curved: this scar is fringed
with long hair, and has running down its middle a row of
sharp spines situated on the aborted remains of vein Ie,
which is curved close up to vein 2; the spines would natu-
PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., I1., 1894. D
( xv)
rally rub against part of the costa of the hindwing, but no
spines or unusual roughening seem to exist on that or on
any of the veins on the upper side of the hindwing against
which they could strike; below the scar is situated a large
shallow fovea or pit in the membrane, slightly developed in
dotata and flavata, but much more prominently in the two
Japanese species, and, should the organ prove to be for
stridulation, it would probably act as a sounding-board. Mr.
Hampson said that in the Japanese species C. fivsent, Brem,
exceedingly closely allied to flavata, the males have no trace
of this organ; and he hoped that entomologists who have an
opportunity of observing dotata in life would make some
experiments on living specimens during the ensuing summer;
probably confining males and females together would lead to
some results. The President, Prof. E. B. Poulton, Lord
Walsingham, and Mr. Hampson took part in the discussion
which ensued.
Papers, etc., read.
The Rey. T. A. Marshall communicated a paper entitled
‘‘ A Monograph of the British Braconide, Part V.”’
Mons. Louis Péringuey communicated a paper entitled
‘‘ Descriptions of new Cicindelide from Mashunaland.”
Prof. Poulton gave an account of his recent tour in the
United States, and commented on the entomological and
other collections contained in the American museums. Lord
Walsingham, Mr. Hampson, and the President also made
some remarks on the subject.
April llth, 1894.
Henry Joun Ewes, Esq., F.L.8., President, in the chair.
Donations to the Library were announced and thanks voted
to the respective donors.
Election of Fellows.
My. Frederic Whitworth Jones, of 68, Carlton Hill, N.W.,
and Dr. William Steer Riding, B.A., M.D., of Buckerell,
Honiton, Devon, were elected Fellows of the Society.
( xv)
Exhibitions, etc.
The Hon. Walter Rothschild exhibited male and female
specimens of Ornithoptera paradisea, Stdgr., from Finisterre
Mountains, New Guinea; O. trojana, Stdgr., from Palawan ;
O. andromache, Stdgr., from Kina Balu, Borneo; (/netus
mirabilis, Rothsch., from Cedar Bay, Queensland ; and a few
other splendid species from the Upper Amazons. The
President, Mr. J. J. Walker, Mr. Osbert Salvin, Lord
Walsingham, Colonel Lang, R.E., Mr. Champion, and Mr.
Hampson made remarks on the geographical distribution of
some of the species and the elevation at which they were taken.
Mr. H. Goss exhibited, for Mr. G. A. J. Rothney, several
specimens of a species of Hemiptera (Serinetha augur, Fab.),
and of a species of Lepidoptera (Phauda flammans, Walk.),
the latter of which closely resembled and mimicked the
former, He said that Mr. Rothney had found both species
abundantly on the roots and trunks of trees in Mysore, in
November last, in company with Ants (several species of
Camponotus and Cremastogaster). The Hemiptera appeared to:
be distasteful to the Ants, as they were never molested by
them, and he thought that the species of Lepidoptera was
undoubtedly protected from attack by its close imitation of
the Hemipteron. Mr. Goss said he was indebted to Mr. C. J.
Gahan for determining the species. A discussion followed on
the mimicking species, in which the President, Mr. Water-
house, Mr. J. J. Walker, Colonel Swinhoe, Mr. Hampson,
and others took part.
Mr. J. W. Tutt exhibited (1) a type specimen of Lycena
corydon, captured in July, 1898 ; (2) a hybrid male (L. corydon
and L, adonis), taken in copula with a typical female L. adonis,
May 20th, 1893; (8) a typical male L. adonis, May 20th,
1893; (4) a female L. adonis, the pigment failing in one hind-
wing ; (5) a pale var. of L. corydon, probably to be referred to
var. apennina of Zeller, usually taken in Italian mountains,
or var. albicans, H. §., taken in Andalusia. Mr. Tutt re-
marked that, of the first, Staudinger (Cat. p. 12) says
‘‘ pallidior,” of the latter ‘‘albicans.’’ He also remarked
that the hybrid retains the external features of the species
corydon, but has taken on to a great extent the coloration of
( yee)
L. adonis. It was captured in copuld with a female L. adonis,
ata time when L. adonis was very abundant, and some weeks
before L, corydon occurred (vide Ent. Record, iv., p. 230).
The question having been raised by the President as to the
number of meetings of the Society which it was desirable to
hold during the year, and the most convenient dates for such
meetings, a long discussion on the subject ensued, in which
Mr. Waterhouse, Mr. Salvin, the Hon. Walter Rothschild,
the Rev. T. Wood, Mr. 8. Stevens, the Rev. Seymour St.
John, and others took part.
May 2nd, 1894.
Henry Joun Exwes, Esq., F.L.8., President, in the chair.
Donations to the Library were announced and thanks voted
to the respective donors.
Exhibitions, etc.,
Mr. 8. Stevens exhibited a specimen of Argynnis aglaia
var. charlotta, taken by the late Rev. James Watson in the
New Forest in 1870.
Mr. J. A. Clark exhibited a curious variety of Chelonia caja,
having an extraordinary wedge-shaped marking extending
from the outer margin to the base of the left hindwing, and
also, on the same wing, a small spot. It was brown and
white in colour, and had the appearance of having been taken
from the forewing and inserted in the hindwing. The
specimen was said to have been taken at Abbotts Wood,
Sussex, in July, 1892.
Prof. EK. B. Poulton exhibited living specimens of the larve
of Gastropacha quercifolia, surrounded respectively during the
early stages of growth by black twigs and lichen-coloured
twigs, the food being the same in both cases. All the larvee
were shown upon a white paper back-ground, but examples of
the surrounding twigs which produced the change of colour
were shown beside each batch. Mr. Merrifield made some
remarks on the subject.
Papers read,
Mr. E. Meyrick communicated a paper entitled ‘On Pyra-
lidina from the Malay Archipelago.”
( xvi )
Mr. C. J. Gahan read a paper entitled, ‘‘ A Supplemental
List of the Longicorn Coleoptera obtained by Mr. J. J.
Walker, R.N., during the voyage of H.M.S. ‘ Penguin.’ ”’
Special General Meeting.
Prof. E. B. Pounron, Vice-President, then took the chair,
and a Special General Meeting, convened under Chap. XVIII.
of the Bye-Laws, in compliance with the following request,
was held :—
** To the President and Council of the Entomological Society.
‘We, the undersigned Fellows of the Entomological
Society, require you to convene a Special General Meeting of
the Society on Wednesday next, the 2nd May, 1894, at
8.30 p.m., or so soon thereafter as the business of the
Ordinary Meeting, to be held on that day, shall have been
brought to a conclusion, for the purpose of obtaining the
approval, by the Society, of the action taken by the Council,
in declining to interfere in private disputes between Fellows
f th iety.
aay ‘¢Ospert Savin.
‘“F, D. Gopman.
‘*W. F. H. Buanprorp.
“C. J. Ganan.
‘©H. Goss.
‘¢G. C. Campion.
“25th April, 1894.”
Professor Poulton having addressed the Meeting, Mr. A.
B. Farn made some remarks.
Mr. C. G. Barrett then moved the following resolution :—
‘‘That this Society approves the action of its Council in
refusing to consider it a part of its duties to judge of disputes
between the Fellows.” This was seconded by Mr. Water-
house.
Mr. Arthur Robinson and Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker having
spoken in support of the resolution, it was put to the vote by
the Chairman and carried unanimously. The Proceedings
then terminated.
PROC. ENT. SOG. LOND., 11., 1894, E
( xviii)
June 6th, 1894.
Henry Jonn Kuwes, Esq., F.L.8., President, in the
Chair.
Donations to the Library were announced, and thanks
voted to the respective donors.
Election of Fellows.
Dr. K. Jordan, of ‘‘ The Museum,” Tring, and the Honble.
Nathaniel C. Rothschild, of Tring Park, Tring, were elected
Fellows of the Society.
Exhibitions, etc.
Mr. W. F. H. Blandford exhibited a series of eleven male
specimens of Rhina barbirostris from British Honduras, of
which the largest and smallest examples measure respectively
60 and 17 mm. The difference in bulk, supposing the pro-
portions to be identical, is as 43 to 1. He remarked that
this variation of the size is especially common in the Brenthide,
Cossonide, and other wood-boring Coleoptera. The President,
Dr. Sharp, the Rey. Canon Fowler, Mr. Jacoby, the Honble.
Walter Rothschild, Mr. Merrifield, and Mr. Champion took
part in the discussion which ensued.
Mr. A. J. Chitty exhibited specimens of Cardiophorus equiseti
taken near Braunton, on the north coast of Devon, in May,
1891. Mr. Champion and Mr. Blandford made some remarks
on the species.
Mr. McLachlan exhibited for Mr. J. W. Douglas, male
specimens of a Coccid (Lecanium prunastri), bred from scales
attached to shoots of blackthorn (Prunus spinosa) received
from Herr Karel Sule, of Prague. Mr. Douglas communi-
cated the following notes on the species. ‘‘On the 10th May
‘* last, the males appeared out of scales attached to the shoots
“ of blackthorn (Prunus spinosa), received on the 9th from Herr
‘* Karel Sule, of Prague. These males have no special salient
*‘ characters, but their white scales are very easy to differen-
‘* tiate from those of congeneric species, for instead of being
‘** smooth and translucent, they are opaque and covered with
‘‘ small granulations,”’ .
(/ ms.)
‘< Tn the ‘Annales de la Société Entomologique de France,’
*« iii, 211 (1834), under the name of Coccus prunastri, Boyer
‘“de Fonscolombe briefly described the ¢ scales only, but
‘« Signoret, in 1872 (op. cit., Hssai sur les Cochenilles, p. 258),
“‘ fully redescribed both the 9 scale and the enclosed insect,
‘and also noticed the g scales, but they, he says, were too
‘‘ immature for him to study. The perfect insect has not
‘‘ hitherto been seen, or at least its appearance has not been
‘recorded. There are also some mature @? scales of a pre-
‘vious year, which were sent detached from the shoots.
‘« The species is common on blackthorn in France and Ger-
‘‘ many, and should surely be found in Britain.”
Lord Walsingham exhibited a series of Cacoecia podana,
Scop., reared from larve feeding on Lapageria and palms in
Messrs. Veitch’s conservatories in King’s Road, Chelsea,
including some very dark (melanic) varieties. The Honble.
Walter Rothschild stated that he had taken the species on
lime. Mr. Hampson and Mr. Tutt also made some remarks
on the habits of the species.
Mr. C. Fenn exhibited a long series of Selenia lunaria,
bred from one batch of eggs, which included both the spring
and summer forms; and also two unforced specimens, which
emerged in November. He remarked that the variation be-
tween the two emergences, viz., spring and summer, is con-
siderable, and also the range of variation inter se, especially
in the spring form ; but it is very remarkable that the summer
form has one or two representatives among the specimens of the
spring emergence. The division of the sexes in the time of
appearance was also peculiar. Mr. Fenn stated that in August,
1898, 19 individuals were bred, 18 9, 1 ¢. Two ¢ examples
appeared in November, and the spring brood began to come
out in April. The first 20 bred were all females, but among
the 40 which subsequently emerged, the sexes were evenly
distributed. He said that the parent female was taken at
Bexley in May, 18938.
Mr. F. Lovell Keays exhibited, on behalf of Mr. Arthur
Lovell Keays, a variety of L. alewis (female), having the
marginal ocelli on the hind wings entirely without the usual
orange-coloured lunules. The specimen was captured at
( xx )
Caterham, on May 22nd, 1894, and was the first example of
the species observed by the captor this season. Mr. Barrett
and the Honble. W. Rothschild made some remarks on the
specimen.
Mr. J. H. Durrant exhibited a series of Steganoptycha
pygmeana, Hb., taken at Merton, Norfolk, between the 25th
March and the middle of April last. Lord Walsingham made
some remarks on the species.
Mr. H. Goss read an extract from a report from Mr. J. R.
Preece, H.M. Consul at Ispahan, to the Foreign Office, on
the subject of damage caused to the wheat crop in the district
of Rafsinjan, by an insect which was called ‘‘Sen’”’ by the
natives, and which he described as like a flying bug, reddish
olive in colour, with heavy broad shoulders. Mr. Goss said
he had been asked by Mr. W. H. Preece, C.B., to ascertain, if
possible, the name of the species known to the natives as
“Sen.” Dr. Sharp said that in the absence of a specimen of
the insect, it was impossible to express an opinion as to the
identity of the species.
The Rey. Canon Fowler exhibited, for Miss Ormerod,
specimens of Diloboderus abderus, Sturm, Hucranium arach-
noides, Brull., and Megathopa violacea, Blanch., which she
had received from the La Plata district of the Argentine
Territories, where they were said to be damaging the grass
crops. He also read the following notes from Miss Ormerod
on the subject :—
‘‘Torrincton Houss,
“Sr, ALBANS,
“ June 5th, 1894.
‘Dear Canon FowiLer,—
‘“‘T have recently received from Mr. Hy. Watts, Secretary
of the South American Land Company, specimens of some
beetles which are attacking the grass on their enclosed land
in the La Plata district of the Argentine Territories, and of
which, as far as I am aware, the habits appear to have been
very little recorded.
“The information sent was that in a dry spring a white
grub did serious damage to the roots of the grasses. The
( Sexy}
larve (of which specimens were sent, showing them to be
Lamellicorn), were stated to be 14 inches long, gths inch
diameter ; body round, with reddish head; and it was said
that later on thousands of a kind of horned beetle (pre-
sumably developed from these larve) appeared out of the
infested ground.
‘This is all very plain; but the thing that was not clear
to the local manager, who appears to be a very good observer,
is—why do the injuries to grass, and also the beetle presence
(of whatever species), not occur on the unenclosed Pampas,
but only, or almost entirely, within the enclosures? and why
should the destruction of grass be followed by such a growth
of better kinds, that the infestation was decidedly ultimately
a benefit ?
‘‘T found from the notes sent me that the great enclosures
were especially used for grazing stock, as cattle, horses, and
sheep, and it was mentioned, ‘Hyery year we have a good
crop of beetles, which, at certain seasons, you find travelling
along the cattle tracks in hundreds. It appears to be from
their eggs that the white grub comes.
‘On turning out the contents of the bottle, I found that
most of the contents were ¢ and ? of one of the Dynastide,
but with them were single specimens of what I took to be
Scarabeide, but had no means here of determining; there-
fore asked Mr. Janson’s assistance, who was good enough to
identify the first (the Dynasfes)as g¢ and ? of the Diloboderus
abderus, Sturm ; and the two other species, of which, un-
fortunately, only one specimen of each was sent me, respec-
tively the Hucranium arachnoides, Brullé, and the Megathopa -
violacea, Blanch. In the case of this latter, Mr. Janson drew
my attention to the colour being usually of a more marked
violet than that of my specimen ; but still as the preservative
fluid has dried out, the violet colour is not wholly absent.
“The E. arachnoides will be seen to be a very beautiful
specimen, the peculiar fork, or pair of long processes, in
front of the clypeus, being very observable. On seeing these
two beetles, it occurred to me that they might account, to
some extent, for the improved state of the ground. If they
are of the manure-burying kinds, this (so to say) ‘ dibbling’
C xx}
in enrichment all about the pasture land could not fail to be
serviceable. The point, however, of the respective agricul-
tural habits of the beetles is what I should greatly
like to be allowed to bring under the notice of the
meeting.
‘«‘ With the manure-burying beetles we might havea straight-
forward process of the lary doing mischief at the roots of
the grass, but, at the same time, of the manure helping to
throw up a good new growth; but the case does not seem
clear as to the Dynastes, the Diloboderus abderus. The note
sent of the ravage is not clearly applicable especially to any
one of the species sent. It says, ‘ They literally dug up the
earth, leaving it as loose as if a spade had been used;’
and ‘they work within a couple of inches of the surface,
eating the roots of all the grass they find.’ But though we
have a note of the horned beetles coming up by thousands
from the destroyed pasture, it seems to me we want observa-
tion as to whether the two other kinds may not also be present.
I know that in Caffraria, the Keever beetle, Heteronychus arator,
Fab. (? Burm.) (one of the Dynastide) does a great deal of
mischief, especially to wheat; and from notes sent me by Mr.
Fred. R. Schauble, of Stortge, bites off the crops about an
inch underground ; but any information as to where a pub-
lished record of the habits of our 8. American pasture beetles
are to be found, would be a great help to unravelling the
observations now on hand, and would be of very serviceable
interest agriculturally as well as entomologically.—Yours
very truly,
‘¢Hieanor A. Ormerop, F.E.S.”
Mr. Hampson raised an important point as to what was the
legal “‘date of publication’ of Part I. of the Transactions of
the Society, 1894. He pointed out that the question of the
priority of the names of certain new species described there-
in would depend upon the date of publication. Dr. Sharp
asked Mr. Hampson to explain what he meant by “ publica-
tion.” Mr. Hampson replied.
The Honble. W. Rothschild said that he had been informed
that when a copy, or five or six copies of the Transactions
( xxiii)
of a Society, have passed into the museum of a country, that is
publication. Mr. McLachlan said he believed that when any
book was ‘‘ on sale”’ that book was published.
Mr. Goss explained the reason for the delay in the issue of
Part I. of the Transactions, 1894.
The Honble. W. Rothschild suggested that immediately a
Part was printed one or two copies should be sent to the pub-
lisher for sale. Dr. Sharp pointed out the practical difficulty
of fixing the date of publication. Lord Walsingham and
Prof. Poulton continued the discussion.
Mr. Hampson moved—
‘‘That, having regard to the Secretary’s statement, the
date of publication of Part I. of the Transactions
of 1894, should be fixed at 2nd May, 1894.”
This motion was seconded by the Honble. W. Rothschild.
Prof. Poulton moved as an amendment—
‘That the Secretary be instructed to ascertain the date
on which the Part was sent to the Publishers, and
that that should be fixed as the date governing
priority.”
Mr. Verrall then moved, as a further amendment—
“That the matter be referred to a committee, to consist
of the Treasurer (Mr. McLachlan), the Honble.
W. Rothschild, and Mr. Hampson.”
This motion was seconded by Mr. R. W. Lloyd, and carried
by a large majority.
Paper read,
Professor Franz Klapalek, of Prague, communicated a paper
entitled, ‘‘ Descriptions of a new species of Raphidia, L., and
of three new species of Trichoptera from the Balkan Penin-
sula, with criticalremarks on Panorpa gibberosa, McLach,”’
Special General Meeting.
Lorp Wausinenam, Vice-President, then took the chair,
and a Special General Meeting, convened under Chap.
XVIII. of the Bye-Laws, in compliance with the following
request, was held :—
( xy 3}
“23rd April, 1894.
‘¢ GENTLEMEN,— ;
‘* We, the undersigned Fellows, request, in accordance
with Chap. XVIII. of the Society’s Bye-Laws, the President
and Council of the Entomological Society of London to con-
vene a Special General Meeting to consider :—
“© (1) The matter of Mr. Farn’s Circular of April 14th.
‘“‘(2) Whether any amendment of the Bye-Laws is
necessary in consequence.
‘«« We are, Gentlemen, yours faithfully,
‘“« (Rev.) J. Greene, M.A.
‘‘FRepk. C. Apams.
“© R. A. Datuas-BEEcuine.
‘OW. H. Buaser.
‘¢ Joun E. Rosson.
‘°C, Fenn.
**To the SECRETARIES, Entomological Society of London,
‘11, Chandos Street, Cavendish Square, W.’’
The Secretary, having read the above letter of request for
a Special General Meeting, Lord Walsingham called upon
one of the Fellows who had signed it to explain the objects
for which the meeting had been convened.
Mr. Charles Fenn then offered some explanation of the
objects of the request for the meeting.
Mr. Hampson made the following motion :—
‘‘That this meeting wishes to express its strong disap-
proval of the printed circular sent round to the
Fellows by Mr. Farn, and the imputations cast on
the Council and President, and that having done
this it declines to further consider the matter.”
Mr. Bethune-Baker seconded this motion.
Mr. Farn, Mr. Elwes, Dr. P. B. Mason, Prof. Poulton,
Mr. Tutt, Mr. Blandford, and Mr. Merrifield having spoken
on the motion, the Chairman put the motion to the vote,
and it was carried by a large majority. The Proceedings
then terminated.
( eve)
October 8rd, 1894.
The Rt. Honble. Lorp Waustnenam, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S.,
Vice-President, in the chair.
Donations to the Library were announced, and thanks
voted to the respective donors.
Election of a Fellow,
Mr. Alick Marshall, of Bexley, Kent, was elected a Fellow
of the Society.
Hahibitions, ete.
Mr. W.F. H. Blandford exhibited specimens of a sand-flea,
chigoe or nigua, received from Mr. Szigetvary, of the
Imperial Maritime Customs, China, who had found them in
the ears of sewer-rats trapped at Ningpo. Mr. Blandford
stated that the species was allied to, but perhaps not identical
with, the American species, Sarcopsylla penetrans, L., one of
the most troublesome pests in Tropical America and the West
Indies to man and various domestic and wild animals, the
female burrowing into the skin, usually of the feet, but also
of any other accessible region. He said that the distribution of
the chigoe was recorded over Tropical America and the Antilles
from 380° N. to 30° §., and of late years it had established
itself in Angola, Loango, and the Congo. Mr. Blandford also
exhibited a series of Coleoptera from old collections, in a very
dirty condition, of which half of the specimens had been
cleaned by the rapid and effective process of immersing them
in a solution of potassium hydrate. Colonel Swinhoe, Mr.
McLachlan, Lord Walsingham, Mr. H. Goss, Mr. Champion,
Mr. J. J. Walker, Mr. Barrett, and others, took part in the
discussion which ensued.
Mr. F. C. Adams exhibited a specimen of Mallota eristaloides,
a species of Diptera new to Britain, taken by himself in
the New Forest on the 20th July last. He said that the
species had been identified by Mr. Austen, of the British
Museum, and that he had presented the specimen to the
National Collection. Mr. Verrall made some remarks on the
PROC. ENT. SOC, LOND., Iv., 1894. F
( . xxvit )
species and on the distribution of several allied species in the
United Kingdom. Lord Walsingham, as a Trustee of the
British Museum, expressed his satisfaction at the presentation
of the specimen to that Institution.
Mr. Tutt exhibited specimens of Zygena exulans, and read
the following notes on the subject:—‘The type of Zygena
“evulans is stated in Staudinger’s Catalog to inhabit the
‘‘¢ Highest Alps and Pyrenees.’ Its var. vanadis, Dalm., is
‘stated to be found in ‘Lapland and the Scandinavian
‘«« Mountains,’ and is differentiated from the type as being
“¢ narcissime squamata, albo non mixta.’ The assumption
‘‘ from this then is that the type is more thickly scaled and
‘‘ mixed with white. In the last week of July, Dr. Chapman
‘found in the Alps (in the La Grave district), at a consider-
“able height, a form of Zygena exulans well scaled, as the
“« species runs, and with the nervures and fore-legs of a decidedly
“orange colour. The three specimens which he brought
“away were large. A fortnight later, on a hill about 1000
“feet above Cogne, specimens were taken, dark in colour, fairly
‘¢ well scaled, but without any pale nervures (apparently males).
‘“« A day or two later, more specimens were taken, similar to the
‘“‘ La Grave district specimens, but with the nervures less orange
‘« (apparently females), high up the Grauson Valley. Then, on
‘the 17th August, Dr. Chapman captured a large number in
“the Grauson Valley, some dark and well scaled, without
‘the pale nervures, others generally less densely scaled with
‘strong white nervures and marginal line to anterior wings:
“to a large extent these characters seemed sexual, but not
‘‘entirely so. Some years ago specimens of this species were
‘taken at Braemar, by Dr. Buchanan White, and owing to the
“‘ lack of scales which some of them showed, they were described
‘‘as a subdiaphanous form under the name of var. subochracea.
‘Tn 1886 Messrs. Tugwell and Lachlan Gibb captured a large
“number of specimens, some of which were in moderate
‘condition, and it was very evident that Dr. White’s varietal
‘‘name would hardly answer except for worn specimens,
‘‘ During the past two years a very large number of specimens
“have been captured (and some probably bred), and of these
‘T have seen a very considerable number. It is very evident
( ‘xxvit )
‘from these that the Scotch specimens in good condition exhibit
‘“‘no difference from many of the Grauson insects. ‘They pre-
‘sent the two ordinary forms, the well-scaled form without
‘‘the pale nervures and pale outer margin, and the form
‘less well scaled with these parts of the wing pale. I
“exhibit Scotch specimens of each form. It would appear
“that Staudinger was unaware of the existence of the
‘« Ta Grave form, in which the orange mixing is so prevalent,
‘©and which seems a well defined local race. The form with
“white markings (feste Staudinger) would appear to belong
‘‘ principally to the female sex. Var. vanadis would appear
‘to be a rubbed form of the male, in which the scales have
‘“been partially removed. The Scotch specimens recently
‘‘ obtained, prove conclusively that in fine condition they are
‘as densely scaled as the Swiss specimens, and that most of
‘the specimens in our cabinets regarded as a subdiaphanous
‘‘ variety ought to be named var. rubbedaria. It would ap-
‘‘pear easy to explain the rubbed condition of most of the
‘‘early-caught specimens. ‘The insect is a regular sun lover,
‘Cand abounds locally on flowers in hot sunshine. In dull
‘‘ weather, however, it is not at all easy to find specimens. In
‘Switzerland, sunshine is very frequent, and the consequence
“ig a collector gets a number of specimens as soon as they
‘‘have emerged. In Scotland there is comparatively but
‘little sun, and our collectors only went for an odd day now
‘“‘and again, because of the nature of the locality. The
“‘consequence is that they were very much more likely to
‘“‘choose an unfavourable than a favourable day (most days
‘being of the former class), whilst the possibility of hitting
‘the exact day by an occasional visitor is only remote. Now
‘that our collectors stay in the locality, we get the specimens
‘‘as fine as they get them in Switzerland.”
Mr. P. M. Bright exhibited a series of remarkable varieties
of Arctia menthastri from N. Scotland, also series of Liparis
monacha (including dark varieties) and Boarmia roboraria from
the New Forest; Zygaena exulans from Braemar; Noctua
glareosa from Montrose and the Shetlands ; Agrotis pyrophila
from the Isle of Portland, and Pitcaple, N.B.; red varieties
of Teniocampa gracilis; and a specimen of Sterrha sacraria,
( sxvii >)
taken at light, at Mudeford, in October, 1893; also living
larvee of Hmydia cribrum.
Mr. J. J. Walker exhibited a living specimen of a large
species of Pulex, which he believed to be Hystricopsylla talpa,
Curtis, taken at Hartlip, Kent. Mr, Verrall and the Chair-
man made some remarks on this and allied species.
Papers read.
Mr. Kenneth J. Morton communicated a paper, entitled,
‘‘ Palearctic Nemoure.”’
Lord Walsingham read a paper, entitled, ‘‘ A Catalogue of
the Pterophoride, Tortricide, and Tineide of the Madeira
Islands, with Notes and Descriptions of New Species.” In
this paper sixty-six species of Lepidoptera belonging to these
families were recorded as occurring in the Madeiras, of which
thirty were noticed as peculiar to the Islands, twelve as
common to the Madeiras and Canaries, of which two were
not known as occurring elsewhere, and one extends its range
only to North Africa. Over thirty species were added to the
list, and one new genus, seven new species, and two new
varieties were described. Herr Jacoby and Mr, Bethune-Baker
made some remarks on the species and their geographical
distribution.
Mr. Blandford read a paper, entitled, ‘“‘ A Supplementary
Note on the Scolytide of Japan, with a list of Species.’’
Oct. 17th, 1894.
Henry Joun Enwes, Esq., F.L.8., F.Z.S., President,
in the chair.
Donations to the Library were announced, and thanks
voted to the respective donors.
Election of a Fellow.
Dr. H. G. Breyer, of Pretoria, Transvaal, South Africa,
was elected a Fellow of the Society.
(CRsetx, -)
Exhibitions, etc.
Mr. G. C. Champion read a letter, dated 15th August
last, from Mr. J. Y. Johnson, of Funchal, Madeira, on the
subject of a recent visitation of Locusts to the Island, and
exhibited specimens. Mr. Johnson mentioned that Darwin,
in his ‘ Origin of Species,’”’ recorded that in November, 1844,
dense swarms of locusts visited Madeira. He said that
since then, until August last, these insects had not visited
the Island. Mr. Champion remarked that the species sent
by Mr. Johnson was Decticus albifrons, Fabr., not a true
migratory locust. Mr. Champion also exhibited specimens
of Anthaxia nitidula, Velleius dilatatus and Athous rhombeus,
taken in the New Forest during the past summer.
Mr. H. Goss read a letter he had received from Captain
Montgomery, J.P., of Mid-Ilovo, Natal, reporting vast
flights of locusts there, extending over three miles in length,
on the 81st August last, and exhibited’ a specimen of the
locust, a species of Acridiwn. Captain Montgomery stated
that, as a rule, his district like most of Natal was free
from the pest, but that an exceptional invasion had occurred
in 1850.
Mr. J. W. Tutt exhibited four typical specimens of
E'mydia cribrum from the New Forest, and read the following
notes :—‘‘ These four specimens, as will be seen, are well
‘spotted and streaked, transversely and longitudinally, with
‘black. The type is stated by Staudinger in his Catalog to
‘be distributed over ‘ Central and Northern Kurope (except
“«¢the Polar Region) ; Ural; and, doubtfully, from the moun-
‘¢<«tains of Andalusia.’ Above these are four specimens of the
“var. candida of Cyrilli. The specimens came from Cour-
‘“mayeur, on the Italian side of Mont Blanc. The species
‘‘ was taken at a height of some 4,000 feet above sea level, on
‘‘yough ground, on the borders of a larch wood. It was
‘rather readily disturbed during the late afternoon, settling
‘‘rapidly again either on the bushes or on dead sticks, with
‘‘ which the ground was strewn. It was met with again in
‘the Cogne Valley, from about 6,000 to 8,000 feet, towards
‘‘Chevanix. Staudinger describes the variety as ‘alis
‘‘¢anterioribus albis, puncto medio duplo punctisque mar-
( yee Y)
‘«¢ ginalibus nonnullis nigris ;’ and gives as its range ‘ Italy,
«Southern Germany, Alpine Valleys; Northern Spain,
«Dalmatia, and, doubtfully, Bithynia.’ The species is
‘very variable. Besides the above, Staudinger describes
‘a var. punctigera, Fu., as being ‘alis anterioribus punctis
‘¢nieris paucis;’ with a range spreading over ‘Gaul;
““¢Southern Germany; and Alpine Valleys.’ He also
‘‘ describes var. rippertii, Bdy., as ‘alis anticis nigricantibus’
‘‘from the ‘Pyrenees’; then a var. inquinata, Rambur, as
‘“‘¢capite flavescente, alis anticis flavo-albidis, punctis non-
‘“ ¢nullis marginalibus mediisque nigris,’ and, lastly, a doubt-
‘ful var. chrysocephala, Hb., from ‘Andalusia, Mauritius,
‘“¢and, doubtfully, from Southern Russia.’ His diagnosis
‘runs ‘capite ochraceo, alis anticis albis punctis marginalibus
6 sempre Ts)
Mr. R. Adkin exhibited for Mr. H. Murray a specimen
of Hrebia cthiops, in which the left forewing was much
bleached, taken in August last, near Carnforth. Mr, Adkin
also exhibited a series of Acronycta rumicis from Co. Cork,
Ireland, including light and black forms, with examples
from the Scilly Isles ; Isle of Man; and North of Scotland
for comparison.
Mr. Elwes exhibited a series of Chionobas alberta (male and
female), Chionobas uhleri, var. varuna, and Hrebia discoidalis,
from Calgary, Alberta, N.W. Canada, collected in May last,
by Mr. Woolley-Dod. He said that the validity of C. alberta, -
which had been questioned by Mr. W. H. Edwards, was
fully established by these specimens.
Professor Poulton gave an account of the changes
he had recently made at Oxford in the arrangement
of the Hope Collections in the Department of Zoology,
and as to the laboratory and rooms now available for
students working at these collections.
Paper Read.
Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker communicated a paper,
entitled ‘Descriptions of the Pyralide, Crambide, and
Phycide, collected by the late T. Vernon Wollaston in
Madeira.”’
( Soar 7)
November 7th, 1894.
Colonel Cuartes Swinnoz, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S., Vice-
President, in the Chair.
Donations to the Library were announced, and thanks
voted to the respective donors.
Election of Fellows.
Mr. W. P. Blackburne-Maze, of Shaw House, Newbury,
Berkshire; and Mr. Bertram George Rye, of 212, Upper
Richmond Road, Putney, §.W., were elected Fellows of the
Society.
EH xhibitions, etc.
Colonel Swinhoe exhibited a female of Papilio telearchus,
Hewitson, which he had received by the last mail from
Cherra Punji. He said that this was the only known speci-
men of the female of this species, with the exception of one
in Mr. L. de Nicéville’s collection, which he had described
in the Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society in
1898. He also exhibited a male of the same species for
comparison.
Mr. C. G. Barrett exhibited abnormal forms of Pararge
megera, P. egeria, Melitea athalia, Chrysophanus phleas,
Chareas graminis, Lophopteryx camelina, Plusia gamma,
Cucullia chamomille, Boarmia repandata, var. conversaria,
Cidaria psittacata, and other species, all collected by Major
J. N. Still on Dartmoor, Devon. He also exhibited for Mr.
Sydney Webb, of Dover, a long series of most remarkable
varieties of Arctia caja, namely, one spotless, cream-coloured
and scarlet; one almost spotless, deep brown and black;
one almost spotless, deep brown and black on one side
only ; one with the forewings suffused with pink; one with
the forewings spotless dark brown, hindwings brownish-
red, spotted; two yellowish, with markings suffused with
brown; one with all the usual markings delicately pale yet
distinct ; and others variously suffused on fore or hindwings
with dark colouring. He also exhibited for Mr. Sydney Webb
the following varieties of Arctia villica, viz., one wholly
cream-coloured except the edges of the front wings, which
( xx)
were black; two with the cream-coloured spots united in
varying degrees; two with the hindwings much suffused
with black; two with wings differently spotted on the
opposite sides; and one with the hindwings nearly spotless
but bordered with black.
Mr. Gervase IF’. Matthew exhibited seven beautiful and
striking varieties of Arctia villica, bred from larve obtained
on the Essex coast, near Dovercourt, in March and April,
1893 and 1894.
Herr Jacoby exhibited two specimens of Blaps mucro-
nata, with elytra which had not hardened although exposed
to the air for a long time, taken on a wall at Hampstead.
The Rey. Canon Fowler and Mr. G. C. Champion made some
remarks on the subject of the elytra of immature beetles.
Mr. H. Goss exhibited a specimen of Periplaneta austral-
asie, received from Mr, C. E. Morris, of Preston, near
Brighton. Mr. McLachlan said the species had been intro-
duced into this country, but was now considered a British
insect.
Mr. B. G. Rye exhibited specimens of the following rare
or local species of Coleoptera :—Cicindela germanica, from
Swanage; Humicrus rufus, from Shirley ; Triarthron markelt,
from Lewisham; Mezium affine, from Shoe Lane, H.C.;
Homaloplia ruricola and Anomala frischi, var. julii, from
Swanage; Synaptus filiformis, from Sunbury; Livxus para-
plecticus, from Wicken Fen; Balaninus cerasorum, from
Wimbledon; Asemum striatum, from the New Forest; and
Zeugophora flavicollis, from Wimbledon.
Mr. McLachlan exhibited for Mr. G. C. Bignell, of
Plymouth, two new species of Ichneumonide, from Devon-
shire, viz., Pimpla bridgmani, Bign., a parasite on a spider,
Drassus lapidicolens, Walck., and Praon absinthii, Bign., a
parasite on Siphonophora absinthii, Linné; together with
Pimpla epeire, Bign., also a parasite on a spider.
Mr. C. O. Waterhouse stated that the Acridium received
by Mr. Goss from Capt. Montgomery, and exhibited at the
last Meeting, was Acridium septemfasciatum, and he
exhibited the species with the wings extended.
Mr. Ridley exhibited a species of a scale insect (? Lecantwm)
( ‘XXxXHI})
found on a nutmeg tree in Malacca, and made some remarks
on Formica smaragdina, which makes its nest on the trees,
joining the leaves together by a thin thread of silk at the ends.
He stated that the first step in making the nest is for several
ants to bend the leaves together and hold on with their hind
legs, and one of their number after some time runs up with a
larva and irritating it with its antenne makes it produce a
thread with which the leaves are joined; when one larva is
exhausted a second is fetched, and the process is repeated.
Paper read.
Mr. Waterhouse read the following paper entitled, ‘‘ Some
‘‘remarks on the Antenne of Insects.”
““T have lately been preparing a series of antenne for
‘‘exhibition in our Museum. There were one or two points
‘upon which I wanted information, but which I failed to
‘‘ find recorded in a satisfactory manner; and there are one
‘‘or two points, which, although touched upon by Herr
‘‘ Kolbe in his excellent work, ‘ Kinfiihrung in die Kenntnis
‘“« «der Insekten,’ have not had sufficient prominence given to
‘‘them. I venture to call attention to these this evening.
‘Tn the first place, | wanted to know the extreme limits in
‘the number of joints in the antenne. I found these varied
“from two in Platyrrhopalus and some other species of
‘** Coleoptera, to 480 in Meroncidius, one of the long-horned
‘‘ Locusts. Articerus, one of the Pselaphide, is said to have
‘an antenna consisting of a single joint, but my examination
‘‘did not satisfy me that this was really the case. Possibly
‘“some Locusts may have even a greater number than the
‘species I counted. In the Lepidoptera I found the number
‘‘ of joints varied from 17 in Oncopera, one of the Hepialide,
‘to 120 in Thysania, a large Mexican Noctuid.
‘“‘The next point I would call attention to is the club of
“the antenna. In certain groups the antenne always
‘terminate in a club; but it is curious to note certain
‘species appearing with a clubbed antenna, when all their
‘allies have simple antenne. In the Longicorn Coleoptera,
‘‘for example, there are some 10,000 species, all with more
‘or less linear or acuminate antenne, but Telocera, an
( &Zxexv )
“ Australian insect, has a distinct club. In the Aculeate
‘“‘ Hymenoptera again the antenne are almost always of a
‘‘simple character, and more or less acuminate, but Nomia
“ antennata has a distinct club, as has also Steganomus, and
‘in another genus, Thaumatosoma, a different form of club is
‘met with. The bi-pectinate antenna of Psammotherma, one
“of the Mutillide, is another case of a form of antenna
‘presenting nothing special in itself, but remarkable as
‘ standing alone among the Aculeata.
“In the Diptera we see filiform antenne, consisting of a
‘series of cylindrical or bead-like joints (e.g., Tipula,
‘* Cecidomyia), and others of the disk and arista type, the
‘intermediate forms being seen in Xylophagus, Oxycera,
** Chloromyia, and Sargus.
‘“‘The antenne of this latter type are generally very small
‘“and inconspicuous. In certain Dolicopide, however, the
‘‘arista is sometimes very long, and here, again, we meet
‘“‘with a club where it might be least expected; I would
‘‘particularly mention a Psilopus from Ceylon, a_ pretty
“‘oreen fly five millimetres long, having antenne six milli-
‘metres in length, terminating in a flat club.
‘“The clubbed antenna appears among the Neuroptera in
“the Myrmeleonide and Ascalaphide, being most pronounced
‘‘in the latter.
‘“‘In the Orthoptera a club is very rare, but is seen in
“‘ Gomphocerus. In the Hemiptera a few species have a
‘slight club, as in Verlusia.
‘¢T will now just mention another point. In the antenna of
‘‘the little water-beetle, Parnus, the antenne are very short,
‘‘ and the second joint is much enlarged and produced forwards.
‘« It is curious to notice a very similar development in Gyrinus,
‘a water-beetle belonging to a totally different family. And
‘in the great water-bug, Belostoma, the second joint is also
‘‘ produced forwards, but in this case the third joint is simi-
‘larly formed, and the fourth has a small hook also turned for-
“wards. It is difficult to suggest a satisfactory reason for this.”’
Mr. Champion, Herr Jacoby, Mr. McLachlan, and Mr,
Gahan took part in the discussion which ensued.
( fuxxy)
December 5th, 1894.
Hewry Joun Exwes, Esq., F.L.8., F.Z.5., President, in the
chair.
Donations to the Library were announced, and thanks
voted to the respective donors.
Election of Fellows,
Mr. EK. Augustus Bowles, M.A., of Myddelton House,
Waltham Cross, Herts; Mr. E. C. Cotes, of the Indian
Museum, Calcutta; Mr. Joseph W. Green, of West Lodge,
Blackheath, S.E.; Mr. Henry Keeble, of 10, Coleman Street,
E.C.; Mr. Thomas Turner, of Cullompton, Devon, and
Mr. F. H. Wolley-Dod, of Calgary, Alberta, Canada, were
elected Fellows of the Society.
Hahibitions, ete.
The Secretary read a letter from Mr. McLachlan, the
Treasurer, on the subject of the Committee,* which had been
appointed, consisting of the Treasurer, the Honourable Walter
Rothschild, and Mr. Hampson, for the purpose of settling the
date of publication of Part I. of the Transactions of 1894.
Mr. McLachlan reported that the Committee had ascertained
that the Part was first obtainable from the publisher’s on
May the 11th, 1894, and that this was therefore the date of
publication.
Mr. F. Merrifield exhibited hybrids belonging to the genus
Saturnia, obtained by Dr. Standfuss, of Ziirich; viz. a male
and female hybrid from a male of Satwrnia pavonia and a
female of Saturnia pyri, to which he had given the name of
Saturnia emilie; also hybrids from what Dr. Standfuss
described as ‘‘a male of Callimorpha dominula var. persona ”’
(received from Tuscany) and a typical female of Callimorpha
dominula, to which he had given the name of romanovi. Mr.
Merrifield remarked that the so-called var. persona differed
entirely from the type of Callimorpha dominula.
* See Proc. of Meeting on June 6th, 1894, p. xxiii, ante.—H. G.
PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., v., 1894. G
( =>)
Mr. J. W. Tutt exhibited specimens of a very small form
of Huchlcé, and read the following notes:
‘* As the Fellows of this Society well know, the Rey. F. B.
‘“‘Newnham, of Church Stretton, Salop, has sought during
‘‘the year in the pages of ‘The Entomologist’s Record, etc.,’
‘‘to establish two species of /Huchloé, distinguishing from
“ EF, cardamines, » form ‘much smaller than FZ. cardamines,
‘«¢ measuring, on an average, only about an inch and a quarter
‘‘<from tip to tip of the forewings; the discoidal spot being
‘“‘¢ placed, as in LH. turritis and EH. gruneri, at the juncture of
“« «the orange and white spaces, not, as in ’. cardamines, well
‘¢¢ within the orange tip. When viewed under the microscope,
‘“¢ the wing-scales appear very different from those of FH.
‘*“¢cardamines. He then proposed for this supposed new
‘species the name of L’. hesperidis. Mr. Newnham sent me
‘Can example of #. hesperidis and asked me whether I would
«exhibit it at one of the Societies’ meetings where there
‘‘¢are some Entomologists acquainted with Continental
“‘¢insects.’ I have, therefore, brought the specimen for
‘‘ exhibition to-night.
‘‘ With regard to this, I may say that Staudinger describes
‘an Italian form as ‘ab. (et var. ?) turritis, Och., iv., p. 156,
‘““¢ab, minor, alis anterioribus puncto, nigro part. albam
‘‘¢attingente.’ Mr. Newnham, owing, it would appear, to
‘‘an error made (and corrected ‘ Ent. Ree.,’ v., p. 146) by
‘Mr, Kirby, considered turritis distinct ; I do not know that
‘there is any evidence tending to prove that it is anything
“but a small form of cardamines.
‘“‘There has been, of course, considerable discussion as to
‘‘these small specimens of Muchloc, but until the supposed
‘species is bred and some really good characters obtained
‘from the earlier stages, it appears totally impossible to
‘‘accept it as a species on such slender characters as the
‘‘imago affords. KH. cardamines of normal size varies end-
‘lessly in the position of the discoidal spot with regard to the
‘‘ orange blotch (vide, ‘ Ent. Ree.,’ etc., vol. v., pp. 173, 174),
‘‘where I have given a somewhat long table. The difference
‘in scaling, if only comparative, is to be expected in small
‘‘specimens, for it is well-known now that most small
( “xxzvit *)
‘aberrations owe their diminutive stature to a deficiency of
‘food, and this would show as strongly in the scales as in
‘‘other structures. Reference to these small specimens are
“scattered through many Entomological Magazines, and
‘« these records extend over many years. We find such in ‘ The
‘Northumberland and Durham Catalogue,’ by Mr. Wailes ;
‘‘in Newman’s ‘ British Butterflies;’ in the ‘EK. M. M.,’
‘¢ vol. xxv., by Mr. C. G. Barrett, etc. Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell
*«(¢ Kntom.,’ vol. xxii., p. 176) calls this small form Fuchloé
‘* cardamines var. minor, a name I presume that will have to
‘‘sink in favour of turritis, Och.
‘« Personally, however, I am quite open to conviction and
“shall be pleased to agree with Mr. Newnham as soon as I
‘‘am satisfied as to its specific distinctness, even by one
‘single indubitable character.
“To exemplify the difference in size which cardamines
‘“reaches, even in the same locality, I exhibit three specimens
‘captured in Chattenden. The large female (al. exp. 20625
‘‘inches) was taken there, May 22nd, 1888. The small
“‘female (al. exp, 1°25 inches) and the male (al. exp. 1813
‘‘inches) were both taken on May 28th, 1892. The speci-
‘men of hesperidis is rather larger than my small female,
‘‘being 1°313 inches.”
Mr. Tutt also exhibited specimens of Noctua dahlii, and
read the following notes :
‘The study of the variation of our Nocrum.is certainly one
“of the most interesting pursuits of British Entomologists.
‘‘The specimens exhibited to-night are those of Noctua dahlii,
‘a species which shows not only a considerable range of
‘sexual dimorphism, but also of variation according to
‘‘geographical distribution. Of those exhibited twenty
‘“specimens were captured in Delamere Forest by Mr. Geo.
‘Day of Knutsford. ‘These specimens, as will be observed,
‘¢ show the usual sexual dimorphism which is so conspicuous
‘in Great Britain. This dimorphism is well marked in the
‘‘specimens which I have from Aberdeenshire, Yorkshire,
‘‘ Hgsex, and other localities, the males being of a bright
‘‘chestnut colour, the females being of a purplish colour
‘‘with a wide range extending from red with a purple tinge
(| XXxvill_ )
‘‘to purplish black. The males, it will be observed, have a
‘strong tendency to develop a dark central transverse band
‘“‘or a dark subterminal band, but very rarely are both
“present in the same specimens. ‘The distinct sexual
‘‘dimorphism here exhibited, however, does not occur
‘throughout the British Isles. At Morpeth the males con-
‘sist of a mixture of the ordinary chestnut form, together
‘‘ with purple forms, the latter being coloured like the females
‘‘which show the usual purple-red range of variation. If,
‘« therefore, in this species the purple be considered the older
‘form, it is clear that at Morpeth the evolution of the sexual
‘colour difference has not yet reached so complete a stage as
‘‘in many other localities. I exhibit Morpeth specimens show-
‘‘ing the two male forms and usual female form found there.
‘In Aberdeenshire, where the species is usually abundant,
‘the sexual dimorphism is again very marked, the females
‘‘ varying, as usual, very much in the intensity and depth of
‘colour. I have, however, out of some 200 specimens
examined from Aberdeenshire, only seen one male of a
‘‘ purplish-red tint. This specimen, which I exhibit, has a
‘‘remarkably pale subterminal band to the anterior wings. I
‘‘also exhibit two remarkable male aberrations from Aber-
‘deen, one with a clear central band with scarcely a trace of
*‘ discoidal spots between a dark basal and a dark subter-
“minal band; the other deeply suffused with purplish-
*‘fuscous. There is also among the Delamere Forest speci-
‘“mens a female with the basal area chestnut coloured, the
‘‘outer part being very dark purplish.
‘Four Aberdeenshire females exhibited are the darkest I
‘‘ have ever seen, and have been selected from a very large
‘‘number of specimens. One of the Delamere Forest speci-
‘‘mens is similar. They are, as will be seen, of a fuscous-
‘“‘black coloration with the normal purple almost obsolete.
‘‘These dark specimens have, as a rule, very indistinct stig-
‘‘mata and transverse markings.
‘Perhaps the most peculiar fact about this species, how-
‘ever, is, that in Ireland, so far as I know, the males and
‘females show none of the sexual dimorphism so distinct
‘‘and prevalent in Great Britain, but both sexes are of the
C ge J
‘‘normal purple-red coloration of the female. The common
‘‘mottled chestnut male either does not occur or exists as a
‘‘very rare aberration in Ireland, just as in Great Britain
‘‘purple-red males only occur as a rare aberration. It is this
‘‘igolation of the purple form in both sexes in Iveland,
“together with the fact that this form approaches more
‘“nearly to its nearest generic congeners—stiymatica, brunnea,
“and ditrapezium —in colour which makes me inclined to
‘look upon this as the older form, and the bright chestnut
‘‘males as more recently evolved.
‘‘As I have already noted, there is a tendency in this
‘‘ species to show a considerable range in minor aberrational
“forms. The redder females are the ab. rufa of ‘The
«British Noctue,’ etc., which is distributed rather commonly
‘‘among the males and females of the Irish and the females
‘‘of the English and Scotch specimens. The ab. fusca has
‘a large quantity of fuscous mixed with the purple colour,
‘‘ becoming in many specimens almost black, whilst the ab.
‘* candelisequa of Stephens is a glaucous tinged form of dahlit,
‘‘yare enough in this species, although glaucous tinted speci-
‘“mens are quite a feature in the colour aberrations of this
‘“senus, becoming quite common in VN, festiva, and almost
“the rule in N. sobrina. A very pale reddish form of this
‘‘ species was recently exhibited, by Mr. A. F. Bayne, at the
‘“City of London Entomological Society, and although those
“of us who know the extent of variation that N. festiva
‘undergoes in Scotland, will scarcely agree with Guenée that
“<¢the species varies no less than festiva,’ our recent know-
“ledge has convinced British lepidopterists that dahlit is an
‘exceedingly variable species.
‘‘The triple colour variation of the female dahlii is very
‘‘interesting —red, purple, and black being the extent of
‘‘variation through which stiymatica, brunnea, and c-nigrum
‘extend, whilst in brunnea ochreous mottling in the males is
‘far from uncommon. This parallel range of colour varia-
‘tion in closely allied species is proving very general
‘‘wherever sufficient material, collected over a sufficiently
‘‘wide area, has been obtained.”
Herr Jacoby read a letter received from Mr. Buxton
(my
Forman, one of the Assistant Secretaries of the Post Office,
to the effect that the Postal Union had decided to make a
rule not to admit natural history specimens by sample post,
which was intended for the transmission of bona fide trade
patterns or samples of merchandise, and consequently that
the forwarding of such specimens at the sample rate would in
future be irregular.
Lord Walsingham stated that he had had a long corre-
spondence with the Post Office authorities on the subject, and
that the late Mr. Raikes, when Postmaster-General, promised
him in 1891 that such specimens should, so far as the British
Post Office was concerned, be transmitted at the sample rates ;
and a letter to the same effect, from the late Sir Arthur
Blackwood, when Secretary to the Post Office, was published
in the Proceedings of the Society for 1891.
Mr. C. G. Barrett exhibited for Mr. A. J. Hodges a speci-
men of Hydrilla palustris, from Wicken Fen ; also specimens
of Caradrina ambigua, from the Isle of Wight. He remarked
that of the latter one specimen had the hind margin of right
forewing indented, and the wing broadened as though from
an injury to the pupa. In this wing the margins of the large
orbicular and reniform stigmata had become so joined that
the dividing. lines had disappeared, and the stigmata were
fused into one irregularly formed blotch. The left wing of the
specimen is normal. The effect of the injury seems to have
been as though the two stigmata had been in a semi-fluid
condition and had run together.
Mr. McLachlan exhibited, on behalf of Mr. G. F. Wilson,
I'.R.8., of Weybridge, a ‘‘ grease band ” which had been tied
round trees to prevent the females of Cheimatcbia brumata
from ascending the trunks for the purposes of oviposition ;
the band was thickly covered with the bodies of the females,
together with a few males.
Surgeon - Captain Manders exhibited a pair of Chelura
bifasciata, from the Shan States, and called attention to the
‘Cagssembling’”’ habits of the male, some hundreds of which
were attracted by the numerous females which emerged from
the cocoons at sunset.
Mr. B. A. Bower exhibited a beautiful variety of Zygana
( xii)
loniceré, Ksp., having the spots confluent, taken at Chatten-
den Wood, North Kent, in June last; also a specimen of
Incurvaria tenuicornis, Stn., taken at Chislehurst, in May,
1893.
Mr. H. Goss exhibited, for Mr. F. W. Urich, of Trinidad, a
series of males, females, and workers of Sericomyrmez opacus,
Mayr, a species of Fungus-growing and Fungus-eating Ant.
He said he was indebted to Mr. G. A. J. Rothney for kindly
mounting the specimens on card.
Papers Read,
Colonel Swinhoe read a paper entitled ‘“‘A List of the
Lepidoptera of the Khasia Hills, Part III.”
Mr. C. J. Gahan read a paper entitled ‘‘On the Longicorn
Coleoptera of the West India Islands.’
Mr. F. W. Urich communicated a paper entitled ‘‘ Notes
on the Fungus Growing and Hating Habit of Sericomyrmex
opacus, Mayr.”’
Prof. E. B. Poulton read the following paper, by Prof. E. B.
Titchener, of Cornell University, U.S.A., entitled ‘‘ An
apparent case of Sexual Preference in a Male Insect.”
‘«T have had under observation during the past summer a
“number of Diapheromera femorata. The insects were all
‘taken from a single clump of Rubus odoratus, and have been
‘‘fed upon the leaves of this shrub. Seven were taken in the
‘second week in July, five females and two males. All but
‘‘one backward female were in the same stage of develop-
‘‘ment, having two skin-castings to come before maturity
‘‘was reached. One of the females had lost her two front
‘lees, and there was no renewal of these with either of the
‘‘new skins. The first male to become sexually mature was
‘small and weak; though he has proved to be exceptionally
‘long-lived. He ‘chose’ the maimed female, from the group
‘‘of four. Two days later the other male, which had left
‘the other females untouched, was found in connection with
“this same one, having driven his weaker rival away. The
‘‘yemaining females, with the exception of the immature one,
‘“‘ were fertilised subsequently. In the last week of August I
( xiii)
‘took two more insects, a mature male and female, separ-
“ately. Although the cage was quite large, there was a good
‘deal of scrambling and fighting among the males when the
‘‘newcomers were introduced. The new male, with five
‘females to choose from, all already fertilised, settled upon
‘‘the maimed female. A few days later, I found two insects
‘‘in connection. They were placed in the cage with the rest
‘‘in this condition. Next morning I saw that the fresh male
‘had left its female, and was in connection with the maimed
‘fone.
‘* Four males in succession, therefore, had ‘ preferred ’ this
‘mate, out of a possible four, five, or six. Moreover, she
‘‘was constantly in connection with one of them, while the
‘“‘rest were often left unsought for some days together. I
‘thought at one time that the reason of these phenomena
“‘might lie in a purely mechanical fact: the female in
‘‘ question, being maimed, could not move so quickly as the
‘rest, and so could not escape the advances of the male.
“But I only once saw a male shaken off by a female—the
‘‘first male mentioned above: and that female was a virgin.
‘* When once fertilisation by one male had taken place, the
‘‘ female remained passive at the approach of others. When
‘‘the third and fourth males were introduced, all the avail-
‘able females had had connection. The experiment is not,
“of course, ‘pure;’ no experiment made in captivity is.
‘« Still, the insects took to their confinement very well; feeding
‘‘heartily and breeding readily. I record the facts for what
‘they were worth, and shall be glad to answer any question
‘“as to possible sources of error that may occur to the readers
‘‘of them. Another watcher beside myself has had the
‘‘insects under pretty constant observation, and can confirm
‘the above account.”’
The President and Prof. Poulton made some remarks on
the observations recorded in Prof. Titchener’s paper.
The Rey. H. 8. Gorham communicated a paper entitled
‘* Notes on Herr A. Kuwert’s * Revision der Cleridengattung
** Omadius, Lap.”
* Annales dela Société entomologique de Belgique. Tome Trente-huitiéme,
lii., pp. 62-97, 1894.
( xliii_ )
“ Herr A. Kuwert in giving analytical tables and descrip-
‘‘tions of 44 species, presumed to be new, of this most
“difficult genus, labours under the disadvantage of not
‘having consulted the records of previous workers in the
‘family of the Cleride.,
‘‘Had he done so he could hardly have failed to discover
‘that I published in 1876 (Cistula Entomologica, p. 57),
““¢ Notes on the Coleopterous family Cleride,’ with critical
‘remarks, at pages 92 and 101, on this genus and on Stig-
‘“matium, with descriptions of eleven new species of Omadius,
‘and many of Stiymatium, and with some synonymy founded
‘‘on the examination of typical specimens from the collec-
‘tions of Guérin Meneville, Chevrolat, W. W. Saunders,
‘‘ Wallace, Semper, and others mentioned at p. 58 of the
‘‘ work mentioned.
“These will all be found recapitulated in the ‘ Zoological
‘¢ Record,’ for 1876, at pp. G0—62.
“Tf Herr Kuwert had done thus, and had he, also, looked
‘Cup his references, he would not have fallen into the error
‘‘of referring the type of the genus O. indicus to Spinola, and
‘‘of substituting for that name prolicus, Klug, whereas it
‘“«(O. indicus) is referable to Laporte, and was published in
‘‘Silberman’s Revue (1833—39). Nor would he refer
‘««Chevrolat’s species to Guérin,’ they having been expressly
‘‘ published in M. A. Chevrolat’s name.
‘One species of mine, O. notatus, has apparently somehow
‘‘come under Herr Kuwert’s notice. It is briefly placed as a
‘synonym of kamelianus, White, thus (? notatus, Gerb.) sic.
‘‘ Beyond the fact that both are described as from the Philip-
“pine Islands, no reason is given for thus conjoining
‘«¢ them.
‘Some names such as Cramensis for an insect for Ceram,
‘‘ which is corrected in the description, may be overlooked as
‘‘ misprints, and it is a little remarkable that Herr Kuwert
‘‘has escaped colliding with any of my names, either in
‘‘ this genus or in Stigmatium ; although ‘ angustifrons,’ No. 26,
“ig very suggestive of some relation with ‘angusticeps,’ Gorh.,
‘one being from Sumatra, the other from Borneo.
‘© O. nigropunctatus, Cheyr., has been, by comparison of
( *xlivel 4)
“types and otherwise, identified by me with O. medio-
“ fasciatus, Westwd., and is so beyond all doubt, being a very
‘‘ easily identified species.
‘The redescription of a species from Perak as O.javanus is
‘very futile, that name having been used by Dejean and
‘‘ placed as a synonym of O. indicus in Gemm. and Harold
‘Catalogue, teste Spinola.
‘‘The finest and most conspicuous species, O. prioceroides,
‘“Thoms., escapes notice altogether.
‘“‘ Synthesis, we may remind Herr A. Kuwert, is an impor-
‘‘tant part, nay, essential to revision.
‘* Revision des genus STiGMATIUM.
‘Under this title, in the ‘Annales de la Société Ento-
‘“‘mologique de Belgique,’ Tome xxxviii., Pt. viii., pp. 398—
‘“457, Herr A. Kuwert has published an analytical and
‘‘descriptive paper of such species of the genus Stigmatium,
‘“‘Gray, as were known to him. These are, apparently, con-
‘tained: (1) in his own collection; (2) in that of the Honble.
‘Walter de Rothschild, Tring Park (England); (3) in the
‘“Museum at Berlin; (4) in the Museum at Vienna. Of
‘however, the majority of species, either newly described or
‘identified with described species, no clue is given as to how
‘they have been identified, or by whom collected. Herr
‘« Kuwert has made no attempt to identify the many species
‘‘of this genus described by M. A. Chevrolat and myself
‘‘ during the past eighteen years, although we have been well
‘‘known to have paid special attention to the family Cleride.
‘In 1876, Chevrolat published a very considerable contri-
‘‘bution to the knowledge of this group, entitled ‘ Mémoire
‘‘sur la famille des Clerites,’ in this paper ten species of
“* Stigymatium from the collections of Boucard, Haag de Ruten-
‘berg, Sahlberg, Sallé, etc., are described. In the same
‘“‘ year, after communication with M. Chevrolat, I described in
“«¢ Cistula Ent.,’ no less than 22 species with one new allied
‘genus, ‘ Hemitrachys.’ Since then I have printed many
‘papers on Cleride, in which reference to these species and
‘‘some additions appear. The species thus described formed
‘part of the world-known collections of Bates and Wallace ;
calves}
‘and most of the important collections, both of this country
‘and of France, Holland, Belgium, and Italy, have passed
‘through my hands, and many of the types are in my own
‘collection. Herr Kuwert, however, passes the whole of
‘this over in silence. I may add that several of his species
“appear at first sight to be identical with my own.
‘“The species of this genus are more difficult and obscure
“than perhaps any other genus of the family, perhaps as
‘“much so as those of any genus of Coleoptera.
‘“The student now will find himself in a hopeless con-
‘fusion, from which nothing but the collation and close
‘examination of the types of my own, and the scattered
‘types of Herr Kuwert’s descriptions can extricate him.
‘‘The types, however, of all my species are in my posses-
‘“ sion, and are, of course, accessible to any one coming here to
“see them.”’
ANNUAL MEETING.
January 16th, 1895.
Henry Joun Ewes, Esq., F.L.8S., President, in the chair.
Mr, W. F. H. Blandford, one of the Auditors, read the
Treasurer’s Balance Sheet, showing a balance in the Society’s
favour of £29 2s. 7d.
Mr. H. Goss, one of the Secretaries, read the following :—
Report of the Council.
During the Session 1894-95, one Honorary Fellow, Pastor
Wallengren, and four ordinary Fellows have died, viz.,
Major-Gen. George Carden, the Rey. Alfred Forbes Sealy, Mr.
John Jenner Weir, F.L.8., and Dr. F. Buchanan White, M.D..,
¥.L.8.; eight Fellows have resigned; three have been
restored to the list; and twenty-six new Fellows have been
elected.
( (sive)
The number of Fellows elected during the year is slightly
above the average. At the same time it is desirable to in-
crease our numbers more rapidly, so as to enable us to pub-
lish more papers, and allow more plates, and in other ways
to advance our interests and promote our objects. The
Council, therefore, again appeal to the Fellows to do their
utmost to induce their friends to join the Society and thus
increase its revenue.
At the present time the Society consists of 9 Honorary,
49 Life, and 824 Fellows paying the Annual Subscription,
making the total number of Fellows now on our List 382,
which, after allowing for the losses by deaths and resigna-
tions, is an increase of 16 since the Annual Meeting last
year.
Our Transactions for the year 1894 form a volume of 586
pages, containing 25 Memoirs contributed by the following
authors, viz., Mr. Edward Meyrick, B.A. (2 papers); Mr. Charles
Owen Waterhouse; Mr. George T. Bethune-Baker (2 papers);
Mr. Walter F. H. Blandford, M.A. (2 papers); Mr. Hamilton
H. Druce ; Colonel Charles Swinhoe, M.A.; Mr. George C.
Champion (2 papers); Mr. Edward Saunders; Dr. Frederick
A. Dixey, M.A., M.D. (2 papers); Dr. Thomas A. Chapman,
M.D.; Mr. Charles B. Taylor; Mr. William F. Kirby; the
Rev. Canon Fowler, M.A.; Mr. Frederic Merrifield; Mons.
Louis Péringuey; Mr. Charles J. Gahan, M.A.; Professor
Franz Klapalek ; the Rev. Thomas A. Marshall, M.A.; the
Right Hon. Lord Walsingham, LL.D., F.R.S.; and Mr.
Kenneth J. Morton. Of these 25 papers 12 relate to Lepido-
ptera (or to enquiries in which they were the subjects of
experiment), 7 to Coleoptera, 2 to Hemiptera, 2 to Neuro-
ptera, 1 to Hymenoptera, and 1 to an entomological excur-
sion to Corsica. The Memoirs above referred to are illustrated
by 14 plates, of which 5 are coloured. The Society is in-
debted to Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker for half the cost of Plate L,
to Colonel Swinhoe for part of the cost of Plate IL., and to
Mr. F. Merrifield for the entire cost of Plate IX.
The Proceedings, containing an account of the Exhibitions
and Discussions at the Meetings, in addition to several papers
not published in the Transactions, and to several Notes of
( ‘xdvii.°)
interest in connection with Exhibitions, extend to 48
pages.
During the past year about 250 Books, Pamphlets,
Journals, and Papers have been added to the Library ; and
the Meetings have been better attended than in any previous
year.
Another matter for congratulation is the increased use made
of the Library by the Fellows of the Society, which is shown
by the following figures, furnished me by our Resident Libra-
rian, Mr. W. R. Hall. In 1889 the number of books borrowed
or referred to was 95. In 1890 this number was raised to
108, and in 1891 to 170. During the past year the number
has been increased to 209! The figures speak for themselves,
and show that the value and advantages of the Library are
fully appreciated.
The Balance Sheet which you have just heard read, and
which is appended to this Report, includes, under the head of
Donations, one of £45 from our generous benefactor Mr.
J. W. Dunning, on the anniversary of the 45th year of his
election as a Member, with a suggestion that it might be
applied partly to general purposes and partly to additions
to the Library, which suggestion has been acted upon.
The Subscriptions received for the year 1894 amount to
£309 15s., asum in excess of that for any former year.
Subscriptions in arrear were paid up to an extent exceed-
ing expectations ; but, on the other hand, the amount still
due for 1894 is much in excess of that which is usual at the
end of a year.
The sales of our Transactions have been satisfactory, and
show a notable increase on those of the years immediately
preceding.
In February last the Misses Swann, nieces of our lamented
Honorary Life President (the late Professor Westwood),
handed over the ‘‘ Westwood Bequest”’’ of £250, and it has
been invested in the names of Trustees in Birmingham Cor-
poration 8 per cent. Stock.
Three Life Compositions haye been received during the year,
and invested in Consols. The total sum now so invested
being £455 18s., representing £478 11s, stock.
( xni )
Commencing the year with a balance in hand of £10 6s. 1d.,
this was increased to £29 2s. 7d. on the 31st December, with
no outstanding liabilities; and after carrying forward £7 7s.
for subscriptions received in advance to the credit of 1895, a
result that cannot be considered other than satisfactory.
11, Chandos Street, Cavendish Square, W.
January 16th, 1895.
The Secretaries not having received any notices of objec-
tion, the following Fellows of the Society were declared duly
elected members of the Council for the Session 1895-1896 :—
Mr. George T. Bethune-Baker, F.L.8.; Mr. Walter F. H.
Blandford, M.A., F.Z.S.; Mr. George C. Champion, F.Z.8. ;
Dr. Frederick A. Dixey, M.A.; Mr. Henry John Elwes, F.L.S. ;
Canon Fowler, M.A., F.L.S.; Mr. Charles J. Gahan, M.A.;
Mr. Herbert Goss, F.L.S.; Mr. Robert McLachlan, F.R.S.;
Professor Raphael Meldola, F.R.S.; Professor Edward B.
Poulton, M.A., F.R.S.; Dr. David Sharp, M.A., F.R.S.; and
the Rt. Hon. Lord Walsingham, M.A., LL.D., F.B.S.
The following were the Officers elected :—President, Pro-
fessor Raphael Meldola; Treasurer, Mr. Robert McLachlan ;
Secretaries, Mr. Herbert Goss and the Rev. Canon Fowler ;
Librarian, Mr. George C. Champion.
Mr. Elwes then read his Address, at the conclusion of
which Professor Meldola moved a vote of thanks to Mr. Elwes
for his Address, and for his services as President during
the past year, and he also moved a vote of thanks to the
Treasurer, Secretaries, and Librarian for their services during
the past year. This was seconded by Mr. F. Du Cane Godman,
and carried unanimously. Mr. Elwes, Mr. McLachlan, Mr.
Goss, and Canon Fowler made some remarks in acknowledg-
ment.
¢ xlixe )
ENTOMOLOGIAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.
Balance Sheet for the Year 1894.
RECEIPTS. PAYMENTS.
d. a5 & Bl
Balance in hand, Jan. Ist, Printing Transactions, &c. 216 13 6
1894 . . . + 10 6 1 | Plates, &. 69 16 0
Subscriptions for 1894 . 30915 0 | Rent and Office Ex-
Arrears 1818 0 | penses - ; F Leos
Admission Fees 48 6 0 | Books and Binding . By th
Donations 57 4 6 Investments :—
Westwood Bequest . 7 200) 00 Consols . £47 5 0
Sale of Transactions, &e. 77 5 6 Westwood Bequest 250 0 0
Interest on Investments :— A
Consols £11 8 2 au ee te es 297 5 0
ubscriptions in advance
Westwood Bequest 3 9 a a Bee ATEG ASOE: (a) eat Ae
Life-Compositions . 47 5 © | Balance 292 7
Subscriptions in advance 7 7 0
£841 4 9 £841 4 9
ASSETS.
Subscriptions in arrear. (considered good) £16 16s.
Investments :—
Od,
Cost of £473 11s. 0d. Consols = £455 18s. Od.
Cost of £239 12s. 4d. Birmingham Corporation 3 per cent.
Stock (Westwood Bequest) £250.
LEAB TI TT Hs:
(Nil.)
Ropert McLAcuHian,
Treasurer.
Examined and found correct,
9th January, 1895.
SAMUEL STEVENS.
A. Hueu JoNnEs.
Watter F. H. BLANDFORD.
CHARLES J. GAHAN.
OsBERT SALV:N,
Oe see
ADDRESS,
ETC,, ETC,
GENTLEMEN,
The time has now arrived when, in accordance with
the rules of this Society, I have to resign the Presidency into
other hands, and I do so with less regret, because, as I said
in my address last year, I find that the numerous duties
and pleasures of life, and the greatly increased amount of
business which my connection with agriculture at present
entails, leave me too little time to attend to the work of
the Society ; and because I know that I am resigning it into
the hands of a gentleman who will, as a Fellow of the Royal
Society, resident in London, be able to do much more to
advance the interests of the Society than I can do.
Iam happy to think that, as I leave the chair, the Society
is more numerous, more active, and richer than when I
took it, and hope that it will continue to make as satisfactory
progress in numbers and ability as it has done for some years
past.*
No event of great importance has, so far as I know, taken
place in the entomological world during the past year. The
number of memoirs and papers registered by the indefatig-
able labours of our colleague, Dr. Sharp, in the Zoological
Record, is no less than 1069 against 1026 in the previous
year, and I fear that the difficulty of keeping pace with, and
studying this enormous mass of material, to which I made
* The increase in the number of Fellows is from 254 in 1884 to 383 in 1894.
(Glas)
special allusion in my address last year, continues to in-
crease.
We have not lost by death during 1894 either so many or
such distinguished men as those whose names I had to
mention last year. Of our Fellows, the oldest and best known
is Jonn JENNER WEIR, F'.L.S., etc., who died at Beckenham
in August. He had been a Fellow since 1845, and was a
most regular attendant at our meetings during nearly fifty
years. He was often a Member of Council, Treasurer from
1876 to 1879, and vice-President in 1886. Though not a pro-
lifie writer, he had a large general acquaintance with British
and Exotic Lepidoptera, as well as a good knowledge of
ornithology and botany. Of late years he had formed a fair
general collection of butterflies, which was dispersed at Stevens’
rooms soon after his death. He was a most amiable and
popular man, who will be much missed at our meetings.
Major-General Grorcr Carpen, F.E.5., died at Bromley on
Feb. 12, aged 56, from the effects of influenza. He had
served with the 77th regiment in the Crimean War, and with
the Northumberland Fusiliers during the Indian Mutiny,
and commanded this regiment for some years. Though not
a scientific entomologist, he was a close observer, and an
active collector of British Lepidoptera.
Francis Bucuanan Wuite, M.D., died at Perth, on Dec. 8rd,
aged 52, having been a Fellow of our Society since 1868.
He devoted a great part of his life to the study of natural
history, especially in the Highlands of Scotland; and though
perhaps more a botanist than an entomologist, had con-
tributed many papers on his discoveries to the ‘ Kntomo-
logist’s Monthly Magazine’ and other periodicals. Perhaps
his best known and most important works were his paper ‘ On
the Male Genital Armature in the European Rhopalocera,’
published in the ‘Transactions of the Linnean Society,’ and
a memoir on the Pelagic Hemiptera of the Challenger Expe-
dition. He was for some years President of the Perthshire
Society of Natural Science, and editor of its Proceedings, and,
though not so well known in England, was a leading man
among Scottish naturalists.
Dr. Hearper of Carmarthen, and Winuram Macuin of
ul
(li }
London, were also known as at one time collectors of British
Lepidoptera, but Iam not aware that either has written any-
thing of permanent interest. '
Among foreign entomologists who have died in 1894, I find
but very few names of note. The most eminent perhaps were
Lucien Francois Leruterry, who died at Lille on April 4th,
aged 64. Together with Dr. A. Puron, he probably held the
first place among Hemipterists, and had commenced to pub-
lish a general Catalogue of the Hemiptera of the world,
of which the first part appeared in 1893. He had been a
member of the Entomological Society of France since 1857.
Dr. Jacop Spinepera was a well-known Swedish entomo-
logist, who had written on Hemiptera, and published a mono-
graph of the Scandinavian Psocida, and some papers on
Lepidoptera as well. He was a leading member of the Swedish
Entomological Nociety.
Hueco Tueopor Currstopn died at St. Petersburg on
Oct. 24, aged 63. He was one of the most energetic collec-
tors of insects in Europe, and had travelled extensively for
many years in various parts of the Russian Empire, especially
in Amurland, North Persia, Transcaspia, and the Caucasus. .
A Saxon by birth, he went to Sarepta as a teacher in 1858,
and at once began to make his name well known among
Kuropean lepidopterists. Of late years he had been employed
by the Grand Duke Nikolas Mikhailovitch as curator of his
collections, and had resided at St. Petersburg, except during
the summer months, which he usually spent in the Caucasus.
He had written numerous papers on the results of his expedi-
tions, and described many new species of Lepidoptera. He
will be a great loss to science, as there was probably no one
better acquainted with the Lepidoptera of the Russian Empire.
The subject which I have chosen for my address is one
in which for many years I have taken great interest,
namely, the Geographical Distribution of Butterflies; for
though a great deal has been written of late years on
the distribution of plants, mammals, birds, fishes, and
reptiles, comparatively little has yet been done, so far as I
know, by entomologists to show how far the natural divisions
(a bad 8)
of the earth’s surface which have been established for other
classes are applicable to insects. I think that the pro-
portion of known as compared with unknown insects is still
too small, and the classification of the known species still too
uncertain, to allow the same methods to be applied to them
that have been used for mammals by Wallace, for birds
by Sclater and Sharpe, and for plants by Hooker, Dyer, and
Hemsley; but still I think we might do more than we have
done in this branch of our subject.
Personally, I believe that it is still too soon to investi-
gate, with much hope of success, the reasons for a thousand
curious and apparently inexplicable facts which turn up in
the study of distribution, and of which, I think, the speci-
mens I am showing to-night, in illustration of these remarks,
afford abundant proof; but I hope to draw the attention of
our Fellows, and entomologists generally, to the backward
position we occupy in this branch of zoological study.
No one man has, or could have, sufficient knowledge of all
orders to work out a scheme of geographical distribution for
insects generally ; but we might individually do a good deal to
throw light on the subject, in order to see how far the facts,
as far as we are able to judge, agree with those derived from
the study of plants, mammals, and birds.
T hope eventually to review the subject more completely ; but
in writing of the regions where I have personally travelled and
collected, and of whose butterflies I have a fair knowledge,
namely, Europe, Asia, and North America, I find so many
doubtful and difficult questions, that I thought it best not to
attempt more than a slight sketch of the affinities of regions
like South America, Africa, and Australia, whose butterflies
I know but very slightly, from the writings and observations
of others; and shall, therefore, touch but very lightly upon
them at present.
In attempting to compare the distribution of insects with
that of birds, animals, or plants, we are met by two great
difficulties, which must make any exact definition of the
regions and sub-regions impossible at present. One is the
want of knowledge as to the insect fauna of many of the most
important areas of which the animals, birds, and plants are
(diy)
fairly well-known. The second is the uncertainty of the
elassification which at present exists in many of the most
important groups. It would seem, as far as one can judge
from what we do know, that the families and genera of
butterflies are more cosmopolitan in their distribution than
those of either animals or birds; but this may be partly owing
to the fact that the recognised genera are not so much sub-
divided.
And on the question of sub-division of genera I must say a
few words. Since the publication of Westwood and Double-
day’s work, many years ago, there has been no attempt made,
so far as I know, to revise the genera of butterflies except
in Schiitz’s (continued by Rober) ‘ Familien und Gattungen der
Tagfalter,’ published in 1892, as a volume of the ‘ Exotische
Schmetterlinge ’ of Staudinger and Schiitz.
This is a careful and fairly complete work, based on an
analytical study of the rich collection of Dr. O. Staudinger,
but the genera adopted are so large in many cases, that some
extent of sub-division seems necessary for purposes of con-
venience. The very numerous sub-genera proposed, though
insufficiently characterised, by Moore, Butler, and Scudder,
but in many cases not accepted by other lepidopterists, are
not sufficiently criticised by Schiitz, and genera such as Saty-
rus, containing many divergent species, are adopted en bloc.
Some of our best systematists, of whom Messrs. Godman
and Salvin are the leaders, consider that it is impossible to
sub-divide large cosmopolitan genera such as Thecla in a
satisfactory way when dealing with local faunas, and in this
I fully agree with them. We have a good recent instance
of the extent to which the contrary system may be carried
in Scudder’s ‘ Butterflies of the Eastern United States and
Canada.’ In his preface, p. ix., Mr. Scudder attempts to
justify this practice by saying, “if the characters I
‘‘ have pointed out, as pertaining to such groups and their
‘‘ relations to those placed above and below them, are not
‘‘in themselves a justification, then I have none, and no-
‘‘ words of mine could or should alter such a fact ; if, how-
‘‘ever, these characteristics represent actual categories,
‘“‘andif, at the same time, such groupings make clearer the
Clg)
‘relations which the life histories and the distribution of
‘‘ the groups bear to their structure, then words are not
*“ needed.”
Now let us apply these excellent principles to the way in
which Mr. Scudder has acted.
He allows Gineis maccount to remain in the same genus
with (!. semidea, though there are not perhaps in the whole
genus two species more divergent in their general appearance,
habits, and distribution than these ; maccouni representing a
group characteristic of the Coniferous Forest of the Pacific
coast, the other being typical of the most Arctic form of the
genus, found on high mountain summits and ice-swept coasts.
On the other hand, he makes out of the twelve species of
Thecla found in his region six genera, of which four are said
to be restricted to America, though it is evident that the
author has little acquaintance with the genera of the
Neotropical region. Amongst them IJncisalia is said to be
confined to the United States, but closely allied to the
European Callophrys, Billberg, of which he gives* our Thecla
rubi as type; but does not mention Thecla dumetorum from
California, which is so close to rubi that I cannot distin-
guish them without the labels, and I find much variation in
the characters by which Jncisalia is defined. Thus I am
justified in saying that until Scudder shows us how to
distinguish rubi from dumetorum and Callophrys from In-
cisalia, the latter genus is not at present to be relied on
for the study of distribution.
Moore carries the same practice as far as Scudder, and
though he attempts by analytical tables to characterise his
so-called genera, they cannot be accepted on his authority
alone, though, no doubt, some of them are based on good
characters. In dealing with the Indian Satyrine, he has
apparently, without reference to their allies in other parts of
Asia, Africa, and Europe, sub-divided Ypthima, Satyrus, and
others into many so-called genera bearing names such as
Chazara, Crebeta, Hemadara, Kanetisa, Kolasa, Karanasa,
Thymipa, etc., which being without meaning or sense, are
very hard to remember.
* Scudder, Gen. Butt. in Proc. Amer. Acad. Sci. Boston, 1875, p. 182. _
Cae”)
Tf I adopted them and based a study of the distribution of
Indian Satyrinw on them, I should probably arrive at grossly
distorted and unreliable results.
This being the case in regions which have been well worked,
and of which the butterflies are fairly known, how much
more difficult it is to decide as to regions which, like many
parts of Africa, are almost unknown. I cannot dismiss this
part of the subject without referring to some remarks by
Canon Tristram, F'.R.§., in the Ibis for January, 1895, p. 180.
He says,
‘‘The question is:—is the multiplication of genera, each
‘¢ containing one or two species and those closely allied, an aid
‘‘or a hindrance to the study of the subject? To quote the
‘words of Dr. Bowdler Sharpe on another point in nomen-
‘‘clature, and which I would apply to many of the new-
‘‘fangled genera, ‘An arrangement we shall never adopt,
‘«¢ag we consider it a clumsy and unnecessary method of
“ «nomenclature, and one that in the hands of unscrupulous
‘‘¢ writers may be employed ad lib. to gain a little tem-
‘« «porary notoriety and end in making the study of birds
‘« ‘impossible. Can any science bear the weight of such
‘« ¢a system of nomenclature?’ ”’
I say decidedly, No.
The Rhopalocera are perhaps the best adapted for analysis,
as being better known and less numerous than Coleoptera or
Heterocera, but as soon as you begin to compare lists of butter-
flies from different regions and sub-regions with the object of
‘finding out the proportion of peculiar genera and _ species
characteristic of them, you are at once involved in a host of
minor difficulties arising from the two causes above men-
tioned. And though one is able to give the general features of
the butterfly fauna of many of the sub-regions, one cannot
be sure how far their relative degree of specialization may
not have to be modified by future discoveries and _ better
systems of classification based on larger materials for study.
Shortly after the publication of Dr. Sclater’s classical
paper on the Distribution of Birds, Mr. W. F. Kirby pub-
lished, in the Journal of the Linnean Society, Zool.,
Vol. XL, p. 481, 1878, a short paper on the Distribution
( ivity
of Butterflies, which was, as far as it went, quite in accord-
ance with the facts then known, but is now somewhat out of
date; and, moreover, errs in this respect, that many of the
genera mentioned as characteristic are, from my point of
view, not truly so. For I cannot regard as characteristic
forms, genera which are not present throughout the greater
part of the regions which they belong to, or which are found
in equal abundance in other regions; but rather I consider
those as characteristic which are dominant in number of species,
found almost everywhere in these regions, and not in others,
except in isolated cases or as stragglers.
Dr. Adalbert Seitz has written a long and interesting paper
in the Zoologischer Jahrbucher of Jena, vol. v., pp. 281—
348, on the ‘Geographical Distribution of Butterflies and
its Dependence on Climatic Influences,’ in which he at-
tempts, inter alia, to show that the influence of trade winds
has largely contributed to the abundance and variety of
Lepidoptera in various parts of the world, and, so far as
trade winds have affected the abundance or scarcity of vege-
tation, there is no doubt some truth in this; but this
theory is utterly insufficient to account for many of the most
remarkable features we meet with; and though it is easy
to find facts to prove almost any theory in such investigations
as this, yet Dr. Seitz’s knowledge of many of the faunas
which he mentions in proof of his theory is evidently very
slight. He attributes to the influence of trade winds a fact
which is only partially true, viz., that islands lying in the path
of trade winds eastward of continents, such as Cuba, Mada-
gascar, the Philippines, Borneo, and Formosa, are all very
rich in insects, whilst islands lying to the west of conti-
nents out of the course of a trade wind, are usually poor in
insects.
He ignores the difference between oceanic islands sur-
rounded by deep seas which have probably been long isolated,
and continental islands surrounded by shallow seas which in
former ages were probably connected with continents.
I am myself disposed to consider that the influences which
contribute principally to the development of a large number
of species and individuals of Rhopalocera, are largely climatic.
( apiiy »
In temperate and cold regions, the prevalence of regular
seasons having a warm and sunny summer, with a dry and
cold winter, and in tropical regions abundant rainfall, coupled
with sufficient sunshine, being the conditions which favour
abundance of individuals, A great range of elevation in a
limited area has an overwhelming influence on the number
and variety of genera,
One would reasonably suppose that as the greater number
of Lepidoptera depend on plants alone during their laryal
stage of existence, their distribution would closely coincide
with that of plants. So far as I am able to judge, how-
ever, the general features of their distribution agree far
better with that of birds than with that of plants.
The best general reswmé of the distribution of the plants
I know is that by Mr. W. B. Hemsley, F.R.S., in his intro-
duction to the botanical part of ‘ Biologia Centrali-Americana,’
published in 1888; and I am glad to see that in this
admirable paper the same principle of working out the facts
is adopted that I had previously used in 1873 in my paper
on the ‘ Distribution of Asiatic Birds,’** namely, by per-
centage. Wallace states that nothing like a_ perfect
Zoological division of the earth is possible, and in this I
quite agree with him. But when Wallace, Sclater, and
Sharpe are so nearly agreed, the main difference between
them being that Sclater makes the Pacific region separate
from the Australian, whilst Wallace and Sharpe unite them
as a primary division, it is clear that there cannot be any
great error in their conclusions.
Hemsley suggests two alternative schemes, in one of which
he admits as primary botanical regions the following :—
1. Northern, corresponding to the Palearctic and Nearctic
regions of Wallace, Sclater, and Sharpe.
2. African, corresponding to their Ethiopian region.
3. Indian, corresponding to their Indian region, with the
addition of the Austro-Malay sub-region of Wallace.
* Proc. Zool. Soc , 1873, pp. 645—682.
G chi >)
4. South American, corresponding with the Neotropical
region of Zoologists.
5. Australasian, corresponding with the Australian
region of Wallace and Sharpe, less the Austro-Malay
sub-region, and with the Pacific and Australian region
of Sclater, less the same sub-region.
Hemsley’s alternative primary division, which he says is
more in accordance with the writings of many botanists, is as
follows :—
. Northern Region.
. Neotropical.
. Paleotropical.
. Andean.
. Cape.
» Australasian.
om Ot Hm OO bo Re
In both his divisions he omits two small but exceptionally
interesting floras, namely, those of the Sandwich Islands
and Antarctic regions, which though not large enough to be
treated as primary regions, cannot be consistently included in
either of the others.
Sir Joseph D. Hooker in reviewing Hemsley’s arrangement
on pages lxy.-lxviii. of the same work, states that though he
disputes neither his facts or his methods, yet he differs from
him to some extent in his limitation of the primary floras
of the globe, and divides the world into two primary regions
or Botanical Empires, Tropical and Temperate, which he
again divides into the following regions or Botanic King-
doms :—
1. The North Temperate region of the Old World.
This coincides with the Palearctic region of Sclater,
except that it includes Greenland.
. The North Temperate region of the New World.
. The Tropical region of the Old World.
. The Tropical region of the New World,
. The South Temperate region of America,
. The South Temperate region of Africa.
. The South Temperate region of Australia.
co bo
10 OF ee
( Ix)
Prof. Thistleton Dyer, F.R.S.,in an admirable lecture on
‘Plant Distribution as a Field for Geographical Research,’*
admits three primary floras :—
1st. The Northern Flora, practically the same as Hemsley’s
northern region, which he divides into—
la. The Arctic Alpine.
1b. The Temperate.
1c. The Mediterraneo-Caucasian.
2nd. The Southern Flora, divided into—
2a. The Australian.
2b. The South African.
2c. The Temperate South American.
2d. The Antarctic Alpine.
8rd. The Tropical Flora, divided into —
8a. The Asiatic.
3b. The American.
8c. The African.
There is really no great difference between the views of these
three most competent authorities, except in the value that is
attached by them to primary and secondary divisions.
Hooker, it is true, whose personal knowledge, gained by travel
in many of these regions, which alone will enable ‘a man
to appreciate the physical features of the earth’s divisions in
the highest degree, seems to consider the north temperate
regions of the old and new world as divisions of primary
importance, and in this agrees with most zoologists: whilst
Dyer and Hemsley agree in uniting them. But, judging
from the study of butterflies alone, I say without hesitation
that the Nearctic and Palearctic regions are inseparable, and
that the Nearctic region has fewer peculiar endemic genera
and species than the Mediterranean-Asiatic, or, as I call it,
_ Mediterraneo-Persic sub-region ; and, in consequence, I believe
that the Nearctic or North Temperate region of the new world,
is at best a sub-region or province of the great Temperate or
Palearctic region. It is true that a number of species and
some genera occur all over the United States, which are not
Palearctic, and that in the Gulf States, New Mexico,
* Proc. Royal Geogr. Soc., vol. xxii, 1878.
( ia’)
Arizona, and Southern California these may give an abso-
lutely un-European appearance to the lepidopterous fauna ;
but when you come to examine these elements you will find
nothing, or almost nothing, of an endemic or peculiar
character amongst them.
What you do find are—
1st. A number of stragglers or immigrants from the Neo-
tropical region, belonging to cosmotropical genera, such as
Papilio, Callidryas, Terias, Danais, Junonia, and Thecla.
2nd. A few purely Neotropical butterflies, such as Heliconia
charitonia (in the Gulf States only). Leptalis, one species ;
Meganostoma, two species ; four or five species of Hrycinide ;
one species of Eurema; one of Paphia, and a few others
almost entirely confined to the borderland of Texas and
New Mexico, or to Florida, where the vegetation is sub-
tropical.
8rd. Several species of Phyciodes and Neonympha, which,
though Neotropical rather than European, have extended
their range throughout a great part of the United States, but
of which Phyciodes only is a constantly-present and dominant
genus.
4th. Three species belonging to monotypic genera confined
to very limited areas in the United States, viz., Meniseca
Tarquinius, which occurs in various spots east of the Rocky
Mountains, from Maine to Missouri and Florida, but usually
a scarce or local species; a butterfly of very obscure alliance,
but having a marked superficial resemblance in form and
colour to the curious Malayan Liphyra brassolis, with which
also if agrees in the aphidivorus habit of its larva.
Neophasia menapia, a monotypic Pierid confined to the
pine forests of the Northern Pacific States, and Neominois
Ridingsi, which is found on the western slopes of the Rocky
Mountains.
If we adopt Scudder’s genera, this number would be
increased, but I have shown reasons for not doing so, until
they are better established by a study of the allied forms in
other regions.
Among the Hesperiida, it is true, the apparently Neotropical
element in places overwhelms the Palearctic forms; but in
( xii)
this family the classification is not sufficiently certain to
enable us to analyse the generic distribution, though Watson’s
‘Revision of the Hesperiida,’* based on a somewhat hasty
study of the species in the British Museum, shows that the
majority of the American genera, and some of the subfamilies,
are confined to the Neotropical region.
Among the Heterocera the Neotropical element appears to
be greater than among the Rhopalocera; but here again we
have not sufficient knowledge. Packard, in his Monograph of
the Geometrid Moths of the United States,+ gives a good
account of their distribution (pp. 567, et seq.), with lists of the
species inhabiting the east and west of the United States of
America; but he does not compare these lists with those of
Europe, and the European genera he mentions as not found
in the United States, are probably subject to much modifi-
cation at the present time.
He states, however, two facts, which I can abundantly con-
firm from my personal knowledge of the Western butterflies,
namely, the absence on the Pacific slope of forms character-
istic of Japan and China, and the presence there of some
European types which do not occur in the Atlantic States.
One of the most remarkable facts about the plant distri-
bution of North America is that which has been abun-
dantly proved both by the late Dr. Asa Gray and Sir J. D.
Hooker, namely, the resemblance between the flora of the
Eastern States and that of North-east Asia, whilst almost
every characteristic form in the vegetation of the Atlantic
States is wanting in California. There is, however, as far as
I know, but little trace of a corresponding Japanese or
Chinese element amongst the Lepidoptera, except the
following :—
Midea, Herr-Schaeff, a section of the genus Anthocharis,
comprising four known species, of which one occurs in the
Alleghany States, one in California, and two in China and
Japan ; and Achalarus, of Scudder, of which two species, as
recognized by him, are found in the Southern States east
* P. Z. 8., 1898, pp. 3, et seq.
+ U.S. Geological Survey, Vol. X., 1876.
ll
(Ist)
of the Rocky Mountains, one extending into Mexico,
and the other, A. lycidas, to the southern portions of New
England. Of the remaining species, A. liliana ranges from
the Naga Hills to Yunnan, A. bifasciatus is found in North
China, and three or four more nearly allied species in
Central and Western China.
This is the more remarkable, because of the extraordinary
resemblance between the Lepidoptera of the Rocky Mountains
of Colorado, Montana, and Alberta, and those of Northern
Europe and the Alps. This resemblance was, *I think, first
pointed out by Packard in a paper on the Geographical
Distribution of the Moths of Colorado ;* but it is not there
shown with anything lke the force that later and _ better
knowledge of the high-level insects of the Rocky Mountains
afford.
I have had personal experience of this in two collecting
trips to the Pacific and Rocky Mountain States, and was
astonished at the number of butterflies, identical with or very
closely allied to those of Hurope, which occur at high levels in
Colorado and Alberta, and the small number of species which
belong to non-Huropean genera. I have not yet been able to
bring together the results of these journeys, as I hope to do
when I have explored the higher mountains of Montana,
Wyoming, and Idaho; but I am convinced that many of
the species which have been separated by W. H. Edwards
and others are identical with Kuropean forms.
A few of the most striking examples are shown among the
specimens I have brought here, and I would call special
attention to Lrebia magdalena, lL. tyndarus, FE. epipsodea, FE.
sophia, and Cenonympha typhon among the Satyride;
Argynnis chariclea and A. freya among the Nymphalide;
Papilio machaon amongst the Papilionide ; Colias hecla, C.
nastes, Anthocharis ausonides among the Pieridze, and Pamphila
palamon and Hesperia centauree among the Hesperiidae.
There can be no doubt that the subdivisions proposed by
Dr. Bowdler Sharpe, in his admirable paper on the ‘ Zoo-
Geographical Areas of the World, illustrating the distribution
* Ann. Rep. U.S. Geological Survey for 18738, p. 543, et seq.
( lxiv )
of birds,’* are too minute to be adopted for butterflies, and I
should be disposed at present only to admit the following :—
Ist. The Boreal, which would prebably include his first four
subregions, namely the Arctic, Alaskan, Aleutian, and Cold
Temperate. Though we know almost nothing of the 2nd and
3rd, we cannot expect many Lepidoptera to exist there ; and
the other two, including the higher elevations of the Rocky
Mountains and of California, are inseparable from the Boreal
region of Hurope and Asia, and coincide with the Polar and
British N. Anferican floras of Hooker.
2nd. Sharpe’s Humid Province, which he divides into the
Appalachian and Austro-riparian subprovinces, and which
coincides with the Great Eastern Forest Reyion of Hooker,
of which the Southern, especially a part of the Littoral area,
is so largely tinged with a West Indian element, both in plants
and butterflies, but not apparently in birds, that it forms a
transition area to the Antilles.
8rd. Sharpe’s Arid Province, which includes his Campestrian
and Sonoran sub-Provinces, and the southern part of the
Prairie Region of Hooker, together with the great deserts of
Utah, New Mexico, Arizona, and Western Texas, which is
characterized by the comparative scarcity of most of the domi-
nant northern genera, and shows a Mexican and Neotropical
element by the presence of many Hesperiida, a few Evycinida,
and other genera not found to the north, and for the most
part represented by a few species with Mexican affinities.
This forms a transition area to the Mexican Province of the
Neotropical region, and being almost entirely a region of great
aridity, and without forest, forms, in the same way as the
African Sahara does, a barrier to the northern extension of all
the Neotropical species which inhabit forests.
I have mentioned these divisions in greater detail, because
it is clear, from the remarks of Dr. Dixey in a recent paper in
our Transactions (Trans. Ent. Soc., 1894, p. 822), that there is
* Natural Science, Vol. III., Aug., 1893.
+ The Distribution of the North American Flora. A lecture delivered on
April 12, 1878, before the Royal Institution cf Great Britain. ‘ Gardeners’
Chronicle,’ Aug., 1878.
(dee)
ereat confusion in the minds of some entomologists as to the
affinities of these regions.
Mr. Salvin informs me that the boundary, though some-
what indefinite, must be drawn through Northern Mexico,
and coincides closely with the region of forest.
Judging from the little I was able to see of the butterflies
during the short time I spent in the Highlands of Central
Mexico, at a season unfavourable for collecting, the northern
element is there far weaker than among birds, two species of
Grapta being the principal evidence of it; and is by no means so
well marked as in the high Andes of Ecuador, Bolivia, and
Chili, where several species of Argynnis and Colias are found,
together with other genera resembling, if not very closely
allied to northern forms, which do not exist in the Highlands
of Mexico.
Of the Andean and Chilian butterflies we know too little to
analyse their elements. Butler’s paper,* although probably
very incomplete, is the best on Chili; and Staudinger’s
‘ Hochandine Lepidopteren’ + is of great interest. It seems,
however, pretty certain that the genera do not show anything
like the necessary amount of divergence from those of the
Neotropical region to support the separation agreed in by three
such eminent botanists as Hooker, Dyer, and Hemsley, of an
Andean or Temperate South American region.
What is most remarkable is the existence, at high eleva-
tions in various parts of the Andes, and at sea level in South
Chili and Patagonia, of several genera and species elsewhere
unknown in the Neotropical region, and which are isolated
from their congeners in North America by an cnormous area
of country.
Among these T'rifurcula huanaco is a remarkable species
which occurs in the Andes of Bolivia, at 16,000 to 17,000 feet,
and has a marvellous likeness to Baltia shawi, found at a
similar elevation in Ladak.
Phulia, a genus of three or four nearly allied species, also
* List of Butterflies collected in Chili by T. Edmonds, Hsq., Trans. Ent.
Soc. Lond., 1881, p. 449-486.
+ Iris. Dresden. Band vii., p. 43, 1894.
(. Teya" #)
occurring at great elevations in the Andes and Chili, has a
striking resemblance to Synchloe Dutleri, a species which
accompanies Baltia in Ladak. If similar conditions of envi-
ronment do not produce similar effects, how can these extra-
ordinary cases of resemblance in remote and disconnected
areas be accounted for ?
But the Chilian Satyrid@ are the most numerous and peculiar
of these mountain forms. Of seventy-two species recorded by
Butler from Chili, no less than thirty-two are Satyrid,
including several endemic genera, which resemble if they are
not congeneric with /pinephele, Frebia, and Hipparchia, of the
northern region.
Argyrophenga and Aryyrophorus are two genera of most
striking coloration, on account of the metallic silvery colour
of the upper surface, whose only near ally is the still more
remarkable A. antipodum of New Zealand.
Next I may notice some species of Aryynnis which, though
of a type different to anything in the North Temperate region,
as A. inca and A. cytheris, have not been generically separated,
and four or five species of Colias, a genus which occurs from
Kcuador to the Straits of Magellan.
Of butterflies found on the eastern side of extra tropical
South America, I know none of Northern type except Colias
lesbia, and a species described as (nets antarcticus, Mab.,
which I have never seen. Muryades, however, is a genus
of very remarkable structure, haying an extraordinary
horny excrescence on the abdomen of the female, analogous
to that found in Parnassius, in Luehdorfia from N. EK. Asia,
and in Hurycles from Australia, These four genera are the
only ones in which this appendage is observed, though there
is something like it in Pareba. I showed in my paper on
‘ Parnassius ’ * that this organ was developed during copula-
tion, but its function still remains unknown.
With regard to the butterflies of the Neotropical region I
shall say nothing, as I know too little of them, and they are
better left to those who haye made this region a special study.
Mr. Salvin, the highest authority on the subject, does not
see his way to subdividing it on the butterflies without going
* Proc. Zool. Soc. 1886, p. 6, et seq.
€ levy)
into elaborate statistics, which neither my time nor space
would allow me to introduce here. But his general im-
pression is, that when the forms of the higher Andes and
extreme South are eliminated, no very marked divisions exist.
He points out that the great features of the region as a
whole, when contrasted with the rest of the world, are—the
presence of peculiar subfamilies, such as Heliconine and
Brassoline ; the enormous development of Ithomiine (a
section of Danaiine) to the exclusion of Kuplaine; the
large number of characteristic genera of Nymphaline and
Morphine, as well as of Satyrine; the vast extent of
Erycinida as compared with their poverty in other regions ;
the presence of the highly peculiar Dismorphine (Pieridae),
and wholly peculiar species of Papilionide ; the comparative
poverty of true Lycwne, in place of which Thecla is vastly
developed. And I would add the enormous development of
Hesperiidae.
I find in Watson’s paper on this family, above alluded to,
that out of some two hundred genera recognized by him in
the whole world, about half, including the whole of the sub-
family Pyrrhopyyine and almost the whole of his first section
of Hesperiine, are confined to the Neotropical, while about
seventy occur in the Indian, and thirty only in the Ethiopian
region, And at certain seasons and places, as I found at
Orizaba in Mexico, in March, the species of Hesperiide out-
number the species of all the other families together.
Now let us turn to the Old World section of the Northern
region, of which the butterflies are better known than those
of any other region. Though some of the genera, such as
Satyrus, Pararge, and Lycena, require subdivision to bring
their generic value into accordance with those adopted in
the Indian region, we have no great difficulty in reviewing
them.
I recognize four sub-divisions of this region :—
1. The North American, which I have already dealt with.
2. The Eurasian, which extends from Britain to N. E.
Siberia, and coincides with that adopted by Sharpe.
3. The Mediterraneo-Persic, or Mediterraneo-Asiatic of
Sharpe.
( xvi)
4, The Eastern Temperate, which includes the Mantchurian
and Mongolian provinces of Sharpe in part—though a
great part of these provinces have more affinity with
the Himalo-Chinese subregion, and are difficult to
separate from it. Cf. Elwes on the Butterflies of
Amurland, North China, and Japan.*
The following genera are characteristic of the North
Temperate region.
Parnassius is absolutely confined to it, and has its greatest
development in the eastern part of the Eurasian sub-region,
but is poorly represented by two or three species in North
America.
Doritis, Thais, and Hypermnestra are small genera confined
to, but hardly characteristic of, the Mediterraneo-Persiec sub-
region.
Luehdorfia and Sericinus are strictly confined to, but hardly:
characteristic of, the Hast Temperate sub-region.
Of the Pierina, Leucophasia is confined to, but not specially
characteristic of, any part of it.
Mesapia, Davidina, and Baltia are small genera: confined
to the highest altitudes of Tibet.
Colias is one of the most widely distributed and dominant
genera over the whole region at all altitudes, especially well
developed in Alpine regions, and extending as far north as
any butterflies. It has developed some outlying species in
other regions, as C. nilgherrensis in South India, C. imperialis
in Patagonia (?), and five species in extra-tropical South
America and the Andes. It also extends to various parts
of Eastern and South Africa, but nowhere, as far as I know,
occurs in a strictly tropical climate.
Anthocharis is found almost throughout the region, but is
not well developed in any part of it but the Mediteranean and
North American sub-regions.
Neophasia and Midea I have already spoken of above.
Zegris is still more peculiar, being found only in isolated
localities, namely, Andalusia, South Russia, Turkestan, and
the South-Western States of North America.
* Proc. Zool. Soc. 1881, p. 856.
( tix)
Of the Nymphalina, Argynnis is the largest, most wide-
ranging, and characteristic genus of this region, occurring in
every part of it. It has, like Colias, developed some outlying
species which are somewhat aberrant, namely, 4. hanningtont
in East Africa; A. niphe in India, Australia, and Java; and
three or four species in extra-tropical South America. It
does not, however, like Colias, extend to South Africa.
Melitea, though it occurs in every part of the region, is
more characteristic of Europe and Asia, most of the American
species being somewhat aberrant.
Timelaa is confined to North and West China, where there are
one or two species only.
Araschnia is found from Western Europe to Eastern Asia
and J apan, but not in America; it is hardly characteristic of
any particular sub-region.
Grapta, which is perhaps only a section of the cosmopolitan
genus Vanessa, is found throughout the region, and extends to
the Indo-Malayan region and Mexico in isolated cases.
Limenitis is characteristic of the whole region in a minor
degree, but it is also well-represented in the Himalo-Chinese
sub-region, and on this account should perhaps be excluded.
Of the Satyrinz, Pararge is not a very homogeneous genus,
but its more typical species are widely spread, not, however,
extending to North America.
Canonympha is very widespread and characteristic of every
part of the region, except the Eastern States of North
America, where it is absent, though everywhere present in
the North Western States and California.
Erebia is a very dominant and wide-ranging genus, specially
_ characteristic of Alpine and Arctic regions. There is no
true Erebia outside the region, but two doubtfully congeneric
species are found in the mountains of New Zealand.
' Satyrus is a very well developed and characteristic genus
of the Eurasian sub-region, but is scarce or absent in the
North American and East Temperate.
Epinephele has almost the same distribution as Satyrus,
but is absolutely wanting in North America.
Melanargia is a very well marked and peculiar genus,
characteristic of the Eurasian sub-region ; one or two species
(six 3
extend to Eastern Asia, but none are found in North
America.
(Hneis is somewhat similar in its distribution to Frebia,
and is characteristic only of Alpine and Arctic districts,
though some species in Europe, Asia, and America are con-
fined to grassy steppes having an extremely cold winter
climate.
The Hrycinide are represented only by two small almost
monotypic genera, Nemeobius in Europe and Polycena in
Central Asia.
Among the Lycenide, notwithstanding the general abun-
dance of the family throughout every part of the region,
hardly a single genus can be called characteristic of it, and
only one, which is monotypic, is peculiar to it, namely,
Lasiopsis roboris, confined to South-Western Europe.
Cigaritis and Thestor are two small genera, almost confined
to the Mediterraneo-Persic sub-region, and both seem to be
of African affinity. ;
Chrysophanus or Polyommatus is largely developed through-
out the whole region, of which it is highly characteristic,
though several species are found also in the Himalo-Chinese
sub-region,
Lycena is a very dominant genus, which, until its species
are grouped into the genera adopted by de Niceville on the
Butterflies of India, cannot be analysed for my present
purpose. It is not more characteristic of the region, however,
than of the Indo-Malayan.
Hespertida.—In reviewing the Hesperiidae of this region, to
see how far they may agree with the distribution of other
families, I have adopted the genera defined by Watson. A
careful paper by Dr. A. Speyer on the genera of the European
Hespertide, with special reference to their occurrence in North
America, was published in the Stettiner Ent. Zeit., 1878, pp.
167-193, and is translated by A. J. Lintner in the Canadian
Entomologist, 1878, pp. 121, 144, 163, et seq.
I have not been able to accept the conclusions of this
paper either as regards the genera adopted, or the statement
that no species except H. centauree is common to Europe
and North America, because the materials at Speyer’s dis-
( these 3)
posal were absolutely insufficient for the work he undertook.
Watson’s arrangement, though not by any means final, is based
on amuch wider study, and the revision which I am now
engaged on, with the assistance of Mr. J. Edwards, of his
genera, so far as they are found in the North Temperate and
Indian regions, leads me to prefer it to Speyer’s.
Carcharodus, Hubn. (Spilothyrus apud Staudinger, Pyrgus
in part apud Speyer) has three or four species occurring in
Europe and West Asia, but all characteristic of the Mediter-
raneo-Persic sub-region, and absent from N. America.
Hesperia, Fabr. (Syricthus apud Staudinger, Scelothrix
apud Speyer) is the most numerous of all the genera in this
region, but is cosmopolitan in distribution, though poorly repre-
sented in N. America. Over twenty species may be distin-
guished, and probably more exist, as Mr. J. Edwards, in study-
ing the genital organs of the species in my collection, has
found constant and striking differences, which he considers of
specific value, between H, malva and what is here shown as
H. distincta
Thanaos (Nisoniades apud Staudinger) is widely spread
throughout the region and in N. America, where it seems
most abundant.
Adopea (Hesperia in part apud Staudinger, Thymelicus pt.
apud Speyer), of which A. thawmas is typical, according to
Speyer, occurs sparingly throughout the region, and also in
N. America, if 7’. garita is congeneric, as Speyer asserts.
Erynnis, Schranck (Hesperia in part apud Staudinger,
Pamphila part apud Speyer), is also very widely spread, and
perhaps most of the supposed species composing it may be
regarded as forms of H. comma.
Pamphila, Fabr. (Carterocephalus apud Staudinger and
Speyer), is a small genus represented in Northern Europe,
Asia, America, and E. Tibet.
Heteropterus (Cyclopides apud Staudinger and Speyer), a
small genus peculiar to N. Europe and Asia. Butleria aurei-
pennis, from Chili, seems to be a representative form.
Gegenes, Hubn. (Hesperia in part apud Staudinger, Goniloba
apud Speyer), is a genus of African affinity, only occurring in
the Mediterraneo-Persic sub-region.
() dean? 9
There are also a few species, mostly of Indian genera—but
in one case Achalarus only found elsewhere in the U.S.A.—
which occur in the extreme east of the North Temperate
region, such as Ismene aquilina, Satarupa nymphalis, Aero-
machus inachus, and one small genus, Augiades, of which A,
sylvanus is the type, which has its headquarters in the
Himalo-Chinese sub-region.
Eruiorran Recron.—Of Africa, as a whole, we have less
knowledge than of any other region of so large an extent.
Many collections and local lists of butterflies from various
parts of tropical Africa have been made, but none of them
have any pretension to being at all complete, and, as far as
I can judge, they give no data sufficient to decide whether
the sub-regions which are recognized for birds will hold
good for butterflies. Cf. Kirby.*
It seems, however, that the insects of tropical Africa are
widely distributed from west to east, and extend on the south-
east coast to Natal, whilst those of the more arid parts of
North-Eastern Africa are comparatively poor in endemic genera,
and rich only in species of Acrea and Teracolus. When we
come to South Africa, a country so rich in its flora that it is
considered by botanists to form a region apart, we find the
poverty of butterflies even more striking.
Mr. Trimen’s remarks on the subject are worth quoting.{
‘There can be no doubt that, with the exception of the
‘‘ eastern coastbelt, from about the Kei river to Delagoa Bay
‘‘ and Inhambane, South Africa is very scantily supplied with
‘‘ butterflies.”’ ‘‘ So accustomed are we to associate butter-
“ flies with flowers, that I well remember how much the
‘“‘ dearth of these insects surprised and disappointed me when
‘* first I contrasted it with the unrivalled variety and beauty of
‘* the flora of the Cape district.”
‘* | believe that when the Cape flora comes under investiga-
‘« tion as regards fertilization by insect agency, it will be found
‘‘ that a great proportion of its large and brilliant blossoms are
ee eee to the visits of Diptera, and a good part of the
¥* The ‘Buttartlics and Moths of Africa, a paper read before the V Ak
Institute, June 8, 1889.
+ South African Butterflies, vol. i., p. 42.
( Ixxiii_)
‘‘yemainder for those of Hymenoptera. The great number
‘of densely hairy flower-frequenting Coleoptera in South
‘« Africa must also play a large part in plant fertilization.”
‘© A residence of nearly twenty-five years at Capetown
‘enables me to state with some certainty that the species
‘‘ inhabiting the neighbourhood do not number more than
‘< forty-seven.”
‘© This remarkable poverty of butterflies is rendered all the
‘more striking from the circumstance that twenty-nine of
‘« the species are small Lycenide (twenty-two) and Hesperiide
‘« (seven), and the bulk of the remainder consists of sombre
‘‘ Satyrine (ten) of medium size.”
“It is only when we progress eastward along the belt
‘«‘ between the first mountain range and the sea-coast that
‘the Rhopalocerous fauna finds conditions more favourable
‘for its development. Thus, at Knysna, where extensive
‘ forests of large trees clothe a large area, I collected, during
‘¢ nine months’ residence, sixty-two species.”’
« Across the Kei river, Colonel Bowker collected one hun-
‘‘ dred and seventeen species, and it is only when we reach
‘© D’Urban, on the coast of Natal, that the augmentation in
‘their ranks is remarkable. At this spot the Rhopalocera
‘‘ become a constant and beautiful feature of the scenery.”’
Mr. Trimen goes on to remark that he took in one day,
near Natal, no less than fifty-four species, which, however, is
less than I have taken in one day, with Mr. Salvin, in the
Italian valleys of the Alps.
It is not more easy to account for this poverty at the Cape
than it is in South and West Australia, where, notwith-
standing a rich, varied, and peculiar vegetation, we have
extreme poverty in the Rhopalocera. The desert country
which separates the Cape Colony from tropical Africa on the
north, is, no doubt, a good natural boundary against the
extension southwards of tropical forms, for which the climate
of littoral South Africa would appear to be far better
adapted than the coast of Korea and South Japan are for
the tropical Indian forms of butterflies which we find there ;
or than the coast of New England for some forms of Neo-
tropical affinity which extend so far north; but though the
(. dskiv >)
desert may have prevented the migration from the north, the
tropical coast-line on the south-east would have formed no
obstacle to the extension of many East African tropical species
to the Cape Colony.
It is perhaps a question on which zoologists are not agreed,
whether the Ethiopian region should be considered a region
of primary value or be united with the Indian into a Paleo-
tropical region, as is done by Hooker and in Hemsley’s alter-
native scheme.
Iam not prepared to accept the latter course. There are,
no doubt, a great number of dominant genera, which are
common to both continents; but the almost total absence
of some of the most typical and dominant Malayan genera
in Africa, such as Euplaa, Ornithoptera, Delias, Neptis,
Amblypodia, and the presence in Africa of many large
genera which are almost, or quite, absent in India, such as
Acraa, Euryphene, Romaleosoma, Azxiocerces, Pentila, etc.,
quite outweighs the fact that some rather numerous groups,
such as Mycalesis, Ypthima, Charaxes, Hypolimnas, Eurytela,
are common to both.
Of Madagascar and the Mascarene islands, which, on
account of their many peculiar genera of mammals and
birds, stand quite apart from Continental Africa, I cannot
say much, as the only comprehensive account of the
butterflies we have, by Saalmuller,* is too incomplete to
analyse with profit. A large number of peculiar species
occur, and some of them show Malayan rather than
Ethiopian affinities. It has the only two species of Huplea
which are found out of the Malay region ; also a single species
of Hypanartia and Crenis, which are Neotropical genera. The
beautiful moth Urania Ripheus, is also a striking instance of
a genus found nowhere else but in South America; but,
according to Schatz, Heteropsis is the only genus of butterflies
peculiar to Madagascar.
Inpo-Matayan Reaion, on East Tropica Recion or THE OLD
Wortp.—No other region, except the Neotropical, is anything
like so rich in peculiar, dominant, and characteristic forms
* Lepidopteren von Madagascar, vol. i., Frankfort, 1884.
Coley)
as this. It may be subdivided with greater ease and conveni-
ence than the North Temperate; but, with the exception of
the Himalo-Chinese sub-region, its divisions do not coincide
very well with those adopted by Mr. Sharpe or myself for birds.
What I called the Indian sub-region, and Sharpe calls the Indo-
Peninsular sub-region, has almost no peculiar forms among but-
terflies, which are not equally abundant in, and characteristic
of,a great partof the Ethiopian region. In thecultivated plains
and jungles of Peninsular India, the dominant genera are all
either cosmopolitan, like Papilio, Lycana; cosmotropical, like
Terias, Catopsilia, and Junonia; or abundant in Africa like
Teracolus, Idmais, Danais, Precis, Messaras, Atella, Ergolis,
Hypolimnas, Charaxes, Mycalesis, Ypthima, Aphneus; or Indo-
Malayan, like Delias, Ivias, Eronia, Neptis, Lethe, Elymnias,
Curetis.
Excepting the monotypic Parantirhaa, confined to the
mountains of Travancore, and therefore belonging to the
Indo-Malayan sub-region, I know of no genus of butterflies
peculiar to the Peninsula of India. I will therefore strike it
out, and include it as a province only of the Indo-Malayan
sub-region, forming a link with the Ethiopian region.
The north-western arid part of the Peninsula, including a
great part of Rajputana, Sind, and the Punjab, is in butterflies,
as in birds and plants, an eastern extension of the Mediter-
raneo-Persic province.
An extraordinary case of the recurrence of a species at
widely remote spots in this sub-region is that of Anthocharis
charlonia, which is found in various forms in the Punjab,
Mesopotamia, Transcaspian Desert, Algeria, and in the
Canary Isles (on Fuerteventura), though I have not seen a
specimen from this locality. This range corresponds almost
precisely with that of the Desert Bullfinch, Krythrospiza
githaginea.
The mountains of Southern India, Ceylon, and the Malabar
coast must, however, be included in the Malayan sub-region,
as they have a larger proportion of Malayan than of African
forms, and many of the species found there are peculiar forms
‘of Malayan genera. This part of the Indian region, how-
ever, is poor in species and genera as compared with the
( bexvi 4)
Indo-Malay islands; while the mountains of Ceylon seem
especially poor in peculiar forms.
In Mr. Hampson’s list of the Butterflies of the Nilgiri
district,* only two hundred and seventy-five species are in-
cluded, of which Hestia and Parthenos are perhaps the only
Malayan genera not found in Sikkim. There is only a single
species of Nemeobiine, one of Morphine, and two of Ambly-
podia, all of which are characteristic of the Indo-Malay region.
Zipaetis is, perhaps, the only genus not found in the Hima-
layas which occurs here, and Colias nilgiriensis is a unique
instance of a Northern genus which extends so far south,
showing that an insuperable obstacle has been opposed by the
low and hot plains and the arid hills of the Peninsula to the
extension southwards of either Northern genera from the
north-west or Himalayan forms from the north-east.
The dominant and characteristic genera of the Indo-Malay
region, as a whole, are not very numerous, but for the most
part have developed in the Malay archipelago a great number
of peculiar species.
The following are most conspicuous among them :—
Danais, which, however, is equally well represented in
Africa.
Euplea, which has an immense number of species, and
many groups extend to every part of the region.
Cethosia, Cynthia, and Cirrhochroa, with about thirty species
amongst them.
Neptis, with at least ninety species, many of them confined
to particular islands, but everywhere, except in the Pacific
islands and extra-tropical Australia, a dominant genus.
Athyma and Futhalia, with, probably, over one hundred
species.
Lethe, Mycalesis, Ypthima, and Elymnias are all dominant
genera, but the first is better developed in the Himalo-Chinese
sub-region, and the other three are all represented in Africa.
The important though not numerous family of Morphine
is characteristic of the central parts of this region, though
entirely wanting in continental Africa. Eleven genera
* Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1888.
(xen 1)
and about fifty species occur, of which Hyantis alone with
one species is peculiar to the Papuan islands; as compared
with this we have one genus only, Morpho, with about fifty
species, in the Neotropical region.
The subfamily Nemeobiine are almost confined to this region,
though two genera with three species occur in the North
Temperate region, and four or five species of Abisara occur in
Southern Africa and Madagascar.
All the rest of the Erycinide, about eighty-seven genera
and one thousand species, are peculiar to the Neotropical
region, only a few species spreading to the Southern parts of
the United States.
Among the Lycenide there are many genera which, as far
as at present known, appear to be confined to this region, and
which form a conspicuous and varied element in Indo-
Malayana, but probably many of them will be found to
occur also in tropical Africa when that country is better
known.
Of the subfamily, Liptenidw, only one, the very rare
and curious Liphyra brassolis, occurs in various places from
Sikkim to the Malay islands.
Amblypodia is by far the largest and most characteristic
group among the Lycenidw, and contains with its subgenera
probably as many as one hundred and fifty species.
Zephyrus is very characteristic of the Himalo-Chinese
region to which it is confined.
Satsuma is a Japanese and Chinese genus, which may have
nearer allies in North America than is as yet supposed.
Taraka, Phengaris, and Orthomiella are all monotypic
genera characteristic of the Himalo-Chinese sub-region.
The latter sub-region, which I defined many years ago
when writing on the Birds of Asia (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878,
p. 659), has now been generally accepted as a natural and
homogeneous one, and though the Rhopalocera do not appear
to have developed in it, as many peculiar endemic genera as
the birds and plants have done, yet relatively they are fully as
rich in species.
There are, however, many well-marked and homogeneous
genera entirely confined to the Himalo-Chinese sub-region,
( lxxvim ))
and nearly all of them have a wide range, from the
Himalayas through the mountains of Upper Burmah to the
valley of the Yang-tse-kiang. This is evident from a com-
parison of the list of Chinese. butterflies in Leech’s recently
completed and most valuable work,* with the lists of Hima-
layan and Malayan butterflies given in my paper on the
Butterflies of Sikkim,+ where we find that, out of 477 species
in China, excluding the Hesperiide and a few others which
are quite abnormal in their distribution—
145 belong to thirty-four genera which are highly charac-
teristic of, and twenty-four of them absolutely con-
fined to the sub-region.
84 belong to thirty-six genera characteristic of the Indo-
Malay region generally, of which two genera,
Euthalia and Neptis, contain thirty-three species,
leaving only fifty-one species to the remaining thirty-
four genera.
107 belong to genera of North Temperate type, but most
of these (perhaps more than half) are confined to the
highlands of East Tibet, which more properly form
part of the North Temperate region.
45 belong to genera such as Danais, Ypthima, Melanitis,
Charaxes, Junonia, etc., which are common to the
Ethiopian region, and
96 belong to cosmopolitan genera.
Out of the first category eight genera, all monotypic, are
peculiar to China, namely, Mandarinia, Callarge, Palao-
nympha, Isodelma, Timelaa, Amblopala, Davidina, and
Sericinus. Luehdorfia is found elsewhere only in Japan.
Besides these, the following genera only are not found in
the Himalayas :—
Acropthalmia, which occurs in the Philippines.
Midea inthe United States.
Polycena in Central Asia.
Melanargia in Europe and West Asia.
Phengaris in the Naga Hills.
* The Butterflies of China, Japan, and Corea. London, 1892-94, by
J. H. Leech.
+ Elwes on the Butterflies of Sikkim, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1888, p. 269.
Cj lisse)
The number of genera found in the Himalayas, but not
as yet in China, is greater ; but it must be remembered that
a large part of the very centre of this region, including the
head waters of the Irrawaddy, and the greater part of the
south-western provinces of China, are as yet quite unex-
plored. Most of them are Lycenide of Malayan type.
Among them, perhaps, the following may be mentioned,
and of these, the first two only are confined to the Himalayas:
Anadebis, Orinoma, Zipatis, Elymnias, Penthima, Neurosiyma,
Allotinus, Miletus, Nacadaba, Horaga, Cheritrella, Pontia,
Prioneris, Hebomoia and Eronia.
Of typical Malayan genera, not found in the Himalo-
Chinese sub-region, the following are the principal :—
Hestia, Idaopsis, Erites, Zeuxidia, Xanthotenia, Prothoé,
Terinos, Rhinopalpa, and several genera of Lycanida,
The boundaries of this sub-region are extremely indefinite,
as they depend greatly upon altitude, the region being essen-
tially one of considerable elevation. So far as we know at
present its outlying districts in the high mountains of the
Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Sumatra, and Java, are not as well
distinguished by peculiar mountain forms of butterflies as they
are by birds. Formosa, of which we know almost nothing, is
an island which would probably now repay the exploration of
an entomologist better than any other in the Hastern Seas,
and the recent discovery of a species of Hestia, so far north as
the Liukiu islands, shows that there is much of interest to be
expected there.
The division between the Indo-Malayan and Austro-
Malayan regions laid down by Wallace, and which has since
been generally accepted by zoologists as ‘ Wallace’s line,’ is
much less marked in butterflies than in birds or mammals, and
the few traces of an Australian element, which are found to
the west of this line, are comparatively unimportant.
In Java, Mr. Snellen, who is now engaged in a work on
the Lepidoptera of this island, informs me that though there
is a difference between the butterflies of East and West Java
yet it is not strongly marked. The greater part of the species
are spread over the whole island. Papilio Van de Polli, Pap,
Now, Prioneris philomene, Delias Peribaa, Cethosia Lamarckii,
(“lex
and CU. Leschenaultii, are instances of butterflies which are
common in East but not found in West Java. Tenaris is a
typical Austro-Malay genus found in Java, but not I think
in Sumatra or Borneo. In the island of Nias we find a
purely Indo-Malayan fauna, to which perhaps the most
notable exception is Miletus celisparsus, Butt., a Lycenid of
Papuan type.
In the Philippine group, of whose butterflies we have now
an excellent account by Semper,* I find only a very few
genera which are not characteristic of the whole Indo-Malay
sub-region ; Acropthalmia, Ptychandra, and Hypothecla being
exceptions. Thysonotis and Phrissura are perhaps the only
forms showing Australian affinities.
In Sumba and Sambawa, Doherty’s explorations have
shown an overwhelming proportion of Indian as compared
to Australian types, as I hope to show more clearly when I
have time to work out his collections.
It is only when we come to Celebes and the Moluccas that
any marked change becomes evident, and even here the
difference is nothing like so great as among birds and
mammals.
Wallace, in his classical paper on ‘‘ The Papilionide of the
Malayan Region,’’+ states that Celebes is the most peculiar of
all the islands in the Archipelago, for though it has a smaller
number than either Borneo or Java, no less than eighteen of
its Papilionide are peculiar, whilst Java, Sumatra, Borneo,
and Malacca, with forty-five species, have only twenty-one, or
less than half peculiar.
Wallace shows that of the nineteen groups into which he
divides the Malayan Papilionide, only three, viz., the
Priamus, Ulysses, and Erecthus. groups, are peculiar to the
Austro-Malayan sub-region, and when we come to inquire
what are the elements in this sub-region which connect
it with the Australian continent we hardly find any.
Though far too little is yet known of the insects or even of
the butterflies of Papua and its surrounding islands, to
* Semper, Die Schmetterlinge der Philippinischen Inseln. 1892.
+ Trans. Linn. Soc., vol. xxv (1865).
( <issca)
enable us to analyze their constituent elements, yet I am
strongly of opinion that from my present point of view the
Austro-Malayan sub-region must be attached to India and
not to Australia, and in this case I am in accordance with
the views of botanists. My knowledge of this sub-region
is, however, too slight, and my collection entirely inadequate
to illustrate it this evening, and I therefore propose to leave
the question in abeyance for the present.
We now arrive at a very critical point in the investigation,
which is to see what is the relative value of the Australian
fauna, as compared with those of other regions, and
what is its position as a primary division. I must confess
that Iam unable, from personal knowledge, to answer this
question, as, after taking a general survey of the Australian
Lepidoptera, I was inclined to say that, on their evidence
alone, the Australian region could hardly be said to exist.
But on applying to Mr. E. Meyrick, whose personal knowledge
of the region is extensive, and whose critical accuracy in
describing and classifying the Lepidoptera of Australia makes
his opinion most valuable, I received the following remarks,
which I quote in extenso, He writes as follows :—
*‘Confining myself to the Lepidoptera, New Zealand
‘and Australia cannot possibly be classed together. They
‘“‘have hardly any species in common; the few they
‘‘ have are undoubtedly either (1) recent immigrants from
‘one to the other, or (2) insects of world-wide range, as
‘* Heliothis armigera, or (8) artificially introduced. Their
‘* genera are equally distinct ; no genus is prominent in both,
‘‘ except such as are also prominent throughout all regions.
‘« In fact, on a consideration of general affinity, New Zealand
‘ig really much more related to England that to Australia.
‘*(2) Australia is quite as distinct from the other continents
** in Lepidoptera as it is inmammalsand plants. The follow-
‘‘ing are some instances. A peculiar family of Pyralidina
“(the Tineolide), consisting at present of four monotypic
‘« genera, is confined to Australia (it is more ancient than any
‘‘ Knglish family, being the ancestor of the Pterophoride) ;
“this may be compared with the Monotremata, which consist
‘* of three monotypic genera.
ce
ce
ce
a3
( lexan)
‘*The Ccophorida are enormously developed in Australia
(I have nearly nine hundred species), whilst those known
from the rest of the world do not probably reach a hundred
and fifty. This is a parallel case to the excessive develop-
ment of the Myracea, and of such genera as Acacia. The
Geometrid family Monoctenide are known to have about one
hundred species in Australia, and about thirty in the rest of
the world. The Xyloryctida, a group of Tineina, are perhaps
not entitled to rank as a family, but only as a group of the
Gelechiada. However, in any case they form a natural and
distinct group, including already over one hundred species
in Australia, whilst only one or two others have been found
elsewhere. I could give many other cases of large
genera, or groups of genera, mainly or entirely confined
to Australa.
‘‘A more peculiar case (not, I think, paralleled in other
forms of life) is that of Crambus, which is largely developed
throughout the whole world except Australia and the adja-
cent islands, though Australia is eminently suited for it.
There are two species in Australia, one an insect which
occurs throughout most of Europe, Asia, and Africa, the
other a Malayan and South Pacific species, so that both
must be supposed to have immigrated; in New Zealand
there are about thirty endemic species.
‘**(3) New Zealand is remarkable for its poverty; only.
about six hundred species are known, and there cannot be a
great many more, but probably some have already become
extinct. Most of the groups usually classed as Bombycina
and Sphingina are altogether absent. The larger genera
are all such as are common to all regions. Where, how-
ever, there is a marked affinity in respect of any more
peculiar genera, the affinity is undoubtedly with South
America. There is also a strong archaic element; various
small genera of one or two species, belonging to ancient
types, probably once generally prevalent, but now every-
where nearly extinct. Noticeable genera are—
“« Diptychophora, fourteen species (several others in South
‘* America, one in Australia); Scoparia, sixty species, more
‘‘ than are known from the rest of the world, though the
CIs)
‘genus is cosmopolitan; Heliostibes, three species, only
‘‘ known otherwise from South America. The Micropteryyide,
‘‘ eight species, are only known otherwise from Europe, North
“and South America. Many large families, such as the
‘* Phycitida, are wholly, or almost wholly, absent.
(4) The distinctness of the Australian fauna is to some
“extent masked by the great influx of Malayan species
‘into the northern portions, a comparatively recent phe-
** nomenon.
(5) So far as I am. acquainted with the fauna of the
‘‘ South Pacific islands, it seems very fragmentary and miscel-
‘«¢ Janeous, more Malayan than anything else, but it is very
** inadequately known as yet.”
This evidence is very striking, and if confirmed by other
groups of insects would justify the retention of Australia as one
of the primary regions ; but it must not be forgotten that our
knowledge of these obscure groups in most parts of the world,
and especially in the tropics, is, one may say, infinitesimal,
and though I am quite as ready to attach weight to evidence
drawn from obscure and little-known insects, as from the
more striking and better-known groups, yet the classification
on which the whole theory rests must be sound and well
determined, and I fail to see how any system of classification
can be more than provisional which is not based on a much
greater amount of material than I think Mr. Meyrick at
present possesses.
Lord Walsingham, however, whose special knowledge of
the Tincina of the world gives his opinion great weight, and
to whom I submitted Mr. Meyrick’s remarks, agrees with him,
Provisionally accepting, therefore, Australia as one of the
primary divisions, can it be subdivided ?
New Zealand must, according to Meyrick, stand apart,
though if it is not a province of the Australian region it can
hardly be included in any other.
Its very few species of butterflies comprise one or two wide-
ranging forms which are probably immigrants. The principal
others are
Two endemic species of Vanessa.
( ixxxig,}
Four species of a genus resembling and nearly allied to
Chrysophanus, all of which are endemic.
Two species of a genus allied to Frebia, peculiar to the
mountain ranges of the South Island.
And one very striking butterfly, Argyrophenga antipodum,
whose nearest allies are found in the mountains of Chili. —
Papua and its islands, with the extreme northern pro-
montory of Australia, ought, on the evidence of its butterflies,
to form with the Moluccas and Celebes a province of the
Indo-Malay region ; and the Pacific Islands do not, as far as
we know, possess anything like the number of peculiar or
characteristic forms of insects to justify their separation,
the majority of the Lepidoptera known from them belonging
to very wide-ranging and Malayan genera. Thus we find,
that even if the Australian region is to rank with the other
great divisions of the earth, it must do so for the present
rather on negative than on positive evidence.
I must now conclude what I fear to some of my hearers
has been a somewhat tedious address, but which I hope may
give rise to an interesting discussion at our next meeting.
The specimens illustrating it will be, by the kind permission
of Sir W. Flower, deposited in the British Museum for a
time, in order that they may be more closely examined by
anyone who wishes to do so. If I shall have succeeded in
leading some of our Fellows to pay more attention to a most
interesting branch of our subject, I shall feel, however, that
your time has not been wasted. The subject of distribution
is one which requires sound systematic work as a basis, but
cannot be profitably studied by systematists alone without
some knowledge of the geographical, meteorological, and
geological features of the earth. All of these are essential
aids to the proper consideration and appreciation of the
numerous difficulties we meet with in trying to explain the
facts which are presented to us, and a knowledge of all of
them will add immensely to the interest and pleasure of
travel, which I look on as an essential part of the education
‘of a modern naturalist. .
(. Ixuxy.,
INDEX.
Notr.—Where the name only of the Species or Genus is mentioned, the
description will be found on the page referred to.
The Arabic figures refer to the pages of the ‘ Transactions’; the Roman
numerals to the pages of the ‘ Proceedings.’
The New Genera and Species, and those which have been redescribed, will
be found in detail, but certain of the longer papers are arranged generi-
cally under their headings.
Page Page
GENERAL SUBJECTS .......... _Ixxxv HEMIPTERA ......... oantecttess lxxxvili
APHANIPTERA....se.ssseeeees. XXXVI FELYMENOPTE RA. cc scocccteciess lxxxix
ARACHNIDAsee...ciscenessseneee Ixxxvi | LEPIDOPTERA ..........00 0.0000 Ixxxix
COLEOPTERA ...ceesesccessesee = [XXXVI NEUROPTERA ...cccsvccencseoes xevi
DIPTERA scshiccssisacciesssceses LXEXVIIE ORTHOPTERA cccsscsevssnsentine xevi
oo
GENERAL SUBJECTS.
Annual Meeting, xlv.
Antenne of Insects, some remarks on, xxxiil.
Diloboderus abderus, Eucranium arachnoides, and Megathopa violacea,
notes on, xx.
Emydia cribrum, notes on, xxix.
Formica smaragdina, notes on nests of, xxxiii.
Gandaritis flavata, notes on, xiii.
Lecanium prunastri, notes on, xviii.
Mechanical decoy and spring net, iv.
Pierine, a large number of genera and species alluded to, 249-334.
President’s Address, 1.
Publication of Transactions, Part I., 1894, discussion concerning date of, xxiii.
Sarcopsylla, notes on a species of, xxi.
Selenia lunaria, notes on, xix.
Special General Meetings, xvii, xxiv.
Temperature experiments in 1893, on several species of Vanessa and other
Lepidoptera, ix.
Temperature-variation as bearing on theories of heredity, Mr. Merrifield’s
experiments in, x.
The Westwood bequest, vi.
White ants, notes on a collection of, formed by Mr. G. D. Haviland in
Singapore, viii.
Zygena exulans, notes on, xxvi.
( < lxxxvi )
APHANIPTERA.
Hystricopsylla talpe (?), from Kent, exhibited, xxviii.
Sarcopsylla, species of, from Ningpo, exhibited, xxv.
ARACHNIDA.
Atypus piceus, nest of, from Hastings, exhibited, ii.
COLEOPTERA.
Acanthotomicus, n. g., 89. A. spinosus, n. s., 90.
Adelium nodulosum, n. s., 404.—tasmanicum, n. s., 408.
Anthaxia vitidula, from the New Forest, exhibited, xxix.
Arrhenoptera exilis, n. s., 372.—pygmea, n. s., 371.
Athous rhombeus, from the New Forest, exhibited, xxix.
Australia and Tasmania, Tenebrionide collected in, by Mr. J. J. Walker,
during the voyage of H.M.S. ‘ Penguin’ (G. C. Champion); species
belonging to the following genera described or alluded to :—Adelium,
401. — Alphitobius, 379.—Amarygmus, 407. — Arrhenoplita, 371.—
Brycopia, 405.—Caanthus, n. g., 378.—Cediomorpha, 358.—Cedius,
357.-—Cestrinus, 354.—Chalcopterus, 406.—Coripera, 401.—Corticeus,
369.—Cotulades, 352.—Crypticus, 362.—Decialma, 3 5.—Dinoria,
404.—Diphyrrhynchus, 366.—Dipsaconia, 377.—Docualis, 352.— Ectyche,
397.—Edylius, n. g., 353.—Hlascus, 352.—EHnnebeopsis, n. g., 375.
—Ennebeus, 375.—Ganyme, 377.—Heleus, 882 —Heterocheira, 366.
—Hymea, 397.—Hyocis, 368.—Hypaulax, 389.—Lepispilus, 393.-—
Lyphia, 370.—Melytra, 397.—Menephilus, 390.—Meneristes, 392.—
Micrectyche, 399.—Nyctozoilus, 388.—Omolipus, 398.—Opatrum, 358.
—Palorus, 369.—Paratovicum, n. g., 380.—Phennis, n. g., 399.—
Phycosecis, 364.—Platydema, 373.—Prionotus, 358.—Promethis, 392.
—Pseudocedius, 357.—Pteroheleus, 382.—Saragus, 385.—Scymena,
385.— Synuypetes, 384.—Titena, 396.—Toxicum, 380.—Trachyscelis,
365.—Tribolium, 379.—Ulodes, 377.
Brycopia tuberculifera, n. s., 405.
Caanthus, n. g., 878. C. gibbicollis, n. s., 378.
Cardiophorus equiseti, from Devonshire, exhibited, xviii.
Cestrinus brevis, n. s., 856.
Chreonoma basalis, n. s., 487.
Cicindela mashuna, n. s., 452.
Coccotrypes advena, n. s., 100.—perditor, n. s., 99.
Corticeus australis, n. s., 369.
Cosmema dolosa, n. s., 452.
Cosmoderes australis, n. s., 369.
Crossotarsus chapuwisi, n. s., 129.—concinnus, name substituted for chapuist,
Blandford, 578.—contaminatus, n. s., 1381.—niponicus, n. s., 180.
Cryphalus ewiguus, n. s., 82.
Crypticus submaculatus, n. s., 362.
Decialma erichsoni, n. s., 395.
Diapus aculeatus, n. s., 139.
Dicranocephalus adamsi and D. dabryi, from China, exhibited, viii.
Diloboderus abderus, etc., from La Plata, exhibited, xx.
(¢ Ixexyii: »)
Diphyrrhyncus apicalis, n. s., 368.—ellipticus, n. s., 367.
Dryocetes, new species described :—afinis, 93.—dinoderoides, 97.—luteus,
94.—mestus, 95.—nobilis, 95.—pilosus, 92.
Ectyche cerulea, n. s., 397. P
Edylius, n. g., 353. EB. canescens, n. 8.5 854
Eidophelus minutus, n. s., 88.
Ennebeopsis, n. g., 375. E. pruimosus, n. s., 376.
Ennebeus australis, n. s., 375.
Genyocerus adustipennis, and other Japanese Coleoptera alluded to, 53-55.
Glenea cantor, n. s., 488.
Eelops swperbus, and a large number of other Corsican Coleoptera, alluded
to, 229,
Hylastes ambiguus, n. SAY (-
Hylesinus, new species described :—cingulatus, 67.—costatus, 63.—lati-
collis, 65.—nobilis, 64.—scutulatus, 67.—tristis, 66.
Hyocis subparallela, n. s., 363.
Hyorrhyncus, n. g., 58. H. lewisi, n. s., 60.
Hypothenemus expers, un. 8.4 85.—peritus, n. s., 84.
Japan, Rhynchophorous Coleoptera of (W. H. Blandford), species belonging
to the following families and genera described or alluded to :—
Acanthotomicus, n. g., 89.—Coccotrypes, 98.—Cosmoderes, 85.—
Crossotarsus, 129.—Cryphalus, 82.—Crypturgus, 82.—Diapus, 139.
—Dryocetes, 91.—Eidophelus, 88.—Genyocerus, 141.—Hylastes, 56.—
Hylesinus, 63, Hyorrhyncus, n. g., 58._-Hypothenemus, 83.—Myelo-
philus, 58.—Phleosinus, 68.—Pityophthorus, 87.—Platypus, 133.—
Platypini, 127.—Polygraphus, 74.—Scolyto-platypini, 126.—Scolyto-
platypus, 126.—Scolytus, 77.—Spherotrypes, n. g., 61.—Tomicus, 89.
—Trypodendron, 124,—Xyleborus, 100.
Longicorn Coleoptera obtained by Mr. J. J. Walker, during the voyage of
H.M.S. ‘Penguin’ (C. J. Gahan); species belonging to the following
families and genera described or alluded to:—Hgosoma, 481.—
Miolesthes, 482.—Agapanthia, 485.—Apriona, 484,—Aristobia, 483.—
Aromia, 482.—Batocera, 483.—Blepepheus, 433.—Cerambycide, 481.
—Cerambyx, 482.—Ceresium, 482.—Chreonoma, 486.—Clytantus, 482.
—Clytus, 482.—Coptops, 484.—Cyriocrates, 483.—Dere, 482.—Dorca-
dida, 483.— Epepeotes, 483. — Erythrus, 482. — Eurypoda, 481.—
Ezocentrus, 485.—Gerania, 484.—Glenea, 485.—Gnatholea, 482.—
Gnoma, 484.—Hestima, 484.—Himantocera, 484.—Lamiide, 483.—
Linda, 486.—Melanauster, 483.—Monohammus, 483.—Oberea, 486.—
Olenecamptus, 484.—Philus, 481.—Phytecia, 485.—Polyzonus, 482.—
Prionide, 481.—Psacothea, 483.—Pterolophia, 484.—Pyresthes, 482.
—Rhytidodera, 482.—Ropica, 485.—Rosenbergia, 484.—Sternoplistes,
483.—Sybra, 485.—Tetraglenes, 485.—Xenolea,483.—Xystrocera, 481.
Lyphia tasmanica, n. s., 370.
Megacephala regalis, alluded to, 447.
Menephilus ruficornis, n. s., 391.
Myrmecoptera, new species described :—angusticollis, 448.—formosa, n.s.,
451.—invicta, 452.—mashuna, 449.—marshalli, 150.
Nyctozovlus sexcostatus, n. s., 388.
( Ixxxvili )
Oberea walkeri, n. s., 487.
Omolipus cyaneipennis, n. s., 394.
Opatrum, new species described :—dispersum, 3861.—torridum, 359.—
vagabundum, 361.—walkeri, 360.
Paratovicum, n. g., 380. P. iridescens, n. s., 881.
Phennis nigricornis, n. s., 382.
Phleosinus, new species described :—dubius, 70.—minutus, 71.—pulchellus,
69 —rudis, 73.—seriatus, 72.
Pityophthorus jucundus, n. s., 87.
Platydema bicinctum, nu. s., 873.—deplanatum, un. s., 374.
Platypus, new species described :—calamus, 187.—hamatus, 188.—lewisi,
134.—modestus, 133.—severini, 1386.
Polygraphus miser, n. s., 76.—oblongus, n. s., 75.—provimus, n. s., 75.
Pteroheleus nigricornis, n. s., 382.
Rhina barbirostris, from Honduras, exhibited, xviii.
Ropica squamosa, n.s., 486.
Saragus bicarinatus, n. s., 385.—intricatus, n. s., 386.
Scolyto-platypus shogun, n. s., 126.
Scolytus, new species described :—agnatus, 78.—aratus, 79.—claviger, 80.—
esuriens, 77.—frontalis, 79.
Spherotypes, n.g., 61. 8S. globulus, n. s., 63.—pila, n.s., 62.
Synapius filiformis, and other Coleoptera, exhibited, xxxii.
Titena tasmanica, n. s., 396.
Trypodendron pubipenne, n. s., 125.—sordidum, n. 8., 577.
Velleius dilatatus, from the New Forest, exhibited, xxix.
Xyleborus, new species described :—adumbratus, 115.—amputatus, 575.—
apicalis, 105.—aquilus, 109.—attenwatus, 114.—bicolor, 118.—con-
cisus, 107.—cucullatus, 121.—defensus, 118.—exesus, 119.—galeatus,
123.—germanus, 106.—interjectus, 576.—lewisi, 104.—minutus, 116.—
muticus, 112.—mutilatus, 103.—orbatus, 128.—praevius, 110.—schau-
fussi, 117.—seriatus, 111.
DIPTERA.
Mallota eristaloides, from the New Forest, exhibited, xxv,
HEMIPTERA.
Bolbonota auro-sericea, n. s., 417.—rufo-notata, n. s., 416.
Dorydium westwoodi, notes on, 411.
Enchotype concinna, n. s., 419.
Helopeltis theivora, description of male, 31.
Hemiptera from Corsica, alluded to, 243.
Hille ecuadorensis, n.s., 420.
Hoplophora unicolor, n. s., 419.
TLecanium prunastri, exhibited, xviii.
Lucilla intermedia, n.s., 421.
Orthocephalus championi, n. s., 247.
Paradarnoides, n. g., 422.—P. ignipes, nu. s., 424.—severini, n. s., 423.
Potnia concinna, n. 8., 419.—perobtusa, n. s., 419.
( izemix”)
Serinetha augur, exhibited, xv.
Telamona prealta, n.s., 420.—ruficarinata, n. s., 421.
Triquetra obtusa, n. 8., 417.
Tropidoscyta transiens, n. s., 415.
HYMENOPTERA.
Allea, 504. A. contracta, 505.
Alysia, 507. A. atra, 5138.—fuscipennis, 511.—incongrua, 516.—loripes,
511.—lucicola, 516.—mandibulator, 513.—manducator, 508.—rufidens,
510.—similis, 512.—sophia, 515.—soror, 510.—tipulae, 514.—trun-
cator, 514.
Aphaerete, 522. A. cephalotes, 528.
Clasmodon, 500. C. apterus, 500.
Cratospila, 506. C. circe, 506.
Formica smaragdina, alluded to, xxxiii.
Idiasta, 521. I. maritima, 521.—nephele, 522.
Panerema, 501. P. inops, 501. =
Pentaplewra, 519. P. angustula, 520.—fuliginosa, 520.—pumilio, 520.
Phenocarpa, 524. FP. conspurcator, 531.—eugenia, 5380.—eunice, 532.—
flavipes, 533.—galatea, 530.—livida, 533.—maria, 529.—nina, 582.—
picinervis, 527.—pullata, 526.—punctigera, 526.—pratellae, 531.—rufi«
ceps, 528.—tabida, 527.
Pimpla bridgmani, n. s., from Devonshire, exhibited, xxxii.
Praon absinthii, n. s., from Devonshire, exhibited, xxxii.
Synerasis, 502. S. fucicola, 502.—halidati, 503.
Tanycarpa, 517. T. ancilla, 518.—gracilicornis, 517.—rufinotata, 518.
Trachyusa, 508. T. aurora, 504.
LEPIDOPTERA.
Addaea probolopis, n. 8., 477.—syndesma, n. 8., 478.
Adela satrapodes, n. s., 26.
Agrotis alexandriensis, n. s., 37.—nili, n. 8., 38.
Alexandria, Lepidoptera from the neighbourhood of (G. T. Bethune-Baker),
species belonging to the following genera described or alluded to :—
Acherontia, 34.—Acidalia, 44.—Agdistis, 50.—Agrotis, 37.—Alucita, 50.
— Ancylolomia, 48.—Anthocharis, 33.—Anthophilodes, 47.—Arrarde,
44.—Bombyz, 36.—Botys, 47.—Bryophila, 47.—Caradrina, 42.—Cero-
cala, 43.—Chilo, 48.—Cidaria, 45.—Cletthara, 35.—Colias, 33.—Cossus,
36.—Crambus, 48.—Crocidosema, 50.—Cucullia, 42.—Danais, 34.—
Deilephila, 35.—Deiopeia, 35.—Deudorix, 33.—Duponchelia, 48.—
Earias, 35.—Emnatheudes, 50.—Erastria, 43.—Eriopus, 41.—Eromene,
49.—Eupithecia, 45.—Eurychreon, 47.—Fidonia, 45.—Grammodes, 43.
—Hapsifera, 50.— Heliophobus, 40. — Heliothis, 42.—Hellula, 47.—
Hesperia, 34.—Hypena, 44.—Hypotia, 4}.—Leucanitis, 43.—Lycena,
33.—Macaria, 44.—Mamestra, 39.—Murgarodes, 47.—Megasoma, 37.—
Melissoblaptes, 50.—Metasia, 47.—Miana, 41.—Mnesivena, 45.—Nenio-
ria, 44.—Nola, 35.—Nymphula, 48.—Ocnogyna, 36.—Odontia, 47.—
Orgyia, 36.—Orobena, 47.—Pericyma, 43.—Plusia, 42.—Prodenia, 42.
CG x6%)
Pseudophia, 43.—Psyche, 36.—Scardia, 50.—Schenobius, 48.—Sesamia,
42.—Spintherops, 44.—Sphinw, 34.—Sterrha, 45.—Synclera, 47.—Talis,
47.—Thalpochares, 43.—Thestor, 33.—Tinea, 50.—Vanessa, 34.
Ammatho disticha, n. s.,2.—epieantha, n.:s., 2.
Anacampsis scutata, n. s., 14.—wollastoni, n. s., 545.
Analthes pyrrhocoma, n. s., 460. :
Anisoctena, n. g., 455. A. synomotis, n. s., 456.
Anisodes dotilla, n. s., 179.—heydena, n. s., 178.
Antiolopha, n. g., 25. A. hemiconis, n.s., 25.
Anydraula wanthobathra, n. s., 474.
Aporandria, n. g., 174.
Arctia menthrastt, vars. of, from North Scotland, exhibited, xxvii.
Arctoscelis, n. g.,22. A. epinyctia, n. s., 28.
Argynnis aglaia, var. charlotta, from the New Forest, exhibited, iv., xvi.
Aripana glaucias,n. s., 459.
Arrarde parva,n. s., 44. '
Balanotis euryptera, n. s., 476.
Blastobasis decolorella, 548.—desertarum vayr., radiata, n. v., 550.—laver-
nella, n. s., 547.—lignea, n. s., 550.—lignea, var., adustella, n. v., 551.
Boarmia ratotaria, n. s., 216.
Botys atlanticum, n. s., 584.—maderensis, n. 8., 584,
Bryophila fraudatricula var., pallida, n. v., 37.
Cacamoda, n. g., 172.
Cacoecia podana, exhibited, xix.
Callocasta, n. g., 218. ,
Caradrina mediterraneae, n. s., 42.
Carige zalska, n. s., 185.
Cataclysta mesorphna, n. s., 10.—nyctopis, n. s., 475.
Chelonia caja, var. from Abbots’ Wood, exhibited, xvi.
Chilo dubia, n. s., 48.
Cidaria bareconia, n. s., 189.
Cistidia luoifera, n. s., 211.
Cladodes arotrea, n. s., 15.
Cletthara littora, n. s., 33.
Comocritis, n. g., 24. C. olympia, n.s., 24.
Cossus L-nigrwm, n.s., 36.
Crambus afra, n. s., 49.—alerandriensis, n. s., 48.—atlanticus, 585.
Crasigenes, n. g., 476. C. nicrospila, n. s., 477.
Crocallis heydena, n. s., 208.
Crypstiptya, n. g., 463.
Dasyscopa, n. g., 464. D. homogenes, n. s., 464.
Deilinia luteifrons, n. s., 193.
Dithalma mecysma, n. s., 179.
Donacaula chlorosema, n. s., 11.
Ectropis planaria, n. s., 22i1.—simplaria, n. s., £21.
Emydia cribrim, exhibited, xxix.
Endographis, n. g., 464. HE. acrochlora, n.s., 455.
Endotricha orthotis, n. s., 476.
Epiplema ocusta, n. s., 165.—sreapa, n. s., 166.
Hpistetus, n. g., 552. EH. divisus, n. s., 552.—pica, n. 8., 558.
( xc)
Eriocephala calthella, larva of, alluded to, 335.
Eucrostes kafebera, n. 8., 177.
Eupterote avesta, n. s., 157.—calandra, n. s., 157.
Fascellina cyanifera, n. s., 201.
Fidonia megiaria var., obscwraria, n. v., 40.
Gastropacha quercifolia, larve of, exhibited, xvi.
Geoglada, n. g., 184. G. helicola, n. s., 184.
Gracilaria chalcanthes, n.s., 25.
Gyadroma, n. g., 220.
Heliophobus marsdeni, n. s., 40.
Herculia psamathopis, n. s., 11.
Hierangela, n. g.,14. H. erythrogramma, n. s., 15.
Homosaces, n. g., 20. H. anthocoma, n. 8., 21.
Hyalobathra dialychna, n. s., 7.
Hydrocampa oxygona, n. s., 470.
Hypochrosis venusa, n. s., 197.
Hypochrysops scintillans, female described, 143.
Hyponomeuta bakeri, n. s., 542.
Hypotia bilinea, n. s., 46.
Hypulia, n. g., 205.
Icterodes fasciata, n. s., 211.
Iotaphora, n. g., 168.
Ischnoscopa, n. g., 464. I. chalcozona, n.8., 464.
Khasia Hills, Lepidoptera from the (Col. Swinhoe) ; species belonging to
the following families and genera described or alluded to :—Abragas,
212.—Abrazinez, 211.—Absala, 170.—Acherontia, 146.—Acherontiine,
146.—Achrosis, 198. — Acidalia, 180. — Acidaliide, 178.—Acosmeryz,
147.—Actias, 152.—Agathia, 173.—Alex, 184.—Amana, 164.—Ambly-
chia, 215.—Ambulycine, 147.—Ambulyz, 147.— Amraica, 213.—
Anisodes, 178.—Anonychia, 222.—Antherea, 153.—Antheua, 160.—
Anthyperythra, 204.—Anthyria, 191.—Anticyra, 160.—Apha, 156.—
Apocalypsis, 151.—Aporandria, n. g., 174.—Ardonis, 186.—Arichanna,
222.—Aropteris, 163.—Ascotis, 221.—Astacauda, 220.—Asthena, 192.—
Attacus, 152.—Azurea, 164.—Bapta, 198.—Baradesa, 158.—Bardanes,
J87.—Berta, 177.—Besaia, 161.—Boarmia, 216.—Boarmiide, 192.—
Bombycide, 154.—Brahmexa, 154.—Brahmzide, 154.—Buzura, 214.—
Caberodes, 195.—Cacamanda, 172.—Calcula, 212.—Callocasta, n. g.,
218.—Calymnia, 147.—Cambogia, 187.—Carige, 185.—Cassyma, 210.—
Catascia, 218.—Catoria, 218.—Ceira, 160.—Celeraena, 168.—Ceph-
nodes, 152.—Cerura, 160.—Chexrocampa, 148.—Chzrocampine, 147.—
Chatamla, 164.—Chlorodontoptera, 171.—Chorodna, 214.—Chrysocras-
peda, 180.—Cidaria, 189.—Cistidia, 211.—Collix, 185.—Corymica, 206.
Craspedia, 181. — Cricula, 154. — Crisiala, 214, — Crocallis, :02.—
Crocota, 204.—Cryptoloba, 188.—Cymatophoride, 162.—Dalima, 197.
Daphnis, 150.—Darisa, 219.—Decetia, 164.—Defoa, 182.—Deilinia,
193.—Deiliniine, 193.—Dirades, 166.—Dithalma, 179.—Dreata, 155.—
Dudusa, 158.—Dysethia, 187.—Ectropis, 221.—Eilicrinia, 199.—Elibia,
150.—Elphos, 215.—Ennominez, 197.—Epiceia, 162.—Epicoptide,
162.—Epione, 205.—Epiplema, 165.—Epiplemide, 164.—Epipristis,
171. — Epirrhoe, 188. — Eptsophthalma, 172. — Erebomorpha, 214,—
Fs e bs
(xem 4
Erithrolophus, 180.—Eubyja, 213.—Euchloris, 174.—Eucrostes, 176.—
Eumelia, 167.—Eupithecia, 186.—Eupterote, 156.—Eupterotidx, 155.—
Euschema, 169.—Eustroma, 190.—Fascellina, 141.—Fentonia, 141.—
Gangarides, 155.—Gandaritis, 191.—Ganisa, 156.—Gareus, 202.—
Gargetta, 158.—Gaurena, 162.—Gelasma, 175.—Geoglada, n. g., 184.—
Geometridx, 169.—Gonanticlea, 184.—Gurelca, 151.—Gyadroma, n. g.,
220.—Habrosyne, 162.—Hemerophila, 219.—Herochroma, 171.—Hetero-
locha, 203.—Heteromiza, 199.—Heterostegane, 195.—Hirasa, 219.—
Hyalinetta, 202.—Hypereschra, 160.—Hyperythra, 204.—Hypochrosis,
197.—Hyposidra, 202.—Hypulia, n. g., 205.—Hyria, 182.—Ichthyura,
161.—Icterodes, 211.—Iotaphora, n. g., 168.—Krananda, 210.—Laci-
niodes, n. g., 188.—Langlia, 146.—Larentiide, 184.—Lassaba, 219.—
Lissolica, 172.—Lobophora, 187.—Loepa, 153.—Lophopteryx, 161.—
Lovochila, 174.—Luwiaria, 206.—Lygranoa, 187.—Macaria, 207.—
Macariine, 206.—Macroglossa, 151.—Macroglossine, 151.—Mavzates,
172.—Medasina, 217.—Megalochlora, 174.—Menocteniidx, 1(6.—Meso-
trophe, 178.—Metaschalis, 161.—Metrocampa, 203.—Micronia, 163.—
Micronidia, 163.—Microniidx,163.—Micronissa, 195.—Milionia, 213.—
Myrteta, 194.—Nagadara, 199.—Naza, 168.—Nemoria, 176.—Nephele,
151.—Netria, 161.—Nisaga, 157.—Noreia, 167.—Notodontide, 158.—
Nyctalemon, 162.—Ocinara, 154.—C@nospila, 176.—Ophthalmodes, 215.
—Orbasia, n. g., 222.—Orsonoba, 201.—Orthostyxidx, 167.—Orudiza,
.166.—Ozola, 167.—Pachyodes, 169.—Palirisa, 155.—Paradecetia, 164.
—Paralophia, 190.—Paricterodes, 211.—Peratophyga, n. g., 204.—
Percnia, 212.—Pericallia, 205.—Perixera, 178.—Petelia, 194.—Phalera,
158. — Phibalapteryx, 186. — Photoscotosia, 191. — Plemyria, 188. —
Plutodes, 195. — Polynesia, 188.—Polyploca, 162.—Pomasia, 191.—
Porstca, 159. — Prionia, 198. — Problepsis, 183. — Protoparce, 150. —
Pseudangerona, 218.—Pseuderythra, n. g., 204.—Pseudodolbina, 151.—
Pseudojana, 156.—Pseudomicronia, 163.—Pseudopterna, 170.—Pseudo-
sphinz, 150.— Psilaleis, 222. — Psilocambogia, 192.— Psyra, 202. —
Pydna, 159.—Racotis, .217.—Rambara, 168.—Remodes, 185.—Rhodo-
metra, 192.—Rodostrophia, 181.—Rhopalopsyche, 151.—Runeca, 183.—
Rutterellona, 220.—Salassa, 153.—Sarcinodes, 166.—Sataspes, 152.—
Saturnia, 153.—Saturniidae, 152.—Scardamia, 204 —Scotopteryx, 22°.
—Scotosia, 191.—Sirinopteryzx, 193.—Smerinthine, 146.—Somatina, 182.
—Somera, 160.—Spatalia, 161.—Sphingide, 146.—Sphingine, 150.—
Spilopera, 199.—Stegania, 195.—Streptopteron, 180.—Strophidia, 163.
—Synegia, 205.—Synegiodes, 180.—Tagora, 155.—Tanaorhinus, .73.—
Tarsolepis, 158.—Tasta, 194.—Tephrina, 210.—Thalera, 176.—Thale-
rura, n. g., 175.—Theretra, 150.—Thinopteryx, 193.—Thyatira, 162.—
Timandra, 177.—Tosaura, 169.—Trirachopoda, 178.—Trygodes, 184.—
Turnaca, 159.—Uraniidx, 162.—Urapteroides, 163.—Urapterygine, 192.
—Urapteryx, 192.—Xandrames, 217.—Xanthorrhoé, 188.—Xeropteryx,
193.—Zamarada, 210.—Zeheba, 210.—Ziridava, 186.
Taciniodes, n. g., 128.
Laverna rebeli, n. s., 554.
Lecithocera pachyntis, n. s., 17.
Iimacodes testudo, larva of, alluded to, 345.
Lissolica, n. g., 172.
(- ‘xen *)
Loxocorys, n. g., 6.
Lycaena adonis and corydon, vars. exhibited, xv.—egyptiaca, n. s., 33.
Macaria oliva, n. s., 207.
Madeira Islands, Pterophoride, Tortricide, and Tineide of (Lord Walsing-
ham); species belonging to the following families and genera described
or alluded to:—Alucita, 539.—Anacampsis, 544.—Asychna, 555.—
Bactra, 540.—Bedellia, 542.—Blastobasine, 546.—Blastobasis, 547.—
Bryotropha, 544.—Carpocapsa, 540.—Carposina, 540.—Chauliodus, 554.
—Choreutis, 545.—Conchylidine, 540.—Cosmopterygine, 555.—Cos-
mopteryx, 555.—Depressaria, 546.—Depressariane, 546.—Endrosis, 546.
—Rpistetus, n. g., 552.—Gelechiane, 543.—Glyphipterygine, 545.—
Glyphipteryx, 545.—Gracilaria, 555.—Gracilarianez, 555.—Grapholitha
540.—Grapholithine, 540.—Hypatima, 554.—Hyponomeuta, 542.—
Hyponomeutine, 542.—Laverna, 554.—Luvernine, 554.—Lita, 5438.—
Lithocolletis, 555.—Luonetiane, 555.—Ccophora, 546.—Q@cophorine,
546.—G@nophila, 542.—Ozxyptilus, 538.—Paedisca, 540.—Phyllobrostis,
555.—Plutella, 543.—Plutelline, 543.—Platyptilia, 538.—Pterophoride,
538.—Siganorosis, 546.—Simethis, 545.—Sitotroga, 544,—Steganop-
tycha, 541.—Tinea, 541.—Tineidx, 541.—Tineine, 641.—Tineola, 542.
—Tortricide, 5389.—Tortriv, 589.—Trichophaga, 541.
Madeira Islands, Pyralids, Crambidew, and Phycide of (G. T. Bethune-
Baker) ; species belonging to the following genera described or alluded
to: — Acheraea, 586.— Aglossa, 581.— Asopia, 581.—Botys, 583.—
Crambus, 585.— Diasemia, 585. — Ephestia, 583. — Eromene, 586.—
Galeria, 586. — Hellula, 583. — Margarodes, 585. — Myelois, 586. —
Nomophila, 585.—Scoparia, 581.
Malay Archipelago, Pyralidina from the (KE. Meyrick); species belonging to
the following families and genera described or alluded to :—Addza, 477.
—tholivx, 461.—Agathodes, 467.—Agrotera, 461.—Analthes, 460.—
Anisoctena, n. g., 455.—Anydraula, 474.—Archernis, 467.—Aripana,
459.—Balanotis, 476.—Caprinia, 468.—Cataclysta, 475.—Cnaphalo-
crocis, 467.—Cometura, 468.—Conogethes, 459.—Coptobasis, 457.—
Crambide, 480.—Crambus, 480.—Crasigenes, n. g., 476.—Crypsiptya,
n. g., 463.—Cymoriza, 470.—Dasyscopa, n. g., 464.—Diasemia, 467.—
Diathrausta, 467.—Dichocrocis, 461.—Diplopleustis, 477.—Endogra-
phis, n. g., 454.—Endotricha, 476.—Ephestia, 479.—Galleriadxe, 479.—
Hydriris, 468.—Hydrocampa, 470.—Ischnoscopa, nu. g., 464.—Isocen-
tris, 464.—Margaronia, 456.—Margarosticha, 474.—Meroctena, 460.—
Merotoma, n. g., 460.—Metasia, 465.—Metasiodes, n. g., 465.—Meto-
portha, n. g., 463.—Mivophyla, 470.—Myelois, 479.—Nausinoé, 468.—
Nistra, 468.—Nosophora, 459.—Notarcha, 461.—Nymphula, 470.—
Oligernis, n. g., 470.—Orphnophanes, 469.—Pagyda, 467.—Perisyn-
trocha, n. g., 469.—Phlyctaenia, 463.—Phycitide, 479.—Pinacia, 4 8.
—Platamonia, 468.—Pleonectusa, 468.—Pleuroptya, 463.—Prasinoxena,
n. g., 479.—Pterygisus, 470.—Ptilaeola, 467.—Pyralidide, 476.—
Pyralis, 476.—Pyrausta, 463.—Pyraustide, 455.—Rehimena, 459.—
Sagariphora, n. g., 460.—Salebria, 479.—Saroscelis, n. g., 461.—
Schoenobius, 475.—Scirpophaga, 475.—Siculodes, 478.—Siculodide,
477.—Siriocauta, 468.—Stegothyris, 467.—Stenia, 465.—Symmoracma,
( :xeiv })
n. g., 469.—Syngamia, 467.—Syntomodora, un. g., 467.—Tabidia, 467.
—Tylostega, n. g., 457.
Mamestra abbas, n. s., 40.—afra, n. s., 39.
Margaronia callizina, n. s., 5.—sphenoscoma, n. s., 406.
Melasina ochrocoma, n. s., 26.
Merotoma, n. g., 460.
Metasia hilarodes, n. s., 465.—zanclogramma, n. s., 8.
Metasiodes achromantias, n. s., 465.—calliophis, n. s., 466.—heliaula, n. 8.,
8.—eazalis, 466.—tholeropa, n.s., 466.
Metoportha, n. g., 463.
Miana trilinea, n. s., 41.
Diltochrista callinoma, n. s., 3.—celidopa, n. s., 3.—eccentropis, n.8., 3.—
geodetis, 4,
Mnesivena bella, n. s., 46.—quadripunctata, n. s., 45.
Myelois cinerella, 586.
Nausinoé conchylia, n. s., 468.
Nosophora scotaula, n. s., 459.
Notarcha compsogramma, n. s., 461.—homomorpha, n. s., 462.—iophanes,
n. s., 462.—pyranthes, n. s., 462.
Nymphula fusco-marginata, n. s., 48.
Ocinara cyproba, n. s., 154.
(Enetus mirabilis, from Queensland, exhibited, xv.
Oligernis, new species of, described :—argyropis, 473.—basilissa, 474.—
ceratucha, 471.—endophthalma, 470.—endosaris, 472.—idiotis, 472.—
leucochrysa, 471.—melanodes, 473.—orthoteles, 472.
Omiodes erythrias, n. s., 457.—hiracia, n. s., 457.
Onebala, genus redescribed, 15.
Orbasia, n. g., 222.
Ornithoptera andromache, from Borneo, exhibited, xv.—O. paradisea, from
New Guinea, exhibited, xv.—O. trojana, from Palawan, exhibited, xv.
Papilio homerus, description of larva and pupa of, 409.—telearchus, female
of, from Cherra Punji, exhibited, xxxi.
Pararge megaera, and other Lepidoptera, abnormal forms of, exhibited, xxxi.
Pelosia tetrasema, n. s., 2.
Peratophyga, n. g., 204.
Percnia coryneta, n. s., 213.
Periacma, n. g., 21. P. chlorodesma, n. 8., 22.—ferialis, n. s., 21.—
orthiodes, n. s., 22.
Perisyntrocha, n. g., 469.
Phaeosaces torrida, n. s., 20.
Placoptila, n. g., 23. P. electrica, n.s., 23.
Platamonia ptochura, n. s., 468.
Plusia moneta, from Christchurch, Hants, exhibited, ii.
Plutodes lamisca, n. s., 196.
Prasinowena, n. g., 479. P. hemisema, n. s., 480.—monospila, n. s., 480.
Prosaris, n. g., 12.—P. pernigralis, n.s., 12.
Pseuderythra, n. g., 204.
Pseudophia benenotata, female described, 43.
Psyche hampsoni, n. s., 36.
Ptochorytis, n. g.,19. P. eremopa, n. 8., 19.
( -xer®)
Pydna bela, n. s., 159.
Rambara efila, n. s., 168.
Ruttellerona, n. g., 220.
Sagariphora, n. g., 460. 8. heliochlena, n.s., 461.
Salassa megastica, n. s., 158.
Saridoscelis, n. g., 28. 8S. sphenias, n. s., 28.
Saroscelis, n. g., 461.
Scardia mediterranex, n. s., 30.—tholerodes, 27.
Schenobius celidias, n. s., 475.
Scirpophaga mnesidora, n. s., 475.
Scoparia decorella, 581.—scoriella, 582.—stenota, 582.—wollastont, n. 8.,
583.
Siculodes ancylosema, n.s., 478.—chalcosidera, n. s., 478.—platyntis, n. 8.,
479.—mochlias, n. s., 479.
Somatina rosacea, n. s., 182.
Spilopera hepaticata, n. s., 200.
Stegania peralba, n. s., 195.
Steganoptycha pygmaeana, from Norfolk, exhibited, xx.
Sterrha sacraria, from Mudeford, exhibited, xxviii.
Symmoracina, n. g., 469. S. spodinopa, n. s., 469.
Synegia gopterana, n. s., 206.
Syntomodora, n. g., 467.
Tabidia craterodes, n. s., 457.
Talis afra, n. s., 47.
Tephrina atmala, n. s., 210.
Temperature experiments on species of Vanessa and other Lepidoptera-
(F. Merrifield and F. A. Dixey) ; species alluded to :—Araschnia levana,
427.—Cidaria silaceata, 427.—Pararge egeria, 426.—Vanessa antiopa,
436.—atalanta, 432, 439.—C-album, 4385, 441.—i0, 485, 440.—poly-
chloros, 429, 441.
Thalerura, n. g., 175.
Thisizima, genus redescribed, 26. ;
Tinea liomorpha, nu. s., 28.—platyntis, n. s., 28.
Tipha, genus redescribed, 18.—T. helioclina, n. s., 19.
Torodora, n. g., 16. T. ancylota,n. s., 17.—characteris, n. s., 16.—paral-
lactis, n. s., 17.
Trichernis, n. g., 20. T. centrias, n. s., 20.
Turnaca delinewena, n. s., 159.
Tylostega, n. g., 457. T. chrysanthes, n.s., 458.—mesodora, m. s., 458.—
photias, n. s., 458.—schematias, n. s., 458.
Upper Burma, Lepidoptera from (E. Meyrick); species belonging to the fol-
lowing families and genera described or alluded to :—Acharana, 7.—
Adela, 26.—Agrotera, 6.—Ammatha, 2.—Anacanvpsis, 14.—Ancylomia,
14.—Antiolopha, n. g., 25—Aquita, 14.—Arctiade, 2.—Arctoscelis,
n. g., 25.—Bizone, 2.—Blabophanes, 27.—Blastoblaside, 22.—Boc-
choris, 9.—Botyodes, 6.—Canthelea, 18.—Cataclysta, 10.—Cerase, 24.
—COladodes, 15.—Cnaphalocrocis, 9.—Comocritis, n. g., 24.—Cono-
gethes, 6.—Cosmopteryx, 23.—Crambostenia, 11.—Critonia, 13.—
Crobylophora, 29.—Deiopeia, 4.—Depressaridx, 20.—Dera, 13.—Dia-
semia, 9.—Dolichostica, 9.—Donacaula, 11.—Elachistide, 13.—Etiella,
( xtvi .)
13.—Filodes, 10.—Galleriade, 14.—Calechiade, 14.—Gracilaria, 25.—
Gracilaride, 25.—Hellula, 8.—Herculia, 11.—Heteroglypta, 138.—
Hierangela, n. g., 14.—Homosaces, n. g., 20.—Hyalobathra, 7.—
Hyboloma, 13.—Hypomeutide, 24.—Isocentris, 7.—Lamoria, 14,—
Lebena, 4,—Lecithocera, 17.—Lozocorys, n. g., 6.—Margaronia, 5.—
Melasina, 26.—Metasia, 8.—Metasiodes, n. g., 8.—Miltochrista, 3.—
Mixophyla, 11.—Myelois, 13.—Nacoleia, 9.—Notarcha, 6.—Nymphula,
10. — Heophoride, 22.— Omiodes, 6.— Onebala, 15.—Oxacne, 4.—
Pagyda, 10.—Pelosia, 2.—Periacma, n. g., 21.—Phzxosaces, 20.—
Phissama, 4.—Phlyctenia, 6.— Phycitide, 13.—Piesmopoda, 18.—Pla-
coptila, n. g., 23.—Plutella, 24.—Plutellide, 24.—Prosaris, n. g., 12.—
Psecadia, 22.—Ptochorytis, n. g., 19.—Ptychopseustis, 14.—Pyralide,
11.—Pyralis, 12.—Pyrausta, 7.—Pyraustide, 5.—Rajendra, 4,—
Rhodophza, 138.—Sameodes, 9.—Saridoscelis, 98,—Scardia, 27.—
Schenobius, 11.—Scirpophaga, 11.—Siculodes, 18.—Siriocauta, 10.—
Spilosoma, 4.—Stegothyris, 9.—Striglina, 18.—Surratha, 14.—Thisi-
zima, 26.—Tinea, 28.—Tineide, 26.—Tipha, 18.—Titanio, 7.—Toro-
dora, n. g., 16.—Trichernis, n. g., 20.—Xylorictide, 19.—Zalithia,
n. 2, 18:
Zalithia, n. g., 18.—uranopis, n.s., 18.
Zygena filipendule, &c., pupx of, alluded to, 349.
NEUROPTERA.
Calotermes flavicollis, alluded to, vii.
Leuctra, 559.
Nemoura, 560. N. avicularis, n. s., 562.—borealis, n. s., 571.—cambrica,
563.—cinerea, 571.—dubitans, n. s., 565.—inconspicua, 572.—lacustris
570.—lateralis, 564.—maracandica, 567.—marginata, 569.—meyeri, 568.
—ornata, 567.—praecow, n. s., 566.—variegata, 561.
Panorpa gibberosa, alluded to, 498, xxiii.
Polycentropus excisus, n. s., 491.
Raphidia rhodopica, n. s., 489.
Rhyacophila obtusa, n. s., 492.
Taeniopteryx, 559.
Termes lucifugus, alluded to, vii.
Tinodes wnidentata, n. s., 491.
ORTHOPTERA.
Acridium septemfasciatum, exhibited, xxxii.
Decticus albifrons, alluded to, xxix.
Periplaneta australasiae, from Brighton, exhibited, xxxii.
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West,Newman lith.
F.A Discey del.
Wings (Sit@y Meets cukiakooe
i AC eae i ft ANY ¢ ly
) ; ; Ae ie VAN
{ é Aaya Wnt
: Be ae ch ey
y , : oe i j Hh i ime S
, oF ra
¢ | ld vita t Mt i
jis rf Ao AP id 1 nN 11)? Pa ae AP ai Wa Ot) ae
Troms. fint.Soc. Lond .1894.P1. V.
Buchloe charloma
Catopsiha crocale Eronia leda 9
Var flava.
FA.Discey del. West, Newman lith.
Wing gs of Pierins.
wu i
No me
Sai
ny ae rm
4 ru
it
1
Keiyt
ba int
; , ; H
1 Dn i
U ‘
'
>
,
a '
*
no
j
Veale, i
f\ fe
a e;
Trans. Brit. S00. Lond. 1894. PL,
ate a>
sake
me Ke: a i
a ‘an
ve
5 oar 3) 988 AS
hen
>
a A RN I
,
SS et a ee al
West, Newman |
Larva of Eriocephala Calthella.
x
ton
is
~ 7 4
a, el be :. = ab E am” i
estudo.
ero
2 A %
x -_
os,
a
Li
“3
ik
Eriocephala Calthella & Limacodes cal
Trans. Ent. Soc Lond. 16-94. PL. Vill.
W.Purlass del.et lith. Mintern Bros. imp.
Tene brionidee
from Australia & Tasmania.
|
|
uta) 7 < + ate
f iit it! el a he
3
=
1
Seat ie j
; a 7 : a
——— in ee oS,
oS a SS
Trans. Ent.Soc.Lond. legt. PU IX.
PW. Evohawk ad. nat. lith West, Newman imp.
Effects of temperature on certain species of Vanessa.
AX oo.
used if
tek ‘i :
’ iy)
a
Fr Klapalek del.
SS
Lithography of the court i.and r. A.Haase, Pr
Trans. Ent.Soc. Lond. 1894. PLN.
P< SSS
f ;
=
as
a
Pee + hee
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1894. PU XL.
T A Marshall del Mintern Bros. Chromo lith.
British Braconidae.
’
Pl
Pre Si
Trans. fnt.8oc.Lond . 1894. PU Xl,
o
—_.
ba.
; : ee
D.
SS
T A Marshall del. Mintern Bros.Chromo lith.
British Braconidae
™
Trans, Ent. Soc. Lond. 1894; PU XT
Nemoure.
KJ Morton del.
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1894. PLXIV.
West, Newman lit
ogi
Gi ris
Sn,
vit 4, bam P|
i Pe ah
2,
2) es "
po
jo
bj
hal
mete ty ail)
‘i
3 9088 = 3245
iit
k
Hi
ei
z
L
P
‘
Fy
&
i
¢
é
y
: snp teheregs we Ah ake NA AUTEM SS AGTH ML
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